About Judges

Judges describes the dark period between Joshua and Samuel, showing repeated cycles of sin, oppression, crying out, and deliverance.

Author: Samuel (traditionally)Written: c. 1050-1000 BCReading time: ~4 minVerses: 30
Cycle of SinDeliveranceApostasyGod's GraceHuman FailureLeadership

King James Version

Judges 19

30 verses with commentary

The Levite and His Concubine

And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Bethlehemjudah . a concubine: Heb. a woman a concubine, or, a wife a concubine

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass in those days, when there was no king in Israel, that there was a certain Levite sojourning on the side of mount Ephraim, who took to him a concubine out of Beth-lehem-judah.</strong> The repeated phrase "no king in Israel" introduces one of Scripture's most horrific narratives, demonstrating the depths of moral collapse during this period. A "Levite" (<em>ish Levi</em>...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **On the side of mount Ephraim.**—Literally, *on the two thighs *(*yarcethaim*)*. *(Comp. Psalm 128:3; Isaiah 37:24.) As to the residence of the Levite at Mount Ephraim, see Note on Judges 17:8. It is probably a fortuitous coincidence that both this Levite and Jonathan have relations with Mount Ephraim and with Bethlehem. **Took to him a concubine.**—Such connections were not legally forbidden...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**28-45. would to God this people were under my hand--**He seems to have been a boastful, impudent, and cowardly person, totally unfit to be a leader in a revolutionary crisis. The consequence was that he allowed himself to be drawn into an ambush, was defeated, the city of Shechem destroyed and strewn with salt. The people took refuge in the stronghold, which was set on fire, and all in it perish...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father's house to Bethlehemjudah , and was there four whole months . four whole months: or, a year and four month: Heb. days, four months

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father's house to Beth-lehem-judah, and was there four whole months.</strong><br><br>The phrase <strong>played the whore</strong> (<em>vattizneh alav</em>, וַתִּזְנֶה עָלָיו) uses the verb <em>zanah</em> (זָנָה), meaning to commit fornication or act unfaithfully. The Septuagint translates this "became angry wit...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **Four whole months.**—Literally, *days, four months, *which some interpret to mean “a year (see Note on Judges 17:10) and four months.” The incident has, however, little bearing on the general story.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**28-45. would to God this people were under my hand--**He seems to have been a boastful, impudent, and cowardly person, totally unfit to be a leader in a revolutionary crisis. The consequence was that he allowed himself to be drawn into an ambush, was defeated, the city of Shechem destroyed and strewn with salt. The people took refuge in the stronghold, which was set on fire, and all in it perish...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of asses: and she brought him into her father's house: and when the father of the damsel saw him, he rejoiced to meet him. friendly: Heb. to her heart

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And her husband arose, and went after her, to speak friendly unto her, and to bring her again</strong>—the phrase <strong>speak friendly</strong> (<em>ledabber al-libbah</em>, לְדַבֵּר עַל־לִבָּהּ) literally means "to speak to her heart," the same tender idiom used when Shechem sought Dinah (Genesis 34:3), Boaz comforted Ruth (Ruth 2:13), and God promised to woo wayward Israel back (Hosea ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **To speak friendly unto her.**—Literally, *to speak to her heart*—*i.e., *to bring about a kindly reconciliation (Genesis 34:3; Genesis 1:21; Ruth 2:13). **A couple of asses.**—One was meant to convey back his wife on her return.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**28-45. would to God this people were under my hand--**He seems to have been a boastful, impudent, and cowardly person, totally unfit to be a leader in a revolutionary crisis. The consequence was that he allowed himself to be drawn into an ambush, was defeated, the city of Shechem destroyed and strewn with salt. The people took refuge in the stronghold, which was set on fire, and all in it perish...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And his father in law, the damsel's father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And his father in law, the damsel's father, retained him; and he abode with him three days: so they did eat and drink, and lodged there.</strong><br><br>The verb <strong>retained</strong> (<em>vayechezaq-bo</em>, וַיֶּחֱזַק־בּוֹ) comes from <em>chazaq</em> (חָזַק), meaning to strengthen, seize, or hold fast. This suggests more than polite invitation—the father insisted, perhaps even physic...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Retained him.**—One motive of the father-in-law would doubtless be to practise the full rights of hospitality, which are in the East so specially sacred; but he probably desired further to win back the Levite’s heart to his erring daughter.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**28-45. would to God this people were under my hand--**He seems to have been a boastful, impudent, and cowardly person, totally unfit to be a leader in a revolutionary crisis. The consequence was that he allowed himself to be drawn into an ambush, was defeated, the city of Shechem destroyed and strewn with salt. The people took refuge in the stronghold, which was set on fire, and all in it perish...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart: and the damsel's father said unto his son in law, Comfort thine heart with a morsel of bread, and afterward go your way. Comfort: Heb. Strengthen

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass on the fourth day, when they arose early in the morning, that he rose up to depart</strong>—the Levite finally attempted to leave, rising <strong>early</strong> (<em>vayashkimu vaboqer</em>, וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ בַבֹּקֶר), suggesting determination to depart before the father could delay him again. However, his resolve proved insufficient. The father's plea—<strong>Comfort th...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **Early in the morning.**—Except in winter, most journeys are performed in the early morning or late evening, in order to avoid the burning heat. **Comfort thine heart.**—Literally, *Prop up thy heart, *as in Genesis 18:5. This resembles the Latin expression *cor fulcire.*

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel's father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they sat down, and did eat and drink both of them together: for the damsel's father had said unto the man, Be content, I pray thee, and tarry all night, and let thine heart be merry.</strong><br><br>Despite the Levite's intention to depart after a quick meal (v. 5), the father escalated from "a morsel" to a full meal where <strong>they sat down</strong> (<em>vayeshvu</em>, וַיֵּשְׁבוּ)...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **Let thine heart be merry.**—Judges 16:25; Judges 18:20.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when the man rose up to depart, his father in law urged him: therefore he lodged there again.</strong><br><br>The verb <strong>urged</strong> (<em>vayiftzar-bo</em>, וַיִּפְצַר־בּוֹ) comes from <em>patsar</em> (פָּצַר), meaning to press, urge strongly, or constrain. This same verb describes Lot "pressing upon" his angelic visitors to lodge with him (Genesis 19:3) and the Shunammite wom...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **His father in law urged him.**—Considering the remorselessly savage revenge which is to this day permitted to an Eastern husband in punishment of unfaithfulness, the father might well desire to be thoroughly assured that the Levite was not dissembling, and did not desire to inflict some sanguinary retribution on his wife.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart: and the damsel's father said, Comfort thine heart, I pray thee. And they tarried until afternoon , and they did eat both of them. until afternoon: Heb. till the day declined

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he arose early in the morning on the fifth day to depart</strong>—this time the Levite <strong>arose early</strong> (<em>vayashkem baboqer</em>, וַיַּשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר), suggesting renewed determination to leave before the father could interfere. However, once again the father intervened: <strong>Comfort thine heart, I pray thee</strong> (<em>se'ad-na levavkha</em>, סְעַד־נָא לְבָבְךָ)...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **And they tarried until afternoon.**—The verb is perhaps an imperative: *and linger *(as in Isa. (19:9) *till the day turns. *So the LXX., Chaldee, and Vulg. take it.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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And when the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father in law, the damsel's father, said unto him, Behold, now the day draweth toward evening, I pray you tarry all night: behold, the day groweth to an end, lodge here, that thine heart may be merry; and to morrow get you early on your way, that thou mayest go home. draweth: Heb. is weak the day groweth to an end: Heb. it is the pitching time of the day home: Heb. to thy tent

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Persistent Hospitality and Delayed Departure:</strong> This verse appears in one of Scripture's darkest narratives—the Levite and his concubine (Judges 19-21). Here the Levite attempts to leave his father-in-law's house after reconciling with his concubine, but the father-in-law repeatedly delays their departure through insistent hospitality. "And when the man rose up to depart" (<em>vayaq...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **The day draweth toward evening.**—Literally, *is weak, *or *has slackened to evening. *The father had purposely detained the Levite till late, in the hopes of inducing him to spend one more night under his roof. The forms of Eastern politeness would render it difficult for the Levite to resist these importunities. **The day groweth to an end.**—Literally, *it is the bending *or *declining of...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 9:50-57. Abimelech Slain. **50. Then went Abimelech to Thebez, and encamped against Thebez--**now Tubas--not far from Shechem.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 19 Chapter Outline The lot of Simeon.(1-9) The lot of Zebulun.(10-16) The lot of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Dn(17-51) **Verses 1-9** The men of Judah did not oppose taking away the cities within their border, when convinced that they had more than was right. If a true believer has obtained an unintended and improper advantage in any thing, he will give it up witho...
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The Crime at Gibeah

But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him. over against: Heb. to over against

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But the man would not tarry that night, but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem; and there were with him two asses saddled, his concubine also was with him.</strong> This verse marks a fateful decision. The Levite, having finally left his father-in-law's house after multiple delays, passes by "Jebus, which is Jerusalem." At this time, Jerusalem remained...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **Jebus, which is Jerusalem.**—See Judges 1:8; Joshua 15:8. **Saddled.**—Rather, *loaded *(Vulg., *onustos*)*.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**51-53. all the men and women, ... gat them up to the top of the tower--**The Canaanite forts were generally mountain fastnesses or keeps, and they often had a strong tower which served as a last refuge. The Assyrian bas-reliefs afford counterparts of the scene here described so vivid and exact, that we might almost suppose them to be representations of the same historic events. The besieged city...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 10-16** In the division to each tribe of Israel, the prophetic blessings of Jacob were fulfilled. They chose for themselves, or it was divided to them by lot, in the manner and places that he foresaw. So sure a rule to go by is the word of prophecy: we see by it what to believe, and it proves beyond all dispute the things that are of God.

And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent; and the servant said unto his master, Come, I pray thee, and let us turn in into this city of the Jebusites, and lodge in it.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when they were by Jebus, the day was far spent</strong>—the consequences of delayed departure (v. 8) now materialized. <strong>Jebus</strong> (<em>Yevus</em>, יְבוּס) was Jerusalem's pre-Davidic name, controlled by the Jebusites until David's conquest (2 Samuel 5:6-9). The phrase <strong>the day was far spent</strong> (<em>hayom rad me'od</em>, הַיּוֹם רַד מְאֹד) literally means "the d...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **The day was far spent.**—Jerusalem is only two hours distant from Bethlehem. The father of the woman, by his unwise neglect to “speed the parting guest,” had greatly added to the perils of their journey in a half-conquered country, and in such wild times. **Unto his master.**—Literally, *to his lord, *a mere form of respect, as in Genesis 39:2. **This city of the Jebusites.**—Their complete...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**51-53. all the men and women, ... gat them up to the top of the tower--**The Canaanite forts were generally mountain fastnesses or keeps, and they often had a strong tower which served as a last refuge. The Assyrian bas-reliefs afford counterparts of the scene here described so vivid and exact, that we might almost suppose them to be representations of the same historic events. The besieged city...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 10-16** In the division to each tribe of Israel, the prophetic blessings of Jacob were fulfilled. They chose for themselves, or it was divided to them by lot, in the manner and places that he foresaw. So sure a rule to go by is the word of prophecy: we see by it what to believe, and it proves beyond all dispute the things that are of God.

And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And his master said unto him, We will not turn aside hither into the city of a stranger, that is not of the children of Israel; we will pass over to Gibeah.</strong><br><br>The Levite's refusal contains tragic irony. The phrase <strong>a city of a stranger</strong> (<em>ir nokriy</em>, עִיר נָכְרִי) uses <em>nokriy</em> (נָכְרִי), meaning foreigner or alien—technically accurate for Jebusit...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **To Gibeah.**—This is the “Gibeah of Saul,” where the first king of Israel was born (1Samuel 11:4). It was one of the fourteen cities of Benjamin (Joshua 18:28), and is the modern *Tuleil el Ful. *It only involved a journey of four miles more (Jos. *Antt. v.* 2, § 8).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**51-53. all the men and women, ... gat them up to the top of the tower--**The Canaanite forts were generally mountain fastnesses or keeps, and they often had a strong tower which served as a last refuge. The Assyrian bas-reliefs afford counterparts of the scene here described so vivid and exact, that we might almost suppose them to be representations of the same historic events. The besieged city...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 10-16** In the division to each tribe of Israel, the prophetic blessings of Jacob were fulfilled. They chose for themselves, or it was divided to them by lot, in the manner and places that he foresaw. So sure a rule to go by is the word of prophecy: we see by it what to believe, and it proves beyond all dispute the things that are of God.

And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said unto his servant, Come, and let us draw near to one of these places to lodge all night, in Gibeah, or in Ramah.</strong><br><br>The Levite's decision to <strong>draw near to one of these places</strong> (<em>velech veniqrab el-achad hameqomot</em>, וְלֵךְ וְנִקְרַב אֶל־אַחַד הַמְּקֹמוֹת) offered two options: <strong>Gibeah, or in Ramah</strong>. Ramah (modern Er-Ram) lay about ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **Or in Ramah.**—This town, now *el-Ram, *is only two miles beyond Gibeah. The two places are often mentioned together (Hosea 5:8). The Levite is naturally anxious to push on homewards as fast as he can. Perhaps he knew that Gibeah did not bear a good character, and that it would be better to get as far as Ramah if possible. In countries where there are no public inns, each town and village g...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 10-16** In the division to each tribe of Israel, the prophetic blessings of Jacob were fulfilled. They chose for themselves, or it was divided to them by lot, in the manner and places that he foresaw. So sure a rule to go by is the word of prophecy: we see by it what to believe, and it proves beyond all dispute the things that are of God.

And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they passed on and went their way; and the sun went down upon them when they were by Gibeah, which belongeth to Benjamin.</strong><br><br>The phrase <strong>they passed on and went their way</strong> (<em>vaya'avru vayelechu</em>, וַיַּעַבְרוּ וַיֵּלֵכוּ) emphasizes continued travel despite approaching darkness. The critical detail follows: <strong>and the sun went down upon them</stro...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **The sun went down upon them.**—They were evidently reluctant to stop at Gibeah; but it was dangerous to travel after dark, and the twilight in Palestine is very brief. **Which belongeth to Benjamin.**—There were many other Gibeahs in Palestine, and for that reason Jibah and el-Jib are common names.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 10-16** In the division to each tribe of Israel, the prophetic blessings of Jacob were fulfilled. They chose for themselves, or it was divided to them by lot, in the manner and places that he foresaw. So sure a rule to go by is the word of prophecy: we see by it what to believe, and it proves beyond all dispute the things that are of God.

And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they turned aside thither, to go in and to lodge in Gibeah: and when he went in, he sat him down in a street of the city: for there was no man that took them into his house to lodging.</strong><br><br>The phrase <strong>they turned aside thither</strong> (<em>vayasuru sham</em>, וַיָּסוּרוּ שָׁם) indicates leaving the main road to enter Gibeah's gate. Ancient cities were walled, with g...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **In a street.**—Rather, *in the open place *(*Rechob*)—*i.e., *the square or market-place of the city, often a space *outside *the walls (Deuteronomy 13:16). (Comp. Genesis 19:1-2; “The stranger did not lodge in the street”—Job 31:32.) **No man that took them into his house.**—The same neglect would have been experienced by the angels at Sodom but for the care of Lot. This neglect of the ver...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 10-16** In the division to each tribe of Israel, the prophetic blessings of Jacob were fulfilled. They chose for themselves, or it was divided to them by lot, in the manner and places that he foresaw. So sure a rule to go by is the word of prophecy: we see by it what to believe, and it proves beyond all dispute the things that are of God.

And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And, behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at even, which was also of mount Ephraim; and he sojourned in Gibeah: but the men of the place were Benjamites.</strong> This verse introduces the narrative's tragic hero—an old man (<em>ish zaqen</em>, אִישׁ זָקֵן) returning from field work at evening. The narrator emphasizes he is from Ephraim, not a native Benjamite, maki...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Which was also of mount Ephraim.**—He was therefore a fellow-countryman of the Levite, but his hospitable feelings were aroused before he had been informed of this fact. **Toward the side of mount Ephraim.**—Rather, *the depths of the hill-country of Ephraim.* **I am now going to the house of the Lord.**—We are not told anywhere else in the story that the Levite was going to Shiloh (Judges ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 10-16** In the division to each tribe of Israel, the prophetic blessings of Jacob were fulfilled. They chose for themselves, or it was divided to them by lot, in the manner and places that he foresaw. So sure a rule to go by is the word of prophecy: we see by it what to believe, and it proves beyond all dispute the things that are of God.

And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when he had lifted up his eyes, he saw a wayfaring man in the street of the city: and the old man said, Whither goest thou? and whence comest thou?</strong> The old man's actions demonstrate proper covenant response. "Lifted up his eyes" (<em>vayyisa einav</em>, וַיִּשָּׂא עֵינָיו) indicates deliberate attention—not casual glancing but active seeking of those in need. This same phrase ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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And he said unto him, We are passing from Bethlehemjudah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Bethlehemjudah , but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that receiveth me to house. receiveth: Heb. gathereth

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said unto him, We are passing from Beth-lehem-judah toward the side of mount Ephraim; from thence am I: and I went to Beth-lehem-judah, but I am now going to the house of the LORD; and there is no man that receiveth me to house.</strong> The Levite's response provides crucial information. His journey from Bethlehem-Judah (<em>Beit Lechem Yehudah</em>, בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה, "House of...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 10 Jud 10:1-5. Tola Judges Israel in Shamir. **1. after Abimelech there arose to defend Israel, Tola--**that is, "to save." Deliverance was necessary as well from intestine usurpation as from foreign aggression. **the son of Puah--**He was uncle to Abimelech by the father's side, and consequently brother of Gideon; yet the former was of the tribe of Issachar, while the latter was of Man...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man which is with thy servants: there is no want of any thing.</strong> The Levite's protest reveals he doesn't seek charity—he has provisions. The detailed list emphasizes self-sufficiency: straw (<em>teben</em>, תֶּבֶן) and fodder (<em>mispo</em>, מִסְפּוֹ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **Straw and provender.**—Comp. Genesis 24:25-32. All that the Levite asked was shelter. He would provide for all his own wants. **Thy servants.**—The ordinary language of Eastern obsequiousness.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the old man said, Peace be with thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the street.</strong> The old man's response exemplifies covenant faithfulness. His greeting "Peace be with thee" (<em>shalom lecha</em>, שָׁלוֹם לְךָ) invokes God's blessing, using the comprehensive Hebrew <em>shalom</em> (שָׁלוֹם)—wholeness, wellbeing, security. This greeting appears throu...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **Peace be with thee.**—The words are not here a greeting, but an assurance of help. **Only lodge not in the street.**—Genesis 19:2.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. Jair, a Gileadite--**This judge was a different person from the conqueror of that northeastern territory, and founder of Havoth-jair, or "Jair's villages" (Nu 32:41; De 3:14; Jos 13:3; 1Ch 2:22).

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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So he brought him into his house, and gave provender unto the asses: and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Ancient Hospitality in Gibeah:</strong> This verse describes the rare act of hospitality shown to the Levite and his concubine in Gibeah, a city of Benjamin. The Hebrew phrase "<em>vayavi'ehu el-beito</em>" (וַיְבִיאֵהוּ אֶל־בֵּיתוֹ) literally means "and he brought him into his house," emphasizing the personal welcome extended by the old man from Ephraim (verse 16). The provision of "<em>m...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **Gave provender unto the asses.**—Notice the humane Eastern custom of attending first the wants of the animals. **They washed their feet.**—One of the first necessities for personal comfort after a journey in hot countries, and where only sandals are worn (Genesis 18:4; Genesis 24:32; Genesis 43:24; Luke 7:44; John 13:5; 1Timothy 5:10).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. he had thirty sons that rode on thirty ass colts--**This is a characteristic trait of Eastern manners in those early times; and the grant of a village to each of his thirty sons was a striking proof of his extensive possessions. His having thirty sons is no conclusive evidence that he had more than one wife, much less that he had more than one at a time. There are instances, in this country, ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into thine house, that we may know him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now as they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain sons of Belial, beset the house round about, and beat at the door, and spake to the master of the house, the old man, saying, Bring forth the man that came into thine house, that we may know him.</strong> This verse directly parallels Genesis 19:4-5, where Sodom's men surrounded Lot's house demanding to "know"...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **Sons of Belial.**—It is only by a deeply-rooted misconception that Belial is written with a capital. The word is not the name (as is supposed) of an evil spirit, but an ordinary noun, “sons of worthlessness,” *i.e., *“worthless fellows.” (See Deuteronomy 13:14; Psalm 18:5.) Later (comp. 2Corinthians 6:15) it became a kind of proper name. Josephus dishonestly suppresses all the darkest featu...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them, Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into mine house, do not this folly.</strong> This verse begins Gibeah's darkest hour. "The men of the city, certain sons of Belial" (v. 22) surround the house demanding to rape the Levite. The old man's response shows desperate ne...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **Do not this folly.**—It is from no deficiency of moral indignation that the word “folly” (*nebalah*) is used. Sometimes when crime is too dark and deadly for ordinary reproach the feelings are more deeply expressed by using a milder word, which is instantly corrected and intensified by the hearer himself. (See Genesis 34:7; Deuteronomy 22:21.) Thus Virgil merely gives the epithet “unpraised...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 10:6-9. Israel Oppressed by the Philistines and Ammonites. **6. the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the Lord--**This apostasy seems to have exceeded every former one in the grossness and universality of the idolatry practised.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing. so vile: Heb. the matter of this folly

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Behold, here is my daughter a maiden, and his concubine; them I will bring out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you: but unto this man do not so vile a thing.</strong> This verse presents one of Scripture's most difficult moments. The old man offers his virgin daughter (<em>bat habetulah</em>, בַּת הַבְּתוּלָה) and the Levite's concubine as substitutes. The ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24, 25) **Behold, here is my daughter . . .**—The main horror of these verses lies, and is meant to lie, in the nameless infamy to which these men had sunk, of whom we can only say, “Non ragionam di lor ma guarda è passa.” But we must not omit to notice that the conduct of the old man and the Levite, though it is not formally condemned, speaks of the existence of a very rudimentary morality, a se...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7. Philistines, and ... the children of Ammon--**The predatory incursions of these two hostile neighbors were made naturally on the parts of the land respectively contiguous to them. But the Ammonites, animated with the spirit of conquest, carried their arms across the Jordan; so that the central and southern provinces of Canaan were extensively desolated.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But the men would not hearken to him: so the man took his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning: and when the day began to spring, they let her go.</strong> This verse describes one of Scripture's most horrific crimes. The phrase "would not hearken to him" shows the Gibeah men rejected the old host's plea to spare his ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man's house where her lord was, till it was light.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man's house where her lord was, till it was light.</strong> This verse captures devastating tragedy in stark, unadorned language. "The woman" (<em>ha'ishah</em>, הָאִשָּׁה)—nameless, reducing her to mere object—"came" (<em>vatavo</em>, וַתָּבוֹא), suggesting she dragged herself back after night-long gang rape. ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Then came the woman. . . .—**It would be scarcely possible to enhance the depth of pathos and of horror which the sacred writer throws into these simple words. If to the wretched woman punishment had come in the guise of her sin (Wisdom Of Solomon 11:16, “that they might know that wherewithal a man sinneth, by the same also shall he be punished”) which had been the prime cause of the whole ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way: and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, and her hands were upon the threshold.</strong> The Levite's callousness shocks. "Her lord rose up in the morning" (<em>vayaqom adoneyha baboqer</em>, וַיָּקָם אֲדֹנֶיהָ בַּבֹּקֶר) suggests he slept peacefully whi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **Her hands were upon the threshold.**—As though they had been stretched out towards her husband in one last agony of appeal (Vulg., *sparsis in limine cnanibus*)*.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jud 10:10-15. They Cry to God. **10. The children of Israel cried unto the Lord, saying, We have sinned against thee--**The first step of repentance is confession of sin, and the best proof of its sincerity is given by the transgressor, when he mourns not only over the painful consequences which have resulted from his offenses to himself, but over the heinous evil committed against God.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said unto her, Up, and let us be going. But none answered. Then the man took her up upon an ass, and the man rose up, and gat him unto his place.</strong> The Levite's first words to his dying or dead concubine reveal stunning insensitivity: "Up, and let us be going" (<em>qumi venelekah</em>, קוּמִי וְנֵלֵכָה). The imperative "arise" (<em>qumi</em>, קוּמִי) and cohortative "let us g...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(28) **But none answered.**—The sacred writer, in his horror, will not say that she was dead. **Upon an ass.**—Rather, *the ass, *which had borne her while she was living. The omission of every detail, the narration of the naked facts in the simplest words, without pausing to say so much as a single word respecting the Levite’s or the old man’s feelings, is a striking example of the difference of ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11. the Lord said ... Did I not deliver you from the Egyptians--**The circumstances recorded in this and the following verses were not probably made through the high priest, whose duty it was to interpret the will of God.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, together with her bones, into twelve pieces, and sent her into all the coasts of Israel.</strong> This shocking act served as a graphic summons to national assembly. The Levite's dismemberment of his concubine's corpse into twelve pieces—one for each tribe—was designed to provoke outrage ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **Divided her.**—We see again that the narrative is taking us back to wild times, when the passions of men expressed themselves in wild and fierce expedients. A similar method of arousing a nation, but different in its details, is narrated in 1Samuel 11:7, when Saul sends round the pieces of an ox, as was done by the ancient Scythians (Lucian, *Toxaris, *chap. 48). Many analogous customs exis...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12. Maonites--**that is, "Midianites."

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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And it was so, that all that saw it said, There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day: consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>There was no such deed done nor seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day</strong>—the universal horror expressed by all who saw the dismembered concubine's body parts sent throughout Israel's tribes. The comprehensive time frame—from the Exodus until the present—emphasizes that this atrocity surpasses even Egypt's oppression and Israel's ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) The verse shows that the Levite had successfully gauged the depths of moral indignation that still lay in the hearts of his countrymen. The story of the deed thrilled through all Palestine and awoke a determined desire for retribution upon the guilty inhabitants of Gibeah. The whole nation felt the stain and shame (Hosea 9:9; Hosea 10:9). Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Courte...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 17-51** Joshua waited till all the tribes were settled, before he asked any provision for himself. He was content to be unfixed, till he saw them all placed, and herein is an example to all in public places, to prefer the common welfare before private advantage. Those who labour most to do good to others, seek an inheritance in the Canaan above: but it will be soon enough to enter the...
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