About Judges

Judges describes the dark period between Joshua and Samuel, showing repeated cycles of sin, oppression, crying out, and deliverance.

Author: Samuel (traditionally)Written: c. 1050-1000 BCReading time: ~6 minVerses: 48
Cycle of SinDeliveranceApostasyGod's GraceHuman FailureLeadership

King James Version

Judges 20

48 verses with commentary

Israel Assembles Against Benjamin

Then all the children of Israel went out, and the congregation was gathered together as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba, with the land of Gilead, unto the LORD in Mizpeh.

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse describes Israel's unprecedented national assembly responding to the Gibeah atrocity (chapter 19). The phrase 'as one man' (<em>keish echad</em>, כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד) indicates remarkable unity—tragically, Israel united for civil war, not covenant faithfulness. The geographical scope 'from Dan to Beer-sheba' encompasses Israel's entire extent, while 'land of Gilead' includes Transjordan trib...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **The congregation was gathered together.**—This phrase is one which was familiar to the Israelites in the desert. It disappears after the days of Solomon (1Kings 12:20). **From Dan even to Beer-sheba.**—This expression would be like *“*from John o’ Groat’s house to Land’s End “for England and Scotland (1Samuel 3:18; 1Samuel 17:11, &c.). Unless it be added by an anachronism, because it had bec...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the chief of all the people, even of all the tribes of Israel, presented themselves in the assembly of the people of God, four hundred thousand footmen that drew sword.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The chief of all the people, even of all the tribes of Israel, presented themselves in the assembly of the people of God</strong>—the Hebrew emphasizes comprehensiveness: <em>kol-ha'am</em> (כָּל־הָעָם, 'all the people'), <em>kol-shivtei yisra'el</em> (כָּל־שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, 'all tribes of Israel'). This national assembly at Mizpah represents one of the few times in Judges when Israel a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **The chief.**—The Hebrew word is *pinnoth, *“corner-stones,” as in 1Samuel 14:38; Isaiah 19:13. **Four hundred thousand.**—Hence we learn the interesting fact that in their struggles against the Canaanites the number of the people had been diminished one-third—i.e., to a far greater extent than they had been diminished by the wanderings in the wilderness. For at the census in the first year o...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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(Now the children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel were gone up to Mizpeh.) Then said the children of Israel, Tell us, how was this wickedness?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now the children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel were gone up to Mizpeh</strong>—the Benjamites' absence from this assembly is ominous. They were notified of the gathering but chose not to attend, signaling defiance and tribal solidarity with Gibeah's criminals rather than covenant loyalty to Israel. <strong>Then said the children of Israel, Tell us, how was this wickedness?<...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Heard.**—Probably the Benjamites had received the same summons as the other tribes (see Judges 19:29), but insolently refused to notice the summons. Tell us.—Literally, *Tell ye us. *The request is addressed to any who could give the necessary information.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 10:16-18. They Repent; God Pities Them. **16. they put away the strange gods ... and served the Lord; and his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel--**On their abandonment of idolatry and return to purity of worship, God graciously abridged the term of national affliction and restored times of peace.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the Levite , the husband of the woman that was slain, answered and said, I came into Gibeah that belongeth to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to lodge. the Levite: Heb. the man the Levite

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The Levite, the husband of the woman that was slain, answered and said</strong>—the text identifies the speaker by his relationship to the victim and his tribe (Levite). His testimony begins the formal presentation of evidence. <strong>I came into Gibeah that belongeth to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to lodge</strong> (בָּאתִי...לָלוּן, <em>ba'ti...lalun</em>)—his purpose was innocent: se...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-18. the children of Ammon were gathered together--**From carrying on guerrilla warfare, the Ammonites proceeded to a continued campaign. Their settled aim was to wrest the whole of the trans-jordanic territory from its actual occupiers. In this great crisis, a general meeting of the Israelitish tribes was held at Mizpeh. This Mizpeh was in eastern Manasseh (Jos 11:3).

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the men of Gibeah rose against me, and beset the house round about upon me by night, and thought to have slain me: and my concubine have they forced, that she is dead. forced: Heb. humbled

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The men of Gibeah rose against me, and beset the house round about upon me by night</strong> (קָמוּ עָלַי, <em>qamu alay</em>, 'rose up against me')—the verb suggests hostile, aggressive action. <strong>Thought to have slain me</strong> (אוֹתִי דִּמּוּ לַהֲרוֹג, <em>oti dimmu laharog</em>)—the Levite claims they intended to murder him, though chapter 19:22 reveals they demanded homosexual ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **The men of Gibeah.**—Literally, *the lords of Gibeah, *as in Judges 9:2. We cannot infer that they were heathen inhabitants of the town, though they behaved as if they were. If the phrase implies that they were men in *positions of authority, *it perhaps shows why there was no rescue and little resistance. This is also probable, because there could not have been the same unwillingness to giv...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-18. the children of Ammon were gathered together--**From carrying on guerrilla warfare, the Ammonites proceeded to a continued campaign. Their settled aim was to wrest the whole of the trans-jordanic territory from its actual occupiers. In this great crisis, a general meeting of the Israelitish tribes was held at Mizpeh. This Mizpeh was in eastern Manasseh (Jos 11:3).

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And I took my concubine, and cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel: for they have committed lewdness and folly in Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I took my concubine, and cut her in pieces</strong> (וָאֹחֵז בְּפִילַגְשִׁי וָאֲנַתְּחֶהָ)—the verb 'cut in pieces' (נָתַח, <em>natach</em>) is used for butchering sacrificial animals (Exodus 29:17; Leviticus 1:6). <strong>Sent her throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel</strong>—he distributed her dismembered body as a grotesque summons to action. <strong>For they have com...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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Behold, ye are all children of Israel; give here your advice and counsel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Behold, ye are all children of Israel</strong> (הִנֵּה כֻלְּכֶם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, <em>hineh chullchem benei yisra'el</em>)—the Levite appeals to shared covenant identity. <strong>Give here your advice and counsel</strong> (הָבוּ לָכֶם דָּבָר וְעֵצָה, <em>havu lachem davar ve'etzah</em>)—he calls for deliberation and decision. The parallelism emphasizes both speech ('advice,' <em>davar</em...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Ye are all children of Israel.**—There would not be much point in this remark. Rather, *ye are all here, children of Israel.* **Your advice and counsel.**—Judges 19:30. “In the multitude of counsellors there is wisdom.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 11 Jud 11:1-3. Jephthah. **1. Jephthah--**"opener." **son of an harlot--**a concubine, or foreigner; implying an inferior sort of marriage prevalent in Eastern countries. Whatever dishonor might attach to his birth, his own high and energetic character rendered him early a person of note. **Gilead begat Jephthah--**His father seems to have belonged to the tribe of Manasseh (1Ch 7:14, ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-9** These cities, as those also on the other side Jordan, stood so that a man might in half a day reach one of them from any part of the country. God is ever a Refuge at hand. They were all Levites' cities. It was kindness to the poor fugitive, that when he might not go up to the house of the Lord, yet he had the servants of God with him, to instruct him, and pray for him, and to he...
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And all the people arose as one man, saying, We will not any of us go to his tent, neither will we any of us turn into his house.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>All the people arose as one man</strong> (כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, <em>ke'ish echad</em>, 'as one man')—a phrase emphasizing unprecedented unity. <strong>We will not any of us go to his tent, neither will we any of us turn into his house</strong>—the assembled tribes vow to remain mobilized until justice is achieved. The parallelism between 'tent' (אֹהֶל, <em>ohel</em>) and 'house' (בַּיִת, <em>bay...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **Arose as one man.**—The same words are rendered “with one consent” in 1Samuel 11:7. **To his tent . . . . into his house.**—Possibly many of the Trans-jordanic Israelites, who were chiefly graziers, were obliged by the necessities of nomadic life to live in tents, not in villages or cities.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. Thou shalt not inherit in our father's house--**As there were children by the legitimate wife, the son of the secondary one was not entitled to any share of the patrimony, and the prior claim of the others was indisputable. Hence, as the brothers of Jephthah seem to have resorted to rude and violent treatment, they must have been influenced by some secret ill-will.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-9** These cities, as those also on the other side Jordan, stood so that a man might in half a day reach one of them from any part of the country. God is ever a Refuge at hand. They were all Levites' cities. It was kindness to the poor fugitive, that when he might not go up to the house of the Lord, yet he had the servants of God with him, to instruct him, and pray for him, and to he...
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But now this shall be the thing which we will do to Gibeah; we will go up by lot against it;

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>This shall be the thing which we will do to Gibeah; we will go up by lot against it</strong> (נַעֲלֶה עָלֶיהָ בְּגוֹרָל, <em>na'aleh aleha begoral</em>)—'by lot' (גּוֹרָל, <em>goral</em>) typically indicated seeking divine direction (Joshua 18:6; 1 Samuel 14:41-42; Proverbs 16:33). Israel's use of lots suggests some attempt at divine consultation, yet their implementation reveals they pred...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **We will go up by lot against it.**—The English Version follows the LXX. and other versions in supplying “we will go up.” This is like the decision of the Amphictyonic counsel against the guilty city of Crissa (Grote, iv. 85). But perhaps it should be rendered “we will cast the lot upon it,” to divide its territory when conquered.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. Jephthah ... dwelt in the land of Tob--**on the north of Gilead, beyond the frontier of the Hebrew territories (2Sa 10:6, 8). **there were gathered vain men to Jephthah--**idle, daring, or desperate. **and went out with him--**followed him as a military chief. They led a freebooting life, sustaining themselves by frequent incursions on the Ammonites and other neighboring people, in the st...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-9** These cities, as those also on the other side Jordan, stood so that a man might in half a day reach one of them from any part of the country. God is ever a Refuge at hand. They were all Levites' cities. It was kindness to the poor fugitive, that when he might not go up to the house of the Lord, yet he had the servants of God with him, to instruct him, and pray for him, and to he...
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And we will take ten men of an hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, and an hundred of a thousand, and a thousand out of ten thousand, to fetch victual for the people, that they may do, when they come to Gibeah of Benjamin, according to all the folly that they have wrought in Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>We will take ten men of an hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, and an hundred of a thousand, and a thousand out of ten thousand</strong>—a decimation system (10% supply support, 90% combat forces) showing sophisticated military logistics. <strong>To fetch victual for the people</strong> (לָקַחַת צֵדָה לָעָם, <em>laqachat tzeidah la'am</em>)—the combat force would require massive s...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **Ten men of an hundred.**—A tenth of the nation, chosen probably by lot, is to be responsible for the commissariat. They do not anticipate any other difficulty.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:4-11. The Gileadites Covenant with Jephthah. **4. in process of time--**on the return of the season. **the children of Ammon made war against Israel--**Having prepared the way by the introduction of Jephthah, the sacred historian here resumes the thread of his narrative from Jud 10:17. The Ammonites seem to have invaded the country, and active hostilities were inevitable.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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So all the men of Israel were gathered against the city, knit together as one man. knit: Heb. fellows

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So all the men of Israel were gathered against the city, knit together as one man</strong> (חֲבֵרִים כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, <em>chaverim ke'ish echad</em>)—'knit together' (חָבַר, <em>chavar</em>) suggests joining, confederating, allying. The phrase 'as one man' appears again (third time), reinforcing Israel's unprecedented unity. Yet this unity is directed 'against' (אֶל, <em>el</em>) Gibeah, em...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **Knit together as one man.**—The Hebrew word for “knit together” (marg., *fellows*) is *chabeerim. *It means that they were all as united as if they belonged to one *cheber, *or club. It is the spirit of *clubbism *(Greek, Tcupcfa), displayed in this instance in a good cause.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-6. the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah--**All eyes were directed towards him as the only person possessed of the qualities requisite for the preservation of the country in this time of imminent danger; and a deputation of the chief men was despatched from the Hebrew camp at Mizpeh to solicit his services.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying, What wickedness is this that is done among you?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin</strong>—finally, diplomacy! Before attacking, Israel sends messengers throughout Benjamin's territory. <strong>What wickedness is this that is done among you?</strong> (מָה הָרָעָה הַזֹּאת אֲשֶׁר נִהְיְתָה בָכֶם)—they frame the question to emphasize that the crime occurred within Benjamin's borders ('among you,' בָכֶם, <em>ba...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **Through all the tribe of Benjamin.**—It was equitable to send this embassy, although the Benjamites had not come to the sacred gathering at Mizpeh. The word for “tribe” is in the plural, so that it is, “the tribes of Israel sent men through all the *tribes *of Benjamin.” Clearly, in the latter instance *shebet *means a family. (See Note on Judges 18:19, and Numbers 4:18 : “the *tribe *of th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-6. the elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah--**All eyes were directed towards him as the only person possessed of the qualities requisite for the preservation of the country in this time of imminent danger; and a deputation of the chief men was despatched from the Hebrew camp at Mizpeh to solicit his services.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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Now therefore deliver us the men, the children of Belial, which are in Gibeah, that we may put them to death, and put away evil from Israel. But the children of Benjamin would not hearken to the voice of their brethren the children of Israel:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now therefore deliver us the men, the children of Belial, which are in Gibeah</strong> (בְנֵי בְלִיַּעַל, <em>benei beliya'al</em>)—'sons of Belial' means worthless, wicked men (same phrase described Gibeah's rapists in 19:22). Israel demands extradition of specific perpetrators: <strong>that we may put them to death, and put away evil from Israel</strong> (נְמִיתֵם וּנְבַעֲרָה רָעָה מִיִּ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **The children of Benjamin would not hearken.**—They were actuated by the same bad spirit of solidarity which has often made Highland clans defend a member of their body who has committed some grave outrage. That they should have preferred an internecine civil war to the giving up their criminals illustrates the peculiarly fierce character of the tribe (Genesis 49:27). Their determination to ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-9. Jephthah said, Did not ye hate me?--**He gave them at first a haughty and cold reception. It is probable that he saw some of his brothers among the deputies. Jephthah was now in circumstances to make his own terms. With his former experience, he would have shown little wisdom or prudence without binding them to a clear and specific engagement to invest him with unlimited authority, the more...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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But the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together out of the cities unto Gibeah, to go out to battle against the children of Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Benjamin gathered themselves together out of the cities unto Gibeah</strong>—Benjamin responds to Israel's demands not with compliance but with military mobilization. They rally from their scattered towns (עָרִים, <em>arim</em>) to Gibeah, the site of the crime, effectively declaring the entire tribe stands with the perpetrators. <strong>To go out to battle against the chil...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-9. Jephthah said, Did not ye hate me?--**He gave them at first a haughty and cold reception. It is probable that he saw some of his brothers among the deputies. Jephthah was now in circumstances to make his own terms. With his former experience, he would have shown little wisdom or prudence without binding them to a clear and specific engagement to invest him with unlimited authority, the more...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Benjamin were numbered at that time out of the cities twenty and six thousand men that drew sword, beside the inhabitants of Gibeah, which were numbered seven hundred chosen men.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Benjamin were numbered at that time out of the cities twenty and six thousand men that drew sword</strong>—26,000 warriors from Benjamin's towns. <strong>Beside the inhabitants of Gibeah, which were numbered seven hundred chosen men</strong>—Gibeah itself fielded 700 elite troops. The total Benjamite force: 26,700. Israel's 400,000 (v. 2) outnumbered them 15-to-1, yet Benja...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **Out of the cities.**—They could only live in cities, because the Jebusites still held Jerusalem, and the Canaanites around them were very incompletely subdued. **Twenty and six thousand.**—This seems to be the correct number, and is found in the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic. Josephus, however (*Antt. v.* 2, § 10), has 25,000, as also has Codex A of theLXX., and Codex B has 23,000 (see Note o...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-9. Jephthah said, Did not ye hate me?--**He gave them at first a haughty and cold reception. It is probable that he saw some of his brothers among the deputies. Jephthah was now in circumstances to make his own terms. With his former experience, he would have shown little wisdom or prudence without binding them to a clear and specific engagement to invest him with unlimited authority, the more...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men lefthanded ; every one could sling stones at an hair breadth, and not miss.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men lefthanded</strong> (אִטֵּר יַד־יְמִינוֹ, <em>itter yad-yemino</em>, literally 'restricted in his right hand')—whether naturally left-handed or trained ambidextrously, these 700 represented elite specialists. <strong>Every one could sling stones at an hair breadth, and not miss</strong> (קֹלֵעַ בָּאֶבֶן אֶל־הַשַּׂעֲרָה וְלֹא יַחֲטִא...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Seven hundred chosen men.**—These words are omitted in the LXX. and Vulg. **Left handed.**—The same phrase as that employed in Judges 3:15. **Could sling stones at an hair breadth, and not miss.**—The expression is perfectly simple, and merely implies extreme accuracy of aim. Bochart’s attempt (*Hieroz. *Ii. 162) to explain it by a passage in *Quintus Smyrnœus, *which says that archers used...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10-11. the elders of Israel said unto Jephthah, The Lord be witness between us--**Their offer being accompanied by the most solemn oath, Jephthah intimated his acceptance of the mission, and his willingness to accompany them. But to make "assurance doubly sure," he took care that the pledge given by the deputies in Tob should be ratified in a general assembly of the people at Mizpeh; and the lan...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the men of Israel, beside Benjamin, were numbered four hundred thousand men that drew sword: all these were men of war.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The men of Israel, beside Benjamin, were numbered four hundred thousand men that drew sword: all these were men of war</strong> (אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה, <em>ish milchamah</em>, 'men of war')—Israel's coalition fielded 400,000 combat-ready warriors, outnumbering Benjamin 15-to-1. The phrase 'beside Benjamin' (מִלְּבַד בִּנְיָמִן, <em>millevad binyamin</em>) emphasizes exclusion: all Israel united ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10-11. the elders of Israel said unto Jephthah, The Lord be witness between us--**Their offer being accompanied by the most solemn oath, Jephthah intimated his acceptance of the mission, and his willingness to accompany them. But to make "assurance doubly sure," he took care that the pledge given by the deputies in Tob should be ratified in a general assembly of the people at Mizpeh; and the lan...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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The War Against Benjamin

And the children of Israel arose, and went up to the house of God , and asked counsel of God, and said, Which of us shall go up first to the battle against the children of Benjamin? And the LORD said, Judah shall go up first.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Israel arose, and went up to the house of God</strong> (בֵית־אֵל, <em>beit-el</em>, 'Bethel')—finally, consultation with God! <strong>And asked counsel of God</strong> (וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ בֵּאלֹהִים, <em>vayish'alu be'elohim</em>)—the verb 'to ask' (שָׁאַל, <em>sha'al</em>) suggests inquiry, but their question reveals shallow consultation: <strong>Which of us shall go up first t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **To the house of God.**—Rather, *to Bethel *(as in the LXX., Syriac, Arabic, and Chaldee). The reason why our translators adopted their translation is shown by the Vulgate, which renders it “to the house of God *that is in Shiloh.” *But *Beth El *cannot mean “house of God,” which is always either *Beth ha-Elohim *or *Beth Adonai *(house of the Lord). Why they did not meet at the more central...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Israel rose up in the morning, and encamped against Gibeah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Israel rose up in the morning, and encamped against Gibeah</strong> (וַיָּקוּמוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּבֹּקֶר, <em>vayaqumu benei-yisra'el baboqer</em>)—Israel rises early, demonstrating military discipline and eagerness to execute the battle plan authorized by God. <strong>Encamped against Gibeah</strong> (וַיַּחֲנוּ עַל־הַגִּבְעָה, <em>vayachanu al-hagibeah</em>)—they estab...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the men of Israel went out to battle against Benjamin; and the men of Israel put themselves in array to fight against them at Gibeah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The men of Israel went out to battle against Benjamin</strong>—Israel advances with Judah leading. <strong>Put themselves in array to fight against them at Gibeah</strong> (וַיַּעַרְכוּ אִתָּם מִלְחָמָה, <em>vaya'archu ittam milchamah</em>)—'put in array' (עָרַךְ, <em>arach</em>) means to arrange battle lines, deploy strategically. Israel approaches with professional military organization....
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Benjamin came forth out of Gibeah, and destroyed down to the ground of the Israelites that day twenty and two thousand men.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Benjamin came forth out of Gibeah, and destroyed down to the ground of the children of Israel that day twenty and two thousand men</strong> (וַיַּשְׁחִיתוּ אַרְצָה, <em>vayashchitu artzah</em>)—'destroyed down to the ground' emphasizes total defeat. Despite Israel's 400,000 versus Benjamin's 26,000, Benjamin kills 22,000 Israelites in one day—devastating casualties.<br><br>...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **Came forth out of Gibeah.**—The whole armed force of the tribe had therefore assembled to save the wicked town from assault. Like many of the towns of Palestine (as their names indicate), it was on a hill, and therefore easily defensible against the very imperfect siege operations of the ancients. **Destroyed down to the ground**—*i.e., *laid them dead on the ground, as in Judges 6:25. **Tw...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the people the men of Israel encouraged themselves, and set their battle again in array in the place where they put themselves in array the first day.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The people the men of Israel encouraged themselves</strong> (וַיִּתְחַזֵּק הָעָם אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל, <em>vayithchazeq ha'am ish yisra'el</em>)—'encouraged' (חָזַק, <em>chazaq</em>) means to strengthen, bolster courage. <strong>Set their battle again in array in the place where they put themselves in array the first day</strong>—they return to the same position and strategy that failed, merel...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **Encouraged themselves.**—Trusting, as the Vulgate adds, in their courage and numbers.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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(And the children of Israel went up and wept before the LORD until even, and asked counsel of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up again to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother? And the LORD said, Go up against him.)

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Israel went up and wept before the LORD until even</strong> (וַיַּעֲלוּ...וַיִּבְכּוּ לִפְנֵי־יְהוָה עַד־הָעֶרֶב)—this time they weep before Yahweh until evening, showing deeper emotion. <strong>And asked the LORD, saying, Shall I go up again to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother?</strong> (הַאוֹסִיף לָגֶשֶׁת לַמִּלְחָמָה עִם־בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן אָחִי)—note 'my...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **And the children of Israel.**—This verse is parenthetical and retrospective. The whole narrative is arranged in a very simple manner, and shows an unformed archaic style. **Against the children of Benjamin my brother.**—The words “my brother” show a sort of compunction, an uneasy sense that possibly, in spite of the first answer by Urim, God did not approve of a fratricidal war.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Israel came near against the children of Benjamin the second day.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Israel came near against the children of Benjamin the second day</strong> (וַיִּקְרְבוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל־בְּנֵי־בִנְיָמִן בַּיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי)—they advance again with renewed courage based on God's permission to 'go up' (v. 23). The phrase 'came near' (קָרַב, <em>qarav</em>) suggests approaching for battle, the same verb used for approaching God in worship—ironic given t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **The second day.**—This does not mean the day after the first battle. One full day at least—the day of supplication—must have intervened between the two battles.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And Benjamin went forth against them out of Gibeah the second day, and destroyed down to the ground of the children of Israel again eighteen thousand men; all these drew the sword.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Benjamin went forth against them out of Gibeah the second day, and destroyed down to the ground of the children of Israel again eighteen thousand men; all these drew the sword</strong> (כֻּלָּם שֹׁלְפֵי חָרֶב, <em>kullam sholefei charev</em>, 'all of them drawers of sword')—another devastating defeat! Israel loses 18,000 more warriors, bringing total casualties to 40,000 from their 400,000...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **Destroyed . . . eighteen thousand men.**—This second defeat seems to have been due, like the first, to overweening confidence and carelessness. Thus in two battles the eleven tribes lost 40,000 men—*i.e., *13,300 *more than the entire Benjamite army, which was only *26,700. Such a hideous massacre can only be accounted for by the supposition that the Benjamite slings did deadly execution fr...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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Then all the children of Israel, and all the people, went up, and came unto the house of God , and wept, and sat there before the LORD, and fasted that day until even, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings before the LORD.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then all the children of Israel, and all the people, went up, and came unto the house of God, and wept, and sat there before the LORD</strong>—now comprehensive response: 'all Israel,' 'all the people,' corporate weeping, sitting before the LORD (posture of humility/mourning). <strong>And fasted that day until even</strong> (וַיָּצוּמוּ בַיּוֹם הַהוּא עַד־הָעָרֶב)—adding fasting to weeping...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **And all the people**—i.e., the non-combatants as well as the fighting men. **Unto the house of God.**—Rather, *to Bethel, *as in Judges 20:18. **And wept.**—These two battles must have caused an almost universal bereavement. (Comp. Lamentations 2:10; Psalm 137:1; Joel 1:8-14; Joel 2:12-17, &c.) **Fasted . . . until even.**—As is still common in the East. (Comp. 1Samuel 14:24, &c.) **Burnt o...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Israel enquired of the LORD, (for the ark of the covenant of God was there in those days,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Israel enquired of the LORD, (for the ark of the covenant of God was there in those days</strong> (וְשָׁם אֲרוֹן בְּרִית־הָאֱלֹהִים בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם)—parenthetical note explaining why Bethel: the ark was stationed there. The ark represented God's presence, His throne (1 Samuel 4:4), and the place where He met with Israel (Exodus 25:22). Its mention emphasizes that this inqu...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **Enquired of the Lord**—i.e., of Jehovah, as in Judges 20:23. On the occasion of their first general inquiry (Judges 20:18) it is said that they “enquired of *Elohim,” *but it is impossible to draw any certain inferences from this change of expression. It is clear, however, that the nation had been thoroughly and beneficially humiliated by these two terrible reverses, and that their approach...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, stood before it in those days,) saying, Shall I yet again go out to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother, or shall I cease? And the LORD said, Go up; for to morrow I will deliver them into thine hand.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, stood before it in those days</strong>—the high priest Phinehas (grandson of Aaron) officiated, establishing this as legitimate priestly inquiry through Urim and Thummim (Exodus 28:30). <strong>Saying, Shall I yet again go out to battle against the children of Benjamin my brother, or shall I cease?</strong> (הַאוֹסִף עוֹד לָצֵאת...אִם־אֶח...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(28) **Phinehas.**—The fact that the high priest is. still the grandson of Aaron, who had shown such noble zeal in the desert (Numbers 25:8; Psalm 106:30), is. an important note of time, and proves decisively that this narrative, like the last, is anterior to much that has been recorded in the earlier chapters. It is remarkable that the chief personages in these two wild scenes are the grandson of...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And Israel set liers in wait round about Gibeah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Israel set liers in wait round about Gibeah</strong> (וַיָּשֶׂם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֹרְבִים, <em>vayasem yisra'el orevim</em>)—'liers in wait' (אֹרֵב, <em>orev</em>, ambush forces) marks strategic shift. Previously Israel attacked directly; now they employ deception mirroring Joshua's capture of Ai (Joshua 8:2-29). This demonstrates that after proper consultation, God grants both promise and strat...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **Set liers in wait.**—This exceedingly simple and primitive stratagem had also been successful against Ai (Joshua 8:4) and against Shechem (Judges 9:43). Here, as in Judges 20:22-23, the narrative follows a loose-order, the general fact being sometimes stated by anticipation, and the details subsequently filled in.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Israel went up against the children of Benjamin on the third day, and put themselves in array against Gibeah, as at other times.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Israel went up against the children of Benjamin on the third day, and put themselves in array against Gibeah, as at other times</strong> (כְּפַעַם בְּפַעַם, <em>kefaam befaam</em>, 'as time by time')—they appear to repeat previous tactics, but verse 29 revealed hidden ambush forces. Israel uses their previous failures as deception: Benjamin expects another direct assault th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Benjamin went out against the people, and were drawn away from the city; and they began to smite of the people, and kill, as at other times, in the highways, of which one goeth up to the house of God , and the other to Gibeah in the field, about thirty men of Israel. to smite: Heb. to smite of the people wounded as at, etc the house: or, Bethel

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 31: And the children of Benjamin went out against the people, and were drawn away from the city; and the... [The battle unfolds according to God's promised deliverance, with Israel's ambush strategy succeeding through divine blessing following proper consultation.]

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **To smite of the people, and kill.**—Rather, *to smite the wounded or beaten of the people. *It means, apparently, that when some of the Israelites had been wounded with slings, the Benjamites began to rush on them, for the purpose of killing them, and they feigned flight along two highways, of which one led to Bethel, and the other to a place which, to distinguish it from Gibeah, seems to h...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the children of Benjamin said, They are smitten down before us, as at the first. But the children of Israel said, Let us flee, and draw them from the city unto the highways.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 32: And the children of Benjamin said, They are smitten down before us, as at the first. But the childre... [The battle unfolds according to God's promised deliverance, with Israel's ambush strategy succeeding through divine blessing following proper consultation.]

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(32) **Said, Let us flee**.—In a later historical style the *plan *of the feigned flight would have been mentioned earlier. **Unto the highways.**—This would have the double effect of allowing the ambuscade to cut off their retreat, and of dividing their forces at the point where the roads branched off.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And all the men of Israel rose up out of their place, and put themselves in array at Baaltamar: and the liers in wait of Israel came forth out of their places, even out of the meadows of Gibeah.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 33: And all the men of Israel rose up out of their place, and put themselves in array at Baal-tamar: and... [The battle unfolds according to God's promised deliverance, with Israel's ambush strategy succeeding through divine blessing following proper consultation.]

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(33) **Put themselves in array at Baal-tamar.**—This is either a detail added out of place (so that we might almost suppose that there has been some accidental transposition of clauses), or it means that when the Israelites in their pretended rout had got as far as Baal-tamar (“Lord of the Palm”) they saw the appointed smoke-signal of the ambuscade, and at that point rallied against their pursuers...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And there came against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and the battle was sore: but they knew not that evil was near them.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 34: And there came against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and the battle was sore: bu... [The battle unfolds according to God's promised deliverance, with Israel's ambush strategy succeeding through divine blessing following proper consultation.]

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(34) **Ten thousand chosen men.**—Though the verse is obscurely expressed, the meaning probably is that this was the *number of the ambuscade of picked warriors. *If it means that this was the Israelite force left after the slaughter of 40,000, we are not told the number of the ambush. **The battle was sore.**—It would be a battle in which the Benjamites were now attacked both in front and rear. *...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:12-28. His Embassy to the King of Ammon. **12-28. Jephthah sent messengers unto the king of the children of Ammon--**This first act in his judicial capacity reflects the highest credit on his character for prudence and moderation, justice and humanity. The bravest officers have always been averse to war; so Jephthah, whose courage was indisputable, resolved not only to make it clearly appe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the LORD smote Benjamin before Israel: and the children of Israel destroyed of the Benjamites that day twenty and five thousand and an hundred men: all these drew the sword.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The LORD smote Benjamin before Israel</strong> (וַיִּגֹּף יְהוָה אֶת־בִּנְיָמִן לִפְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל)—the verb 'to smite' (נָגַף, <em>nagaf</em>) indicates divine action, not merely human victory. <strong>The children of Israel destroyed of the Benjamites that day twenty and five thousand and an hundred men: all these drew the sword</strong>—Benjamin loses 25,100 warriors, nearly their entir...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(35) **Destroyed of the Benjamites . . .**—Here again we have a summary of the final result, followed by details, in a manner which proves either that the narrative was compiled from various sources (one of which seems to have been a poem), or that it was penned before the “periodic style” of history (*lexis katestrammene*) had been invented. If written consecutively, and not compiled, the writer ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:29-31. His Vow. **29-30. Then the Spirit of the Lord came upon Jephthah--**The calm wisdom, sagacious forethought, and indomitable energy which he was enabled to display, were a pledge to himself and a convincing evidence to his countrymen, that he was qualified by higher resources than his own for the momentous duties of his office. **he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh--**the provinces...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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So the children of Benjamin saw that they were smitten: for the men of Israel gave place to the Benjamites, because they trusted unto the liers in wait which they had set beside Gibeah.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 36: So the children of Benjamin saw that they were smitten: for the men of Israel gave place to the Benj... [The battle unfolds according to God's promised deliverance, with Israel's ambush strategy succeeding through divine blessing following proper consultation.]

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **That they were smitten.**—The “they” refers to the Israelites. The rest of the verse gives the reason for the feigned flight.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 11:29-31. His Vow. **29-30. Then the Spirit of the Lord came upon Jephthah--**The calm wisdom, sagacious forethought, and indomitable energy which he was enabled to display, were a pledge to himself and a convincing evidence to his countrymen, that he was qualified by higher resources than his own for the momentous duties of his office. **he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh--**the provinces...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the liers in wait hasted, and rushed upon Gibeah; and the liers in wait drew themselves along, and smote all the city with the edge of the sword. drew: or, made a long sound with the trumpet

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 37 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. And the liers in wait hasted, and rushed upon Gibeah; and the liers in wait drew themselves along, and smote all the cit... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(37) Results of the ambuscade. (Comp. Joshua 8:15; Joshua 8:19-20.) **Drew themselves along.**—The marginal suggestion, *made a long sound with the trumpet, *is untenable (See Judges 4:6.) **With The edge of the sword.**—See Judges 1:8; Joshua 8:24.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31. whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me--**This evidently points not to an animal, for that might have been a dog; which, being unclean, was unfit to be offered; but to a person, and it looks extremely as if he, from the first, contemplated a human sacrifice. Bred up as he had been, beyond the Jordan, where the Israelitish tribes, far from the tabernacle, were looser in t...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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Now there was an appointed sign between the men of Israel and the liers in wait, that they should make a great flame with smoke rise up out of the city. sign: or, time and: Heb. with flame: Heb. elevation

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 38 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. Now there was an appointed sign between the men of Israel and the liers in wait, that they should make a great flame wit... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(38) signal which had been agreed upon. **That they should make.**—Literally, *multiply to cause to ascend. *The actual words of the agreed on signal are quoted. For the word *hereb *(which is an imperative) some MSS. read *chereb, *“a sword,” and this is adopted by the LXX. (Cod. A). But the flash of a sword would not be seen at such a distance, and the word gives no good sense. Otherwise it woul...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**32. Jephthah passed over unto the children of Ammon ... and the Lord delivered them into his hands--**He met and engaged them at Aroer, a town in the tribe of Gad, upon the Arnon. A decisive victory crowned the arms of Israel, and the pursuit was continued to Abel (plain of the vineyards), from south to north, over an extent of about sixty miles.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And when the men of Israel retired in the battle, Benjamin began to smite and kill of the men of Israel about thirty persons: for they said, Surely they are smitten down before us, as in the first battle. to smite: Heb. to smite the wounded

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 39 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. And when the men of Israel retired in the battle, Benjamin began to smite and kill of the men of Israel about thirty per... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(39) **And when the men of Israel retired.**—This merely repeats with more graphic details the fact already mentioned in Judges 20:31. The “when” should be omitted, and from “Benjamin began” to the end of the next verse is parenthetic.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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But when the flame began to arise up out of the city with a pillar of smoke, the Benjamites looked behind them, and, behold, the flame of the city ascended up to heaven. the flame of: Heb. the whole consumption of

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 40 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. But when the flame began to arise up out of the city with a pillar of smoke, the Benjamites looked behind them, and, beh... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(40) **When the flame began to arise up.**—Rather, *when the column *(of smoke), as in Judges 20:38. **The flame of the city.**—Literally, *the whole of the city*—i.e., the universal conflagration—a very powerful expression. (LXX., συντέλεια τῆς πόλεως.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34-40. Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--**The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (1Sa 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtle...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And when the men of Israel turned again, the men of Benjamin were amazed: for they saw that evil was come upon them. was come: Heb. touched them

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 41 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. And when the men of Israel turned again, the men of Benjamin were amazed: for they saw that evil was come upon them.... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(41) **And when the men of Israel turned again.**—Another detail of the rally described in Judges 20:33, and its effect (Judges 20:34).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34-40. Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--**The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (1Sa 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtle...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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Therefore they turned their backs before the men of Israel unto the way of the wilderness; but the battle overtook them; and them which came out of the cities they destroyed in the midst of them.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 42 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. Therefore they turned their backs before the men of Israel unto the way of the wilderness; but the battle overtook them;... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(42) **Unto the way of the wilderness.**—The wilderness is that known as “the wilderness of Bethaven” ( Joshua 18:12). It is described in Joshua 16 as “the wilderness that goeth up from Jericho throughout Mount Bethel.” (See Robinson, *Bibl. Res. *1:572.) The first thought of fugitives in Eastern Palestine was to get to one of the fords of the Jordan (2Samuel 15:23; 2Kings 25:4-5). **Them which ca...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34-40. Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--**The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (1Sa 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtle...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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Thus they inclosed the Benjamites round about, and chased them, and trode them down with ease over against Gibeah toward the sunrising . with ease: or, from Menuchah, etc over: Heb. unto over against

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 43 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. Thus they inclosed the Benjamites round about, and chased them, and trode them down with ease over against Gibeah toward... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(43) A strong and poetic description of the total rout and massacre which ensued. **With ease.**—There is no “with” in the Hebrew, but perhaps it may be understood. The LXX. and Luther make it mean “from Noria.” Others render it “in their rest,” i.e., in the places to which they fled for refuge. The Vulg. paraphrases it: “Nor was there any repose of the dying.” But the whole verse is obscure.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34-40. Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--**The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (1Sa 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtle...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And there fell of Benjamin eighteen thousand men; all these were men of valour.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 44 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. And there fell of Benjamin eighteen thousand men; all these were men of valour.... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34-40. Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--**The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (1Sa 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtle...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And they turned and fled toward the wilderness unto the rock of Rimmon: and they gleaned of them in the highways five thousand men; and pursued hard after them unto Gidom, and slew two thousand men of them.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 45 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. And they turned and fled toward the wilderness unto the rock of Rimmon: and they gleaned of them in the highways five th... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(45) **Unto the rock of Rimmon**—i.e., of the pomegranate. As the tree is common in Palestine (Numbers 20:25; Deuteronomy 8:8. &c.), the name is naturally common. There was one Rimmon in Zebulon (Joshua 19:13), another in Judah (Joshua 15:32), south of Jerusalem (Zechariah 14:10; and see Joshua 21:25; Nehemiah 11:29). This Rimmon is a steep conical hill of white limestone (Robinson, 1:440), not fa...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34-40. Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--**The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (1Sa 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtle...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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So that all which fell that day of Benjamin were twenty and five thousand men that drew the sword; all these were men of valour.

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KJV Study Commentary

Verse 46 details the aftermath of Benjamin's defeat. So that all which fell that day of Benjamin were twenty and five thousand men that drew the sword; all these were men of... The systematic destruction of Benjamin's territory represents the tragic outcome when civil war erupts among God's people—victory comes at devastating cost to the covenant community.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(46) **Twenty and five thousand men.**—Eighteen thousand killed in battle, ┼ 5,000 on the paved roads (*mesilloth*)*, *┼ 2,000 near Rimmon, ┼ 600 survivors, makes 25,600. But as the Benjamites were 26,700 (see Judges 20:15), either the total in Judges 20:15 is wrong, or we must make the much more natural supposition that 1,000 Benjamites, as against 40,000 Israelites (which would only be 1 to 36),...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34-40. Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances--**The return of the victors was hailed, as usual, by the joyous acclaim of a female band (1Sa 18:6), the leader of whom was Jephthah's daughter. The vow was full in his mind, and it is evident that it had not been communicated to anyone, otherwise precautions would doubtle...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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But six hundred men turned and fled to the wilderness unto the rock Rimmon, and abode in the rock Rimmon four months.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But six hundred men turned and fled to the wilderness unto the rock Rimmon</strong> (סֶלַע רִמּוֹן, <em>sela rimmon</em>, 'rock of Rimmon')—600 Benjamites escape to a wilderness stronghold. <strong>And abode in the rock Rimmon four months</strong> (אַרְבָּעָה חֳדָשִׁים, <em>arba'ah chodashim</em>)—they hide four months while Israel destroys Benjamin's cities (v. 48). These 600 represent Be...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(47) **In the rock Rimmon.**—This may be quite literally taken, for there are four large caverns in the hill.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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And the men of Israel turned again upon the children of Benjamin, and smote them with the edge of the sword, as well the men of every city, as the beast, and all that came to hand: also they set on fire all the cities that they came to. came to hand: Heb. was found they came: Heb. were found

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The men of Israel turned again upon the children of Benjamin, and smote them with the edge of the sword, as well the men of every city, as the beast, and all that came to hand</strong> (מִמְּתֹם עַד־בְּהֵמָה עַד כָּל־הַנִּמְצָא)—total destruction: men, animals, everything. <strong>Also they set on fire all the cities that they came to</strong> (גַּם כָּל־הֶעָרִים הַנִּמְצָאוֹת שִׁלְּחוּ בָ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(48) **As well the men of every city, as the beast.**—The phrase is literally, *from the city, men down to beast, *reading *methim, *“men,” for *methom,* “entire.” The dreadful meaning which lies beyond these short and simple words is *the absolute extermination of *a whole tribe of Israel, MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN, CITIES AND CATTLE, with the exception of 600 fugitives. There is something almost ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 12 Jud 12:1-3. The Ephraimites Quarrelling with Jephthah. **1. the men of Ephraim gathered themselves together--**Hebrew, "were summoned." **and went northward--**After crossing the Jordan, their route from Ephraim was, strictly speaking, in a northeasterly direction, toward Mizpeh. the men of Ephraim ... said unto Jephthah, Wherefore ... didst [thou] **not call us?--**This is a fres...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 Chapter Outline The law concerning the cities of refuge.(1-6) The cities appointed as refuges.(7-9) **Verses 1-6** When the Israelites were settled in their promised inheritance, they were reminded to set apart the cities of refuge, whose use and typical meaning have been explained, Nu 35; De 19. God's spiritual Israel have, and shall have in Christ and heaven, not onl...
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