About Acts

Acts records the birth and growth of the church through the power of the Holy Spirit from Jerusalem to Rome.

Author: LukeWritten: c. AD 62-64Reading time: ~8 minVerses: 60
Holy SpiritWitnessChurch GrowthMissionPersecutionUnity

King James Version

Acts 7

60 verses with commentary

Stephen's Defense Before the Council

Then said the high priest, Are these things so?

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KJV Study Commentary

The high priest's question 'Are these things so?' opened the door for Stephen's defense. Rather than directly answering false charges (Acts 6:13-14), Stephen demonstrated continuity between Jesus and Israel's history. His speech is Acts' longest, showing its theological importance.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

**VII.** (1) **Then said the high priest, Are these things so?**—The question was analogous to that put to our Lord. The accused was called on to plead guilty or not guilty, and had then an opportunity for his defence. On that defence we now enter.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-26. a prophet ... like unto me--**particularly in intimacy of communication with God (Nu 12:6-8), and as the mediatorial Head of a new order of things (He 3:2-6). Peter takes it for granted that, in the light of all he had just said, it would be seen at once that One only had any claim to be that Prophet. **him shall ye hear in all things, &c.--**This part of the prediction is emphatica...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
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And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran,

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen addresses them as 'Men, brethren, and fathers' - respectful terms despite their hostility. 'The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham' emphasizes God's initiative in revelation. The phrase 'before he dwelt in Charran' notes Abraham's obedience began before settling in Haran.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **Men, brethren, and fathers.**—The discourse which follows presents many aspects, each of special interest. (1) It is clearly an unfinished fragment, interrupted by the clamours of the by-standers (Acts 7:51)—the *torso, *as it were, of a great *apologia.* Its very incompleteness, the difficulty of tracing the argument as far as it goes, because we do not see how far it was meant to go, are i...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-26. a prophet ... like unto me--**particularly in intimacy of communication with God (Nu 12:6-8), and as the mediatorial Head of a new order of things (He 3:2-6). Peter takes it for granted that, in the light of all he had just said, it would be seen at once that One only had any claim to be that Prophet. **him shall ye hear in all things, &c.--**This part of the prediction is emphatica...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

God's command - 'Get thee out of thy country' - required radical separation from security and identity. The promise 'a land which I shall shew thee' demanded faith without detailed destination. Abraham's obedience became paradigmatic for all who follow God's call.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-26. a prophet ... like unto me--**particularly in intimacy of communication with God (Nu 12:6-8), and as the mediatorial Head of a new order of things (He 3:2-6). Peter takes it for granted that, in the light of all he had just said, it would be seen at once that One only had any claim to be that Prophet. **him shall ye hear in all things, &c.--**This part of the prediction is emphatica...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

Then came he out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and dwelt in Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell.

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KJV Study Commentary

Abraham moved 'when his father was dead' - Stephen emphasizes obedient departure. God 'removed him into this land, wherein ye now dwell' - the promised land belongs to Abraham's descendants. The audience's presence in the land confirms God's faithfulness.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **From thence, when his father was dead.**—In Genesis 11:26; Genesis 11:32, Terah, the father of Abraham, is said to have died at the age of 205 years, and after he had reached the age of seventy to have begotten Abram, Nahor, and Haran; while Abraham in Genesis 12:4 is said to have been seventy-five years old when he departed out of Haran. This, *primâ facie, *suggests the conclusion that he ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-26. a prophet ... like unto me--**particularly in intimacy of communication with God (Nu 12:6-8), and as the mediatorial Head of a new order of things (He 3:2-6). Peter takes it for granted that, in the light of all he had just said, it would be seen at once that One only had any claim to be that Prophet. **him shall ye hear in all things, &c.--**This part of the prediction is emphatica...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And he gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on: yet he promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him, when as yet he had no child.

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KJV Study Commentary

God gave Abraham 'none inheritance, no, not so much as to set his foot on' - yet promised it to 'his seed after him.' This paradox of promised-but-not-possessed land required generational faith. Abraham trusted God's word beyond his lifetime.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **And he** **gave** **him none inheritance.**—The apparent exception of the field and cave of Machpelah (Genesis 23:9-17) was not a real one. That was purchased for a special purpose, not given as an inheritance.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-26. a prophet ... like unto me--**particularly in intimacy of communication with God (Nu 12:6-8), and as the mediatorial Head of a new order of things (He 3:2-6). Peter takes it for granted that, in the light of all he had just said, it would be seen at once that One only had any claim to be that Prophet. **him shall ye hear in all things, &c.--**This part of the prediction is emphatica...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreat them evil four hundred years.

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KJV Study Commentary

God prophesied that Abraham's seed would be 'strangers in a land that is not theirs' for four hundred years. The prediction of affliction before inheritance shows God's plan includes suffering before glory. Divine foreknowledge of difficulty doesn't prevent but purposes through it.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **And that they should bring them** **into bondage . . .**—Here again there is another apparent discrepancy of detail. Taking the common computation, the interval between the covenant with Abraham and that with Moses was 430 years (Galatians 3:17), of which only 215 are reckoned as spent in Egypt. The Israelites were indeed sojourners in a strange land for the whole 430 years, but the history ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And the nation to whom they shall be in bondage will I judge, said God: and after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place.

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KJV Study Commentary

God promised to 'judge that nation' and promised 'after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place.' The Exodus vindicated God's justice and accomplished His covenant purposes. 'This place' connects temple worship to ancient promise.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **And after that shall they come forth.**—The verse combines the promise to Abraham in Genesis 15:17 with a free rendering of the sign given to Moses (Exodus 3:12), which referred not to Canaan but to Horeb. What St. Stephen does is to substitute with the natural freedom of a narrative given from memory the words “they shall serve me” for the simpler phrase, “they shall come hither again,” of ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs.

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KJV Study Commentary

God gave Abraham 'the covenant of circumcision' as sign and seal of relationship. Stephen traces covenant succession through Isaac, Jacob, and the twelve patriarchs. This genealogy connects his audience to promises through the fathers.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **And he gave him the covenant . . .**—Here we trace an indirect reference to the charge that he had spoken “against the customs.” He does not deny the specific charge that he had said that Jesus of Nazareth should change them. He probably had taught that the change was about to come. He does assert (1) that the covenant of circumcision followed on the promise to Abraham, and therefore was not...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him,

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KJV Study Commentary

The patriarchs 'moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt' - yet 'God was with him.' Human sin couldn't thwart divine purpose. Stephen highlights the pattern: Israel's leaders rejected God's chosen deliverer, as they now rejected Jesus.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **The patriarchs, moved with envy.**—This, interpreted by what follows, is the first step in the long induction which is to show that the elect of God had always been opposed and rejected by those who were for the time the representatives of the nation. Envy had actuated the patriarchs when they sold Joseph; envy had led their descendants to deliver up Jesus (Matthew 27:18). But man’s evil wil...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made him governor over Egypt and all his house.

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KJV Study Commentary

God 'delivered him out of all his afflictions' and gave Joseph 'favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh.' Divine vindication reversed human rejection. Joseph's elevation demonstrated that those rejected by men may be exalted by God.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance.

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen recounts Joseph's story to show God's sovereign providential care through adversity. The famine affecting 'all' Egypt and Canaan demonstrates God's control over nature to accomplish His purposes—bringing Jacob's family to Egypt where they would multiply into a nation. The 'great affliction' served God's redemptive plan, teaching that suffering often precedes deliverance in God's economy. O...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11-14) **Now there came a dearth . . .**—So far as we can trace the sequence of thought, there seems the suggested inference that as those who, in the history of Joseph, had persecuted him, came afterwards to be dependent on his bounty, so it might prove to be, in the last parallel which the history of Israel presented. In the coming famine, not of bread, but of sustenance for their spiritual lif...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first.

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KJV Study Commentary

Jacob's hearing of corn in Egypt (Genesis 42:1-2) demonstrates God's providential provision through previous planning. God had positioned Joseph as Egypt's administrator years earlier, preparing deliverance before the need arose. Jacob's sending 'our fathers' (the eleven brothers) initiates the family's migration, fulfilling God's prophecy to Abraham (Gen. 15:13-14). This 'first' time sets up thei...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh.

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KJV Study Commentary

The 'second time' marks Joseph's self-revelation to his brothers (Genesis 45:1-4), a dramatic moment of reconciliation demonstrating God's sovereignty over family conflict for redemptive purposes. Joseph's identity being 'made known' to Pharaoh shows divine favor extending to Gentile rulers, prefiguring the gospel's reach to all nations. God orchestrated every detail—from family strife to Pharaoh'...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls.

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KJV Study Commentary

Joseph's summons brought seventy-five souls to Egypt (Genesis 46:27, Septuagint count including Joseph's grandchildren born in Egypt). This small family would multiply into a great nation, demonstrating God's covenant faithfulness to make Abraham's descendants numerous. The specific number emphasizes God's particular knowledge and care for each covenant member. The divine precision in fulfilling p...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Threescore and fifteen souls.**—Seventy is given as the number, including Jacob, Joseph, and his sons, in Genesis 46:27; Exodus 1:5; Deuteronomy 10:22. Here, however, Stephen had the authority of the LXX. of Genesis 46:27, which gives the number at seventy-five, and makes it up by inserting the son and grandson of Manasseh, two sons and a grandson of Ephraim. With them it was probably an ed...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers,

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KJV Study Commentary

Jacob and 'our fathers' dying in Egypt fulfilled God's prophecy that Abraham's descendants would be strangers in a foreign land (Genesis 15:13). Yet their deaths were not the end—God's covenant transcends individual lifespans, being 'the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,' the God of the living (Mark 12:26-27). The patriarchs' faith persisted through death, trusting in resurrection and ultimate cov...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem.

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KJV Study Commentary

The burial in Shechem's tomb demonstrates covenant people's connection to promised land even in death. The 'sepulchre that Abraham bought' (Genesis 23 records Machpelah; Genesis 33:19 records Jacob's Shechem purchase—Stephen likely conflates or refers to separate purchases) emphasizes legal possession of Canaan through purchase. Even in death, the patriarchs claimed the inheritance, showing faith ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **And were carried over into Sychem.**—The words appear to include Jacob, who was buried not at Sychem, but Machpelah (Genesis 1:13). If we limit the verb to the patriarchs, which is in itself a tenable limitation, we are met by the fresh difficulty that the Old Testament contains no record of the burial of any of the Twelve Patriarchs, with the exception of Joseph, whose bones were laid, on ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 7 Chapter Outline Stephen's defence.(1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the death of Christ.(51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen.(54-60) **Verses 1-16** Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the promise made to Abraham advanced toward p...
Read full commentary →

But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt,

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KJV Study Commentary

The 'time of the promise drew nigh' indicates God's perfect timing in fulfilling covenant promises. Four hundred years of Egyptian sojourn (Genesis 15:13) were approaching completion. The people's multiplication demonstrates God's faithfulness despite oppression—pressure increased as blessing increased. God's sovereign timing guarantees that promises will be fulfilled at the appointed moment, thou...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **Which God had sworn to Abraham.**—The better MSS. give, *which God promised.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph.

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KJV Study Commentary

The new king 'which knew not Joseph' represents generational spiritual amnesia and the danger of forgetting God's providence. This Pharaoh's ignorance (whether literal or willful) led to oppression of God's people, demonstrating how rejection of truth produces injustice. The irony: Egypt benefited immeasurably from Joseph's wisdom, yet his memory was erased. Worldly powers quickly forget God's ser...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **Which knew not Joseph.**—The idiom was originally a Hebrew one, for “not remembering, not caring for;” but as the words are quoted from the LXX. they do not affect the question as to the language in which the speech was delivered.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 Ac 4:1-13. Peter and John before the Sanhedrin. **1-12. the captain--**of the Levitical guard. **of the temple--**annoyed at the disturbance created around it. **and the Sadducees--**who "say that there is no resurrection" (Ac 23:8), irritated at the apostles "preaching through (rather, 'in') Jesus the resurrection from the dead"; for the resurrection of Christ, if a fact, effectual...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
Read full commentary →

The same dealt subtilly with our kindred, and evil entreated our fathers, so that they cast out their young children, to the end they might not live.

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KJV Study Commentary

Pharaoh's 'subtil' dealings (Greek: katasophizomai, outwitting through cunning) reveal satanic opposition to God's covenant people. The evil treatment—forcing Hebrews to cast out infants—represents demonic attack on covenant seed, paralleling Herod's later infanticide targeting Christ. Satan consistently attacks God's promises through destroying covenant children. Yet God's purposes cannot be thwa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **So that they cast out their young children.**—Literally, *to make their children cast out so that they should not be brought forth alive.* The latter verb is used in the LXX. narrative (Exodus 1:17).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-17. perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men--**that is, uninstructed in the learning of the Jewish schools, and of the common sort; men in private life, untrained to teaching. **took knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus--**recognized them as having been in His company; remembering possibly, that they had seen them with Him [Meyer, Bloomfield, Alford]; but, more probab...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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In which time Moses was born, and was exceeding fair, and nourished up in his father's house three months: exceeding fair: or, fair to God

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses' birth 'in which time' shows divine timing—God raises deliverers precisely when needed. The description 'exceeding fair' (literally 'fair to God') indicates divine favor and special purpose. Moses' parents' faith (Hebrews 11:23) in hiding him demonstrates covenant people's duty to preserve life despite tyrannical commands. His three months' nourishment represents parental faithfulness workin...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **Exceeding fair.**—Literally, as in the margin, *fair to God.* The adjective is found in the LXX. of Exodus 2:2, as applied to Moses. The special idiom for expressing pre-eminent excellence is itself essentially Hebrew, the highest goodness being thought of as that which approves itself as good to God; but this also had become familiar to Hellenistic Jews through the LXX. version, as, *e.g.,...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-17. perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men--**that is, uninstructed in the learning of the Jewish schools, and of the common sort; men in private life, untrained to teaching. **took knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus--**recognized them as having been in His company; remembering possibly, that they had seen them with Him [Meyer, Bloomfield, Alford]; but, more probab...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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And when he was cast out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son.

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses being 'cast out' (exposed to die) seems like covenant failure, yet God providentially orchestrated his adoption by Pharaoh's daughter. What appeared as abandonment became the means of preservation and education in Egypt's palace. God's sovereignty transforms apparent defeats into victories—Moses' adoption positioned him to lead Israel with Egyptian court training. Divine providence often wor...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-17. perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men--**that is, uninstructed in the learning of the Jewish schools, and of the common sort; men in private life, untrained to teaching. **took knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus--**recognized them as having been in His company; remembering possibly, that they had seen them with Him [Meyer, Bloomfield, Alford]; but, more probab...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds.

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses' education 'in all the wisdom of the Egyptians' demonstrates God's providential use of worldly knowledge for kingdom purposes. His being 'mighty in words and in deeds' contradicts Moses' self-assessment (Exodus 4:10), showing how human limitations are relative to divine calling. God equipped Moses intellectually and practically for leadership, though later humbling would be necessary before ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians.**—Better, *was trained, *or *instructed.* There is no direct statement to this effect in the history of the Pentateuch, but it was implied in Moses being brought up as the son of Pharaoh’s daughter, and was in harmony with later paraphrases and expansions of the earlier history. The narrative of Josephus (as above) and the references in ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-17. perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men--**that is, uninstructed in the learning of the Jewish schools, and of the common sort; men in private life, untrained to teaching. **took knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus--**recognized them as having been in His company; remembering possibly, that they had seen them with Him [Meyer, Bloomfield, Alford]; but, more probab...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

The precise timing—'when he was full forty years old'—shows God's perfect chronology in calling servants. Moses' decision to visit 'his brethren' demonstrates awakening ethnic and covenant consciousness. His heart turned from Egyptian privilege to Hebrew suffering, a necessary prerequisite for his calling as deliverer. The phrase 'it came into his heart' suggests divine initiative planting desire ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **It came into his heart.**—The distinct purpose in going out to look after his brethren is stated somewhat more emphatically than in Exodus 2:11.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-17. perceived that they were unlearned and ignorant men--**that is, uninstructed in the learning of the Jewish schools, and of the common sort; men in private life, untrained to teaching. **took knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus--**recognized them as having been in His company; remembering possibly, that they had seen them with Him [Meyer, Bloomfield, Alford]; but, more probab...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged him that was oppressed, and smote the Egyptian:

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses' defense of his Hebrew brother demonstrates early signs of his calling as deliverer, yet his fleshly zeal preceded God's timing. The Reformed understanding emphasizes that even our righteous acts apart from divine commission can miss God's purposes. Moses would spend forty years in the wilderness before God's proper call came (Acts 7:30), illustrating that human initiative, even with good in...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **And avenged him.**—The Greek phrase is noticeable as identical with that used by St. Luke (Luke 18:7) in reporting the lesson drawn by our Lord from the parable of the Unjust Judge.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

18-22. Whether it be right ... to hearken to you more than ... God, judge ye.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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For he supposed his brethren would have understood how that God by his hand would deliver them: but they understood not. For: or, Now

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen highlights Moses' mistaken assumption that Israel would recognize God's deliverance through him. This mirrors Israel's later rejection of Christ - God's ultimate Deliverer whom they failed to recognize (John 1:11). The Reformed perspective sees God's electing grace working despite human blindness; Moses' brethren could not perceive what God had not yet revealed. Recognition of God's messen...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **For he supposed his brethren would have understood . . .**—Better, *and he supposed.* The Greek conjunction never has the meaning of “for,” and the insertion of that word gives to the act of slaying the Egyptian a deliberate character which, in the narrative of Exodus 2:11-12, does not belong to it. **Would deliver them.**—Literally, *was giving them salvation, *or *deliverance;* the act be...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

18-22. Whether it be right ... to hearken to you more than ... God, judge ye.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another?

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses attempted reconciliation between fighting Hebrews, addressing them as 'brethren' - emphasizing their covenant relationship that should produce unity. Yet even this peacemaking effort was rejected. The Greek word <em>synellasen</em> (appeared to them) suggests Moses' visible presence as mediator, foreshadowing Christ's mediatorial role. Reformed theology sees here the tragedy of a divided peo...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Would have set them at one again.**—Literally, *brought them to peace.* The better MSS. give “was bringing them.” **Sirs.**—Literally, *Ye are brethren, *without any word of address. The phrase is the same as “we be brethren” in Genesis 13:8.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

18-22. Whether it be right ... to hearken to you more than ... God, judge ye.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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But he that did his neighbour wrong thrust him away, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us?

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KJV Study Commentary

The wrongdoer's rejection of Moses' authority ('Who made you a ruler and judge?') reveals humanity's natural rebellion against God-appointed leadership. This question would be ironically answered forty years later when God Himself appointed Moses at the burning bush. Stephen's speech emphasizes Israel's pattern of rejecting God's chosen leaders - Moses, the prophets, and ultimately Jesus Christ. T...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **Who made thee a ruler and a judge?**—The stress laid on this afterwards, in Acts 7:35, shows that it took its place in the induction which was to show that the whole history of Israel had been marked by the rejection of those who were, at each successive stage, God’s ministers and messengers for its good, and that the rejection of Jesus was therefore a presumptive proof that He, too, was se...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

18-22. Whether it be right ... to hearken to you more than ... God, judge ye.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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Wilt thou kill me, as thou diddest the Egyptian yesterday?

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KJV Study Commentary

The Hebrew's threatening question exposed Moses' hidden deed, forcing him to flee. Knowledge of Moses' killing the Egyptian had spread, revealing that secret sins eventually come to light. From a Reformed perspective, this demonstrates that human works, even acts of defense or justice, when done in the flesh apart from God's command, lead to fear and flight rather than deliverance. True deliveranc...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

18-22. Whether it be right ... to hearken to you more than ... God, judge ye.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in the land of Madian, where he begat two sons.

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses' flight to Midian marks a crucial transition from self-confident Egyptian prince to humble shepherd. The term 'stranger' (Greek <em>paroikos</em>, sojourner) became Moses' identity - he named his son Gershom meaning 'stranger there.' Reformed theology sees God's providence in this exile: Moses needed to become a stranger and sojourner to identify with Israel's condition and to learn dependen...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **Then fled Moses at this saying.**—The rapid survey of the history passes over the intermediate link of Pharaoh’s knowledge of the murder of the Egyptian, and his search for Moses.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-29** Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing times with the church. God is preparing for his people's deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He was wonderfully preserve...
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And when forty years were expired, there appeared to him in the wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a bush.

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KJV Study Commentary

After forty years, God's timing arrived. The 'angel of the LORD' appeared in the burning bush - understood in Reformed theology as a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ (Christophany). God's sovereign election is seen in choosing this specific time, place, and means to call Moses. The wilderness of Mount Sinai would become the location of covenant-giving, linking Moses' call to his future ministry....
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **There appeared to him in the wilderness.**—With the exception of the substitution of Sina, or Sinai, for the less familiar Horeb, the fact is stated in nearly the same words as in Exodus 3:2. The reference to this revelation, besides the bearing it had on the main argument of the speech, was indirectly an answer to the charge that he had spoken “blasphemous words against Moses.” Both in the...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight: and as he drew near to behold it, the voice of the Lord came unto him,

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses' wonder at the burning bush miracle drew him to investigate. The Greek <em>thauma</em> (marvel) indicates astonishment at this supernatural sign - a bush burning yet not consumed, symbolizing Israel's preservation through affliction. God used this wonder to arrest Moses' attention before speaking. Reformed theology notes that God accommodates Himself to human capacity, using visible signs to...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **The voice of the Lord came unto him.**—The speech agrees with Exodus 3:4 in ascribing the voice to the Lord, the Eternal, while the visible manifestation was that of the angel of the Lord. It hardly belongs to the interpretation of the speech to discuss the relation between the two statements. Speaking generally, it may be said that all, or nearly all, theophanies, or divine manifestations,...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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Saying, I am the God of thy fathers, the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Then Moses trembled , and durst not behold.

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KJV Study Commentary

God identifies Himself through covenant relationship with the patriarchs, emphasizing continuity of His promises. The use of 'I am' (Greek <em>ego eimi</em>) points to God's eternal, unchanging nature - the same phrase Jesus used in John 8:58. Moses' trembling response demonstrates appropriate fear before the holy God. Reformed theology sees the covenant faithfulness of God displayed: though Abrah...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(32) **The God of Abraham.**—It is probable, on the assumption that Stephen had been one of the Seventy disciples of Luke 10:1, that he knew that these words had been cited by the Lord Jesus (Matthew 22:32) as witnessing against the unbelief of the Sadducees. In any case, the fact could hardly have been forgotten by the priestly and therefore Sadducean members of the Council, to whom Stephen addre...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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Then said the Lord to him, Put off thy shoes from thy feet: for the place where thou standest is holy ground.

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KJV Study Commentary

God commands Moses to remove his sandals because of the holy ground, sanctified by divine presence. This act of removing footwear symbolized reverence, humility, and acknowledgment of unworthiness before God's holiness. The ground itself was not inherently holy but made holy by God's presence. Reformed theology emphasizes that holiness derives from God alone - objects, places, and people are holy ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(33, 34) **Then said the Lord to him **. . . .—The words are almost a verbal reproduction of Exodus 3:5; Exodus 3:7-8. The citation was in part an implied answer to the charge of disregarding the sanctity of places in which man stands as in the presence of God, partly an implied protest against the narrowing thoughts which limited that sanctity to the Temple of Jerusalem.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people which is in Egypt, and I have heard their groaning, and am come down to deliver them. And now come, I will send thee into Egypt.

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KJV Study Commentary

God declares He has 'seen' and 'heard' Israel's affliction, demonstrating His omniscience and compassion. The phrase 'I have seen' uses the Hebrew intensive form, emphasizing careful observation. God's commission to Moses ('come now, I will send you') shows divine sovereignty in election - God chooses the deliverer and empowers the mission. The deliverance would not be Moses' work but God's work t...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.</strong> Stephen presents Moses as a typological figure foreshadowing Christ's rejection and ultimate vindication by God.<br><br>The verb refused carries weight—Israel's initial rejection of Moses parallels ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(35) **The same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer.**—Literally, *a ruler and redeemer.* The word is not found elsewhere in the New Testament, but is formed from the noun for “ransom” in Matthew 20:28, Mark 10:45, and appears to have been chosen to emphasise the parallelism which the speech indicates between Moses and the Christ. In a yet higher sense than Moses, the latter also had been m...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years.</strong> Stephen recounts the Exodus as authentication of Moses' divine commission through miraculous confirmation.<br><br>The phrase brought them out emphasizes Moses' role as deliverer, yet the power came from God. The wonders and signs served as di...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **After that** **he had shewed wonders and signs.**—The two nouns are joined together, as in Deuteronomy 6:22, Matthew 24:24. The words express different relations, it may be, of the same phenomena, rather than phenomena specifically different;—the first emphasising the wonder which the miracle produces, and therefore answering more strictly to that word; the latter, the fact that the miracle...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 4:23-37. Peter and John Dismissed from the Sanhedrin, Report the Proceedings to the Assembled Disciples--They Engage in Prayer--The Astonishing Answer and Results. **23-30. being let go, they went to their own company--**Observe the two opposite classes, representing the two interests which were about to come into deadly conflict.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear. like: or, as myself

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear.</strong> Stephen quotes Deuteronomy 18:15, identifying this as messianic prophecy that Moses himself delivered—a prophet like Moses would come.<br><br>The comparison like unto me suggests continuity and escalation. Like Moses, Ch...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(37) **A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up.**—The parallelism previously suggested is now distinctly proclaimed, and shown to be a fulfilment of the prediction of Deuteronomy 18:18. The prediction itself is cited freely, as before. (See Note on Acts 3:22.) The definite application of the words by St. Peter determined their bearing here. At this point we may reasonably think of the members o...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-37. place was shaken--**glorious token of the commotion which the Gospel was to make (Ac 17:6; compare Ac 16:26), and the overthrow of all opposing powers in which this was to issue. **they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake, &amp;c.--**The Spirit rested upon the entire community, first, in the very way they had asked, so that they "spake the word with boldness" (Ac 4:29, 31); n...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto us.</strong> Stephen describes Moses' mediatorial role, receiving divine revelation to transmit to Israel.<br><br>The term church in the wilderness (Greek: ekklēsia) is striking—the same word for Christ's New Testament ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(38) **That was in the church in the wilderness.**—The word *ecclesia* is used, as it had been in the LXX. (Deuteronomy 18:16; Deuteronomy 23:1; Psalm 26:12), for the “congregation” of Israel. Of the earlier versions. Tyndale, Cranmer, and the Genevan, had given “congregation.” Even the Rhemish contented itself with “assembly.” The translators of 1611, acting on the instructions which were drawn u...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-37. place was shaken--**glorious token of the commotion which the Gospel was to make (Ac 17:6; compare Ac 16:26), and the overthrow of all opposing powers in which this was to issue. **they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake, &amp;c.--**The Spirit rested upon the entire community, first, in the very way they had asked, so that they "spake the word with boldness" (Ac 4:29, 31); n...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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To whom our fathers would not obey , but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned back again into Egypt,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>To whom our fathers would not obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned back again into Egypt.</strong> Stephen exposes Israel's fundamental rebellion—outward physical deliverance accompanied by inward spiritual resistance.<br><br>The double refusal—would not obey and thrust him from them—shows both passive and active rejection. Disobedience begins internally (would not) a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(39) **To whom our fathers would not obey.**—The historical parallelism is continued. The people rejected Moses then (the same word is used as in Acts 7:27) as they were rejecting Christ now, even after He had shown Himself to be their redeemer from a worse than Egyptian bondage. **In their hearts turned back again into Egypt.**—The sin was one often repeated, but the history referred to is probab...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-37. place was shaken--**glorious token of the commotion which the Gospel was to make (Ac 17:6; compare Ac 16:26), and the overthrow of all opposing powers in which this was to issue. **they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake, &amp;c.--**The Spirit rested upon the entire community, first, in the very way they had asked, so that they "spake the word with boldness" (Ac 4:29, 31); n...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.</strong> The golden calf incident epitomizes human idolatry—replacing the invisible God with tangible, controllable objects.<br><br>Make us gods reveals humanity's impulse toward idolatry when God seems absent or distant. Plural gods suggests ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(40) **Make us gods.**—The speech follows the LXX. and the English version of Exodus 32:4 in giving the plural, but it is probable that the Hebrew, E*lohim, *was used in its ordinary sense as singular *in* meaning, though plural in form, and that the sin of the Golden Calf was thus a transgression of the Second, and not of the First Commandment.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-37. place was shaken--**glorious token of the commotion which the Gospel was to make (Ac 17:6; compare Ac 16:26), and the overthrow of all opposing powers in which this was to issue. **they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake, &amp;c.--**The Spirit rested upon the entire community, first, in the very way they had asked, so that they "spake the word with boldness" (Ac 4:29, 31); n...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands.</strong> Stephen identifies the essence of idolatry—worshiping self-made objects and taking pride in human religious achievement.<br><br>Made a calf contrasts sharply with God's creative work. God spoke creation into existence; humans fashion idols from existing materials....
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(41) **They made a calf.**—The fact is stated in a compound word which is not found in the LXX. version, and which St. Stephen apparently coined for the purpose. **Rejoiced in the works of their own hands.**—The verb expresses specially the joy of a feast, as in Luke 15:23-24; Luke 15:29; Luke 16:19; and is therefore specially appropriate for what is related in Exodus 32:5-6. The tense “*were rejo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-37. place was shaken--**glorious token of the commotion which the Gospel was to make (Ac 17:6; compare Ac 16:26), and the overthrow of all opposing powers in which this was to issue. **they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake, &amp;c.--**The Spirit rested upon the entire community, first, in the very way they had asked, so that they "spake the word with boldness" (Ac 4:29, 31); n...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 30-41** Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It may also b...
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Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness?</strong> Stephen quotes Amos 5:25-27, showing divine judgment involves God withdrawing restraining grace and allowing sin's natural progression.<br><br>God turned...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(42) **The host of heaven.**—The word includes the host or army of the firmament, sun, moon, and stars, as in 2Chronicles 33:3; 2Chronicles 33:5; Jeremiah 8:2. The sin of Israel was that it worshipped the created host, instead of Jehovah Sabaoth, the “Lord of hosts.” **In the book of the prophets.**—The term is used in conformity with the Rabbinic usage which treated the Twelve Minor Prophets as m...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-37. place was shaken--**glorious token of the commotion which the Gospel was to make (Ac 17:6; compare Ac 16:26), and the overthrow of all opposing powers in which this was to issue. **they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake, &amp;c.--**The Spirit rested upon the entire community, first, in the very way they had asked, so that they "spake the word with boldness" (Ac 4:29, 31); n...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.</strong> Stephen continues quoting Amos, detailing specific idolatries that brought judgment—worship of Moloch and Remphan, leading to Babylonian exile.<br><br>Moloch worship involved child sacrifice—the most abhorrent idolatry imagina...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(43) **Ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch.**—The verb implies the up-lifting of the tabernacle of Moloch, in the same manner as the ark was borne (Exodus 25:14; 1Kings 2:26), as a sacred ensign in the march of the Israelites. The Hebrew word for “tabernacle” (*Siccuth*) is an unusual one, and may have been used as a proper name; the word rendered “Moloch,” being descriptive, *Siccuth your king.* ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-37. place was shaken--**glorious token of the commotion which the Gospel was to make (Ac 17:6; compare Ac 16:26), and the overthrow of all opposing powers in which this was to issue. **they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake, &amp;c.--**The Spirit rested upon the entire community, first, in the very way they had asked, so that they "spake the word with boldness" (Ac 4:29, 31); n...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen. speaking: or, who spake

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen.</strong> Stephen transitions from Israel's idolatry to God's proper provision—the tabernacle, constructed according to divine specifications.<br><br>Tabernacle of witness (Greek: skēnē tou martyriou) refers to the dwelling ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(44) **The tabernacle of witness.**—The word was applied by the LXX. to the Tabernacle, as in Numbers 9:15; Numbers 17:7, as containing the Two Tables of Stone, which were emphatically the testimony of what was God’s will as the rule of man’s conduct (Exodus 25:16; Exodus 25:21; Exodus 31:18). It should be noted that the LXX. gives the same rendering for the words which the English version transla...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David; that: or, having received

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David.</strong> Stephen traces the tabernacle's journey from wilderness to promised land, connecting worship to conquest and eventual temple.<br><br>Brought in with Jesus refers to Joshua (Hebrew: Yehoshua, Greek: Iēsous)—same...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(45) **Brought in with Jesus.**—This is, of course, as in Hebrews 4:8, the “Joshua” of the Old Testament. It would, perhaps, have been better, as a general rule, to have reproduced the Hebrew rather than the Greek form of Old Testament names in the English version of the New. On the other hand, there is, in this instance, something gained in our attention being called to the identity of the two na...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob.</strong> Stephen highlights David's faithful desire to build a permanent dwelling for God, a desire born from gratitude and reverence.<br><br>Found favour indicates David's covenant relationship with God—not earned but graciously given. David, despite his sins, was 'a man after God's own heart' (1 Samuel 13...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(46) **Who found favour before God.**—Again we trace, though still in the form of a narrative, an indirect answer to the accusation brought against Stephen. He was ready to acknowledge without reserve that the Temple was planned by the man after God’s own heart, and built by the wisest of the sons of men. But the question still remained whether it was therefore the symbol of a final and perfect wo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 5 Ac 5:1-11. Ananias and Sapphira. "The first trace of a shade upon the bright form of the young Church. Probably among the new Christians a kind of holy rivalry had sprung up, every one eager to place his means at the disposal of the apostles" [Olshausen]. Thus might the new-born zeal of some outrun their abiding principle, while others might be tempted to seek credit for a liberality w...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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But Solomon built him an house.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But Solomon built him an house.</strong> This brief statement carries profound theological weight—Solomon fulfilled David's desire by constructing the temple, yet Stephen's argument suggests limitations even in this magnificent achievement.<br><br>The word but introduces contrast—David desired, but Solomon built. This highlights generational continuity in God's work while acknowledging ind...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-6. why hath Satan filled--**"why ... fill--"why hast thou suffered him to fill" **thine heart--**so criminally entertaining his suggestion? Compare Ac 5:4, "why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart?" And see Joh 13:2, 27. **to lie to the Holy Ghost--**to men under His supernatural illumination.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as saith the prophet,

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen declares that 'the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands' - a provocative statement to Jewish leaders proud of their temple. This echoes Solomon's prayer (1 Kings 8:27) and anticipates the new covenant truth that God dwells in His people (1 Corinthians 6:19). Reformed theology emphasizes God's transcendence: no physical structure can contain Him. The temple served as a gracious...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(48) **Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples.**—The sequel shows the impression which these words made on the hearers. Stephen had risen to the truth which, though it had been proclaimed before, had been practically dormant. It broke down the thought of any exclusive holiness in the Temple, and therefore placed its downfall among the chances and changes which might be involved in God’s cha...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-6. why hath Satan filled--**"why ... fill--"why hast thou suffered him to fill" **thine heart--**so criminally entertaining his suggestion? Compare Ac 5:4, "why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart?" And see Joh 13:2, 27. **to lie to the Holy Ghost--**to men under His supernatural illumination.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool : what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest?

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen quotes Isaiah 66:1-2 to demonstrate God's transcendence from Scripture itself. 'Heaven is my throne, earth is my footstool' emphasizes the infinite distance between Creator and creation. The rhetorical question 'what house will ye build me?' challenges human presumption that we can provide for God or contain Him in structures. Reformed theology sees this as confronting works-righteousness:...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-6. why hath Satan filled--**"why ... fill--"why hast thou suffered him to fill" **thine heart--**so criminally entertaining his suggestion? Compare Ac 5:4, "why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart?" And see Joh 13:2, 27. **to lie to the Holy Ghost--**to men under His supernatural illumination.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Hath not my hand made all these things?

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KJV Study Commentary

The concluding question 'hath not my hand made all these things?' asserts God's sovereignty as Creator of all. Since God created everything, nothing we build or offer adds to His glory - all belongs to Him already. This dismantles human pride and establishes the foundation for grace: if God made everything, our righteousness is filthy rags and salvation must be entirely His work. The Reformed doct...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-6. why hath Satan filled--**"why ... fill--"why hast thou suffered him to fill" **thine heart--**so criminally entertaining his suggestion? Compare Ac 5:4, "why hast thou conceived this thing in thine heart?" And see Joh 13:2, 27. **to lie to the Holy Ghost--**to men under His supernatural illumination.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 42-50** Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God, that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the eternal one. The w...
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Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye.

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen's accusation - 'Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears' - echoes prophetic denunciations (Exodus 32:9, Jeremiah 4:4). 'Ye do always resist the Holy Ghost' identifies their rejection as pattern, not exception. Their fathers' rebellion continues in them.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(51) **Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised . . .**—The sudden change of tone from calm argument to vehement indignation cannot be thought of as spontaneous. The excitement of the Sanhedrin, perhaps of the listening crowd also, at this point, would seem to have become uncontrollable. The accused seemed to them to be repeating his offence with defiant boldness, and loud clamours took the place of whisp...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much--**naming the sum.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 51-53** Stephen was going on, it seems, to show that the temple and the temple service must come to an end, and it would be the glory of both to give way to the worship of the Father in spirit and in truth; but he perceived they would not bear it. Therefore he broke off, and by the Spirit of wisdom, courage, and power, sharply rebuked his persecutors. When plain arguments and truths p...
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Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which shewed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers:

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen's indictment intensifies: 'Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted?' Israel's treatment of prophets culminated in killing 'the Just One' - Jesus. The audience represents the culmination of prophet-persecution reaching its climax in Christ's murder.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(52) **Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted?**—St. Stephen echoes, as it were, our Lord’s own words (Matthew 5:12; Luke 13:34). Every witness for the truth had in his day had to suffer. The prophet was not only “without honour,” but was exposed to shame, treated as an enemy, condemned to death. 1Thessalonians 2:15, perhaps, reproduces the same fact, but more probably refers to th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much--**naming the sum.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 51-53** Stephen was going on, it seems, to show that the temple and the temple service must come to an end, and it would be the glory of both to give way to the worship of the Father in spirit and in truth; but he perceived they would not bear it. Therefore he broke off, and by the Spirit of wisdom, courage, and power, sharply rebuked his persecutors. When plain arguments and truths p...
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Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.

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KJV Study Commentary

The irony peaks: they 'received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.' Those accusing Stephen of law-breaking were themselves law-breakers. Privilege of receiving the law increased guilt for disobedience. Angels mediating Sinai's revelation emphasized its sacredness.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(53) **Who have received . . .**—More accurately, *who received.* **By the disposition of angels.**—Better, *as ordained of angels;* or, more literally, *as ordinances of angels.* The Greek preposition cannot possibly have the meaning of “by.” The phrase expressed the current Jewish belief that angels were the intermediate agents through whom Israel received the Law; that it was their voice that w...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much--**naming the sum.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 51-53** Stephen was going on, it seems, to show that the temple and the temple service must come to an end, and it would be the glory of both to give way to the worship of the Father in spirit and in truth; but he perceived they would not bear it. Therefore he broke off, and by the Spirit of wisdom, courage, and power, sharply rebuked his persecutors. When plain arguments and truths p...
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The Stoning of Stephen

When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart , and they gnashed on him with their teeth.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Sanhedrin's response - 'cut to the heart' and 'gnashed on him with their teeth' - reveals rage rather than repentance. Being 'cut to the heart' here produced fury, not conviction (contrast Acts 2:37). Their violence confirmed Stephen's indictment of persistent rebellion.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(54) **They were cut to the heart.**—Literally, *were sawn through and through.* (See Note on Acts 5:33.) The word describes a keener pang than the “pricked” of Acts 2:37, producing, not repentance, but the frenzy of furious anger. **They gnashed on him with their teeth.**—The passage is worth noting as the only example of the literal use of a phrase with which we are so familiar in its figurative...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much--**naming the sum.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 54-60** Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there. Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has been our care whi...
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But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God,

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen's vision of Jesus 'standing on the right hand of God' uniquely shows Christ standing rather than seated (as elsewhere in Scripture), suggesting active reception of his martyred witness. Being 'full of the Holy Ghost' enabled this spiritual sight, showing Spirit-empowered perception beyond physical reality. This vision vindicated Stephen's testimony about Jesus' exaltation.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(55) **Being full of the Holy Ghost.**—There is something suggestive in the fact that this description comes at the close, as at the beginning, of the record of St. Stephen’s work (Acts 6:8). From first to last he had been conspicuous as manifesting the power of the higher life which had, as it were, illumined and transfigured his whole being. The Greek “being full” implies, not a sudden inspirati...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. Tell me whether ye sold the land for so much--**naming the sum.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 54-60** Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there. Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has been our care whi...
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And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God.

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen's vision - 'I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God' - echoed Jesus' claim before this same body (Mark 14:62). The 'Son of man' title connected to Daniel 7:13-14's heavenly figure. Jesus standing (not seated) suggests He rose to receive His martyred witness.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(56) **Behold, I see the heavens opened.**—It is manifest that the vision was given to the inward spiritual eye, and not to that of sense. No priest or scribe saw the glory of the opened heavens, and, therefore, the words which declared that Stephen saw them seemed to them but an aggravation of guilt that was already deep. (*See* Note on Matthew 3:16.) **And the Son of** **man.**—The words call fo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ac 5:12-26. The Progress of the New Cause Leads to the Arrest of the Apostles--They Are Miraculously Delivered from Prison, Resume Their Teaching, but Allow Themselves to Be Conducted before the Sanhedrin. **12. Solomon's Porch--**(See on Joh 10:23).

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 54-60** Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there. Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has been our care whi...
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Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord,

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KJV Study Commentary

They 'cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears' - refusing to hear what they considered blasphemy. 'Ran upon him with one accord' shows mob violence replacing judicial process. The Sanhedrin abandoned legal procedure in murderous rage.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(57) **Ran upon him with one accord.**—The violence reported presents a singular contrast to the general observance of the forms of a fair trial in our Lord’s condemnation. Then, however, we must remember, the Roman procurator was present in Jerusalem. Now all restraint was removed, and fanaticism had full play. That neither office nor age was enough to guard, under such conditions, against shamef...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-16. of the rest durst no man join himself, &amp;c.--**Of the unconverted none ventured, after what had taken place, to profess discipleship; but yet their number continually increased.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 54-60** Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there. Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has been our care whi...
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And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul.

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KJV Study Commentary

They 'cast him out of the city' before stoning - following Levitical protocol for execution outside the camp (Leviticus 24:14). The witnesses laying their clothes 'at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul' introduces Paul. Stephen's death and Saul's presence plant seeds for Christianity's greatest missionary.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(58) **And stoned him.**—Literally, *were stoning him.* The verb is repeated in Acts 7:59, as if to show that the shower of stones went on even during the martyr’s prayers. **The witnesses laid down their clothes.**—The Law required, as if to impress on witnesses their solemn responsibility, that they should be the first, if the accused were condemned to death, to take part in his execution (Deute...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-16. of the rest durst no man join himself, &amp;c.--**Of the unconverted none ventured, after what had taken place, to profess discipleship; but yet their number continually increased.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 54-60** Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there. Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has been our care whi...
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And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen's prayer 'Lord Jesus, receive my spirit' demonstrates faith in Jesus' deity and power to receive departing souls—a prerogative belonging to God alone. This echoes Jesus' words on the cross ('Father, into thy hands,' Luke 23:46), showing Stephen's Christlike response to death. His calm commitment reveals assured hope of resurrection.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(59) **Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.**—The words are memorable as an instance of direct prayer addressed, to use the words of Pliny in reporting what he had learned of the worship of Christians, “to Christ as God” (*Epist* x. 97). Stephen could not think of Him whom he saw at the right hand of God, but as of One sharing the glory of the Father, hearing and answering prayer. And in the prayer itse...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-16. of the rest durst no man join himself, &amp;c.--**Of the unconverted none ventured, after what had taken place, to profess discipleship; but yet their number continually increased.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 54-60** Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there. Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has been our care whi...
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And he kneeled down , and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.

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KJV Study Commentary

Stephen's dying prayer mirrors Christ's crucifixion prayer (Luke 23:34), demonstrating how deeply Jesus' teaching on loving enemies had transformed him. The Greek 'koimaō' (fell asleep) is Luke's euphemism for death, emphasizing Christian hope in resurrection. The phrase 'lay not this sin to their charge' uses accounting language - Stephen asks God not to 'reckon' or 'impute' this sin to his murde...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(60) **Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.**—Here again we cannot help finding proof, not only that the mind of Stephen was after the mind of Christ, but that the narrative of the Crucifixion, as recorded by St. Luke, was, in some measure, known to him. The resemblance to the prayer of Christ, “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do” (Luke 23:34), could hardly have been accidenta...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-16. of the rest durst no man join himself, &amp;c.--**Of the unconverted none ventured, after what had taken place, to profess discipleship; but yet their number continually increased.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 54-60** Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there. Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has been our care whi...
Read full commentary →

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