King James Version
Exodus 28
43 verses with commentary
Garments for the Priests
And take thou unto thee Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office, even Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Aaron's sons.
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KJV Study Commentary
Aaron and his sons are consecrated 'to minister unto me in the priest's office.' God chooses and calls His priests; they don't self-appoint. Aaron represents Christ our High Priest (Hebrews 5:4-5), while Aaron's sons represent believers as a kingdom of priests (1 Peter 2:9). The specific naming (Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, Ithamar) shows that priestly service involves particular callings, not ge...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
XXVIII.
THE DESIGNATION OF AARON AND HIS SONS FOR THE PRIESTLY OFFICE, WITH DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR MINISTERIAL APPAREL.
(1) **Take thou unto thee Aaron thy brother.**—Heb., *make to draw near to thee Aaron thy brother. *Hitherto the position of Moses had been absolutely unique. He had been, from the time that Egypt was quitted, the one and only intermediary between God and the people—the one and onl...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
Chapter 28
Chapter Outline
Aaron and his sons set apart for the priest's office, Their garments.(1-5)
The ephod.(6-14)
The breastplate, The Urim and Thummim.(15-30)
The robe of the ephod, The plate of the mitre.(31-39)
The garments for Aaron's sons.(40-43)
**Verses 1-5**
Hitherto the heads of families were the priests, and offered sacrifices; but now this office was c...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make holy garments for Aaron thy brother for glory and for beauty.
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KJV Study Commentary
Holy garments for Aaron 'for glory and for beauty' (לְכָבוֹד וּלְתִפְאָרֶת, l'kavod ul'tiferet). The priest represents God to the people and people to God; his appearance must reflect both roles. The garments don't make him holy (consecration does that) but display his holy status. 'Glory' suggests weight, honor, majesty—God's character. 'Beauty' suggests attractiveness, desirability—God's appeal....
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(2) **Holy garments.**—Though holiness is, strictly speaking, a personal quality, yet all nations have felt it right to regard as “holy,” in a certain modified sense, all those material objects which are connected with religion and employed in the worship of God. Hence we hear, both in Scripture and elsewhere, of “holy places,” “holy vessels,” “holy books,” “holy garments.” These last are required...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
Chapter 28
Chapter Outline
Aaron and his sons set apart for the priest's office, Their garments.(1-5)
The ephod.(6-14)
The breastplate, The Urim and Thummim.(15-30)
The robe of the ephod, The plate of the mitre.(31-39)
The garments for Aaron's sons.(40-43)
**Verses 1-5**
Hitherto the heads of families were the priests, and offered sacrifices; but now this office was c...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt speak unto all that are wise hearted, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, that they may make Aaron's garments to consecrate him, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office.
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KJV Study Commentary
Skilled craftsmen 'whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom' create the garments. God provides both the design and the ability to execute it—the pattern comes from Him, the skill comes from Him. These craftsmen possess technical excellence (wisdom in craftsmanship) as divine gift. This teaches that God enables what He commands. He designed redemption through Christ and equipped Christ with eve...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(3) **Thou shalt speak unto all that are wise hearted.**—By “all that are wise hearted” we must understand all that had the special knowledge which would enable them to give effectual aid in the production of such garments as were about to be commanded. The Hebrews regarded the heart as the seat of knowledge, with perhaps neither more nor less scientific accuracy than underlies our own current mod...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**22. there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from above the mercy seat--**The Shekinah, or symbol of the Divine Presence, rested on the mercy seat, and was indicated by a cloud, from the midst of which responses were audibly given when God was consulted on behalf of His people. Hence God is described as "dwelling" or "sitting" between the cherubim.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
Chapter 28
Chapter Outline
Aaron and his sons set apart for the priest's office, Their garments.(1-5)
The ephod.(6-14)
The breastplate, The Urim and Thummim.(15-30)
The robe of the ephod, The plate of the mitre.(31-39)
The garments for Aaron's sons.(40-43)
**Verses 1-5**
Hitherto the heads of families were the priests, and offered sacrifices; but now this office was c...
Read full commentary →And these are the garments which they shall make; a breastplate, and an ephod, and a robe, and a broidered coat, a mitre, and a girdle: and they shall make holy garments for Aaron thy brother, and his sons, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office.
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KJV Study Commentary
The garment inventory: breastplate, ephod, robe, embroidered coat, mitre (turban), and girdle (sash). Each piece carries symbolic weight. The breastplate holds the tribes close to the priest's heart; the ephod bears them on his shoulders (strength); the robe displays his approach to God; the coat provides foundational righteousness; the mitre designates holiness; the girdle binds all together. Chr...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(4). **These are the garments.**—The garments peculiar to the high priest are taken first, and described with great elaboration in thirty-six verses (4-39). The most conspicuous was the breastplate, described in Exodus 28:13-30, and here mentioned first of all. Next to this came the peculiar vestment called the “ephod,” a sort of jerkin or waistcoat, upon which the breastplate was worn (described ...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**23. table of shittim wood--**of the same material and decorations as the ark [see on Ex 25:5], and like it, too, furnished with rings for the poles on which it was carried [Ex 25:26]. The staves, however, were taken out of it when stationary, in order not to encumber the priests while engaged in their services at the table. It was half a cubit less than the ark in length and breadth, but of the ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
Chapter 28
Chapter Outline
Aaron and his sons set apart for the priest's office, Their garments.(1-5)
The ephod.(6-14)
The breastplate, The Urim and Thummim.(15-30)
The robe of the ephod, The plate of the mitre.(31-39)
The garments for Aaron's sons.(40-43)
**Verses 1-5**
Hitherto the heads of families were the priests, and offered sacrifices; but now this office was c...
Read full commentary →And they shall take gold, and blue, and purple, and scarlet , and fine linen.
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KJV Study Commentary
Gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen—the same materials as the tabernacle itself. The priest must match the dwelling he serves. These colors and materials unite the priest visually with the sanctuary, showing that the mediator participates in both divine reality (gold, blue) and sacrificial work (scarlet). Christ shares both God's nature (deity) and man's nature (humanity), uniquely qualifi...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(5) **They shall take gold, and blue.**—Heb., *the gold and the blue, *&c.—i.e., they (the wise-hearted men of Exodus 28:3) shall receive (from Moses) the (necessary) gold, blue, &c., for the construction of the vestments. It is to be noted that the materials are the same as those employed for the vail and curtains of the sanctuary (Exodus 26:1; Exodus 26:31; Exodus 26:36), but with the further ad...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**24. crown--**the moulding or ornamental rim, which is thought to have been raised above the level of the table, to prevent anything from falling off.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
Chapter 28
Chapter Outline
Aaron and his sons set apart for the priest's office, Their garments.(1-5)
The ephod.(6-14)
The breastplate, The Urim and Thummim.(15-30)
The robe of the ephod, The plate of the mitre.(31-39)
The garments for Aaron's sons.(40-43)
**Verses 1-5**
Hitherto the heads of families were the priests, and offered sacrifices; but now this office was c...
Read full commentary →And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and of purple, of scarlet , and fine twined linen, with cunning work.
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KJV Study Commentary
The ephod (אֵפוֹד, efod)—a vest-like garment of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen with cunning work (skilled design). The ephod was the high priest's most distinctive outer garment, bearing the onyx stones with tribal names (v.9-12). This garment literally displayed the priest's representative role—he carried God's people. Christ's representative priesthood means our names are eternally ...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
1. THE EPHOD.
(6-12) The ephod was, as already observed (Note on Exodus 28:4), a sort of jerkin or waistcoat. It was made in two pieces, a front piece and a back piece, which were joined together at the shoulders, apparently by a seam (Exodus 28:7). The pieces descended to the waist; and there one or other of them was expanded into a band, called “the curious girdle of the ephod,” which being pass...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →It shall have the two shoulderpieces thereof joined at the two edges thereof; and so it shall be joined together.
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KJV Study Commentary
Two shoulder pieces join the ephod's front and back together—connection at the point of strength. Shoulders bear burdens; the tribal names placed here (v.12) show the priest bearing Israel's weight. Christ bears not only our sins but our very persons—He carries us in His priestly ministry. The joining at the shoulders creates structural integrity; Christ's burden-bearing holds God's people togethe...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(7) **The two shoulder pieces thereof.**—Rather, *two shoulder pieces.*
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →And the curious girdle of the ephod, which is upon it, shall be of the same, according to the work thereof; even of gold, of blue, and purple, and scarlet , and fine twined linen. curious: or, embroidered
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KJV Study Commentary
The curious girdle (belt/sash) of the ephod matches its workmanship and materials—one integrated piece, not separately attached. This unity suggests that what 'binds together' the priestly garments shares the same character as the garments themselves. The sash, wrapping around and securing everything, prefigures the Holy Spirit who binds together all aspects of Christ's work and our salvation into...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(8) **The curious girdle.**—The word k*hésheb, *which is thus translated, means properly “device,” “ornamental work,” and has not in itself the sense of “belt” or *“*girdle.” Still, there is no reason to doubt that the k*hêsheb *of the ephod was in fact a girdle, as Josephus calls it (*Ant. Jud., *iii. 7, §4), though named from the peculiar skill displayed in its patterning. Josephus says it was “...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt take two onyx stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel:
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KJV Study Commentary
Two onyx stones engraved with the tribes' names—six names per stone, arranged by birth order. Engraving suggests permanence; these names aren't written but carved into stone. Birth order indicates that God remembers each tribe's history and origin. The high priest bears this permanent record on his shoulders (strength). Christ bears our names permanently—not temporarily remembered but eternally en...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(9) **Two onyx stones.—**The *shôham *of the Hebrews has been regarded by some as the emerald, by others as the beryl; but it is probably either the stone usually called the onyx, or that variety which is known as the sardonyx—a stone of three layers—black, white, and red. (See Joseph., *Ant. Jud., *iii. 7, § 5.) Emeralds could not have been cut by any process known at the time. Onyx and sardonyx ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →Six of their names on one stone, and the other six names of the rest on the other stone, according to their birth.
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KJV Study Commentary
Six tribal names on each stone, listed by birth: Reuben through Zebulun on one, the rest on the other. This division maintains the twelve's unity (both stones present) while acknowledging individual identity (names separated). The high priest can't bear one tribe without the other—all Israel comes together. Christ's priestly work benefits the entire church; He doesn't intercede for some while negl...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(10) **The other six names of the rest.**—Heb., *the remaining six names. *Either Levi was omitted, or Joseph’s name took the place of Ephraim’s and Manasseh’s.
**According to their birth**—i.e., in the order of their seniority.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**29. dishes--**broad platters.
**spoons--**cups or concave vessels, used for holding incense.
**covers--**both for bread and incense.
**bowls--**cups; for though no mention is made of wine, libations were undoubtedly made to God, according to Josephus and the rabbins, once a week, when the bread was changed.
**to cover withal--**rather, "to pour out withal."
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a signet, shalt thou engrave the two stones with the names of the children of Israel: thou shalt make them to be set in ouches of gold.
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KJV Study Commentary
The engraving must be done 'like the engravings of a signet'—the same method used for official seals that authenticate documents. A signet's impression validates ownership and authority. The tribal names engraved with signet-quality craftsmanship indicates God's authentication—these are officially His people. The enclosing gold settings (ouches) frame and display the names, ensuring they're seen a...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(11) **The engravings of a signet.**—Compare Note 2 on Exodus 28:9. Signets had been already mentioned in Genesis 38:18; Genesis 38:25; Genesis 41:42. Those of Egypt were for the most part rings, with cylindrical bezels turning upon an axis. Those of Babylonia were cylinders, which were commonly worn by a string round the wrist. The engraving of the Babylonian cylinders is frequently of a very fin...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**30. showbread--**literally, presence bread, so called because it was constantly exhibited before the Lord, or because the bread of His presence, like the angel of His presence, pointed symbolically to Christ. It consisted of twelve unleavened loaves, said traditionally to have been laid in piles of six each. This bread was designed to be a symbol of the full and never-failing provision which is ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt put the two stones upon the shoulders of the ephod for stones of memorial unto the children of Israel: and Aaron shall bear their names before the LORD upon his two shoulders for a memorial.
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KJV Study Commentary
The stones are placed on the ephod's shoulders as 'stones of memorial unto the children of Israel.' Memorial suggests both remembrance and testimony—God remembers His people, and the stones testify to that remembrance. Aaron bears the names 'before the Lord'—in God's presence, constantly visible. This memorial is God-ward (reminding Him) and man-ward (testifying to Israel). Christ's continual inte...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(12) **For stones of memorial unto the children of Israel.**—Rather, *for the children of Israel. *The intention was that the stones should be “stones of memorial” *to *God, on behalf of Israel; should remind God that the high priest represented all the tribes, and pleaded before Him on their behalf, and in their name. The tribes were represented doubly in the costume of the high priest, by the on...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**31. candlestick--**literally, "a lamp bearer." It was so constructed as to be capable of being taken to pieces for facility in removal. The shaft or stock rested on a pedestal. It had seven branches, shaped like reeds or canes--three on each side, with one in the center--and worked out into knobs, flowers, and bowls, placed alternately [Ex 25:32-36]. The figure represented on the arch of Titus g...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make ouches of gold;
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KJV Study Commentary
Golden settings (ouches/filigree) frame the stones—gold (deity) provides the context for remembrance. The names aren't naked but enclosed in glory. Our identity before God rests not in our own worth but in divine glory—we're remembered within God's own character. The gold frames also protect the stones from damage, suggesting that divine glory guards our standing before God.
Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
2. THE BREASTPLATE.
(13-30) The space devoted to the “breastplate” is indicative of its high importance. It was the most costly, most magnificent, and most conspicuous of the high priest’s garments, while at the same time it was the most mysterious. Externally it was a blaze of gold **and **jewels; internally it held those strange and precious objects known as “the Urim and the Thummim” (Exodus 28...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →And two chains of pure gold at the ends; of wreathen work shalt thou make them, and fasten the wreathen chains to the ouches.
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KJV Study Commentary
Two chains of pure gold, wreathen work (braided/woven), attach to the settings. Pure gold (unmixed) chains connect the shoulder pieces to the breastplate, physically linking strength (shoulders) with love (heart). Christ's priestly ministry unites power and affection—He bears us with both. The braided/woven design suggests strength through unity—multiple strands intertwined are stronger than singl...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(14) **Chains . . . at the ends.**—Rather, *chains of equal length, *or, perhaps, *of wreathen work.***
Of wreathen work.**—Heb., *after the manner of a rope. *Such chains are often seen round the necks of Persian officials in the Persepolitan sculptures, and appear also to have been used by the grandees of Egypt. They were composed of a number of gold wires twisted together. The chains spoken of ...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**33. knops--**old spelling for "knobs"--bosses.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 6-14**
This richly-wrought ephod was the outmost garment of the high priest; plain linen ephods were worn by the inferior priests. It was a short coat without sleeves, fastened close to the body with a girdle. The shoulder-pieces were buttoned together with precious stones set in gold, one on each shoulder, on which were engraven the names of the children of Israel. Thus Christ, our H...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make the breastplate of judgment with cunning work; after the work of the ephod thou shalt make it; of gold, of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet , and of fine twined linen, shalt thou make it.
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KJV Study Commentary
The breastplate of judgment (חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט, khoshen mishpat)—the priest's most sacred garment piece—is made like the ephod (matching materials and workmanship). Called the 'breastplate of judgment' because it contains the Urim and Thummim (v.30) for discerning God's will. Worn over the heart, it shows that priestly judgment must flow from love. Christ's judgments are righteous because they're m...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(15) **The breastplate of judgment.**—The word *khoshen *does not really signify “breastplate,” but “ornament.” It was the main ornament of the priestly attire. It was called “the ornament *of judgment*” on account of its containing the Urim and Thummim, whereby God’s “judgments” were made known to His people. (See Note on Exodus 28:30.)
**With cunning work.**—Rather, *of the work of the weaver. *...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →Foursquare it shall be being doubled; a span shall be the length thereof, and a span shall be the breadth thereof.
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KJV Study Commentary
The breastplate is square (שָׁבוּעַ, shavua', four-cornered) and doubled (creating a pouch). The square shape suggests completeness, perfection—divine judgment is neither partial nor asymmetrical. The doubled design creates space for the Urim and Thummim, the means of divine guidance. A span (half a cubit, about 9 inches) each way creates a hand-sized piece, manageable yet substantial. Christ's ju...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(16) **Foursquare it shall be.**—On the idea of perfection connected with the square, see Note on Exodus 27:1. But for this, twelve gems would probably have been arranged in the shape of an oblong.
**Doubled.**—Symmachus translates *khoshen *by *δόχιον*, “a receptacle” or “bag;” and if the Urim and the Thummim, being material objects, were to be “put in” it (Exodus 28:30), such a construction woul...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle: this shall be the first row. set: Heb. fill in it fillings of stone sardius: or, ruby
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KJV Study Commentary
Twelve precious stones in four rows adorn the breastplate, each representing a tribe of Israel. The variety of stones (sardius/ruby, topaz, carbuncle/emerald, etc.) shows God values diversity within unity—each tribe unique yet all part of one people. The Hebrew אֶבֶן (even, stone) connects to Christ the cornerstone (Psalm 118:22, 1 Peter 2:6). These set stones prefigure believers as 'living stones...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(17-19) **Set in it settings of stones . . . **There is always considerable difficulty in identifying ancient with modern gems, the etymologies of the words being frequently uncertain, the names (where they have survived) having sometimes changed their meaning, and the opinions of early commentators, who might seem to speak with some authority, being discrepant. In the present case, scarcely one o...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And the second row shall be an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond.
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KJV Study Commentary
The second row: emerald, sapphire, diamond (or jasper). Revelation 21:19-20 connects these stones to the New Jerusalem's foundations. Sapphire's blue suggests heaven; emerald's green suggests life; diamond's clarity suggests purity. Together they picture redeemed humanity—heavenly, living, pure in Christ. The continuity from breastplate to eternal city shows that what the high priest bore on his c...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**37. they shall light the lamps ... that they may give light--**The light was derived from pure olive oil, and probably kept continually burning (compare Ex 30:7; Le 24:2).
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.
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KJV Study Commentary
The third row: ligure (possibly jacinth), agate, amethyst. Each stone's unique properties contribute to the whole. Amethyst's purple suggests royalty—we are a 'royal priesthood' (1 Peter 2:9). The varied stones show that God doesn't mass-produce believers but individually crafts each with unique beauty while maintaining collective glory. No two agates are identical, yet all are valuable—like belie...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**38. tongs--**snuffers.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And the fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper: they shall be set in gold in their inclosings. inclosings: Heb. fillings
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KJV Study Commentary
The fourth row: beryl, onyx, jasper—all set in gold settings. These final stones complete the twelve, representing all Israel. Jasper represents divine glory (Revelation 4:3, 21:11). Gold settings frame each stone, showing that human identity receives context from divine glory. We are who we are because of who He is. The completion of four rows signifies comprehensive representation—all of God's p...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(20) **They shall be set in gold in their inclosings.**—Or, *in their settings. *Every gem was to be enclosed in its own setting of gold.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**39. a talent of pure gold--**in weight equivalent to 125 lbs. troy.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And the stones shall be with the names of the children of Israel, twelve , according to their names, like the engravings of a signet; every one with his name shall they be according to the twelve tribes.
View commentary (4 sources)
KJV Study Commentary
The stones correspond to Israel's twelve tribes by name, engraved like a signet ring. The phrase 'each according to his name' (אִישׁ עַל־שְׁמוֹ, ish al-sh'mo) emphasizes individual identity. God doesn't blur distinctions but celebrates them while maintaining unity. Signet engraving suggests ownership and authority—these names are officially God's, authenticated by His seal. Christ knows His sheep ...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(21) **The stones shall be with the names of the children of Israel.**—Rather, *the stones shall be according to the names, *&c.—twelve, neither more nor fewer.
**Every one with his name . . . —**Rather, *each stone, according to its name *(*i.e., *the name engraved upon it), *shall be *(or, *stand*)* for one of the twelve tribes.*
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**40. look that thou make them after their pattern--**This caution, which is repeated with no small frequency in other parts of the narrative, is an evidence of the deep interest taken by the Divine King in the erection of His palace or sanctuary; and it is impossible to account for the circumstance of God's condescending to such minute details, except on the assumption that this tabernacle was to...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make upon the breastplate chains at the ends of wreathen work of pure gold.
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KJV Study Commentary
Chains of wreathen gold (braided cords) connect the breastplate to the ephod. Gold represents deity; braided design shows strength through unity. These chains ensure the tribes (breastplate) remain connected to the priest's shoulders (ephod), uniting heart and strength. Christ's love (heart) and power (shoulders) are inseparably joined. The Hebrew עֲבֹתֹת (avotot, twisted/wreathen) suggests unbrea...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(22) **Chains at the ends.**—Rather, *chains of equal length; *or, *chains of wreathen work. *(See Note on Exodus 28:14.)
**Of wreathen work.**—Heb., *after the manner of ropes.*
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make upon the breastplate two rings of gold, and shalt put the two rings on the two ends of the breastplate.
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KJV Study Commentary
Two gold rings attach to the breastplate's top corners, connecting it to the ephod via golden chains. Rings represent continuity—no beginning, no end. Gold rings create permanent attachment points. The connection between chest (heart) and shoulders (strength) shows priestly ministry flows from love and power united. Christ doesn't minister from strength alone or love alone, but both together in pe...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(23) **Two rings on the two ends**—i.e., on the two upper corners of the breastplate. The chains were to be passed through the two rings, which they were then to unite with the “ouches*” *of the ephod. (See Exodus 28:13-14.)
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
CHAPTER 26 Ex 26:1-37. Ten Curtains
**1. cunning work--**that is, of elegant texture, richly embroidered. The word "cunning," in old English, is synonymous with "skilful."
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt put the two wreathen chains of gold in the two rings which are on the ends of the breastplate.
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KJV Study Commentary
The wreathen gold chains attach to the breastplate's rings, completing the upper connection. This repetition emphasizes security—our connection to Christ's priestly work is so important that Scripture emphasizes it repeatedly. The double mention suggests redundant strength. If one truth about our security doesn't convince us, another will. God multiplies assurances because He knows our weakness in...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**2. length--**Each curtain was to be fifteen yards in length and a little exceeding two in breadth.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And the other two ends of the two wreathen chains thou shalt fasten in the two ouches, and put them on the shoulderpieces of the ephod before it.
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KJV Study Commentary
The chains fasten to the ephod's shoulder pieces (two ouches/settings of gold). This creates a complete circuit: breastplate→rings→chains→settings→ephod. The integrity of connection means the priest cannot minister with one piece falling away. All must be secured. Similarly, Christ's priestly work is comprehensive—not partial representation or occasional intercession, but complete, constant minist...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**3. The five curtains shall be coupled together one to another, &c.--**so as to form two grand divisions, each eleven yards wide.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make two rings of gold, and thou shalt put them upon the two ends of the breastplate in the border thereof, which is in the side of the ephod inward.
View commentary (3 sources)
KJV Study Commentary
Two additional gold rings secure the breastplate's bottom corners on its inner side (toward the ephod). While upper rings connected outwardly to shoulders, these lower rings create inward connection. This dual attachment (upper and lower) prevents shifting during service. The inner placement suggests hidden securities—not all of God's provision for stability is visible. Some connections between us...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(26) **Thou shalt make two rings**—*i.e., *“two other rings.” These were to be put on the two lower corners of the breastplate, “in the border thereof,” or at its extreme edge.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And two other rings of gold thou shalt make, and shalt put them on the two sides of the ephod underneath, toward the forepart thereof, over against the other coupling thereof, above the curious girdle of the ephod.
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KJV Study Commentary
Two more gold rings attach to the ephod's bottom on the inward side, positioned opposite the curious girdle. These align with the breastplate's lower rings, creating a second connection point. The multiplication of connections (four total: two upper, two lower) demonstrates redundant security. We're held not by single thread but multiple attachments. Christ's hold is perfect at every point—there i...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(27, 28) Two gold rings were also to be sewn on to the ephod, low down and in front, so as just to appear above the “curious girdle of the ephod,” and the lower rings of the breastplate were to be laced to these rings by a “lace of blue.” The breastplate was thus securely attached to the ephod, and showed above the “curious girdle” without covering it.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And they shall bind the breastplate by the rings thereof unto the rings of the ephod with a lace of blue, that it may be above the curious girdle of the ephod, and that the breastplate be not loosed from the ephod.
View commentary (3 sources)
KJV Study Commentary
A blue lace (cord) binds the breastplate's lower rings to the ephod's rings above the girdle. Blue represents heaven/divine origin. The binding is heavenly, not earthly—God Himself secures our connection to Christ's priestly ministry. The instruction that the breastplate 'not be loosed from the ephod' emphasizes permanent union. Christ and His people cannot be separated; we are bound together by h...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**6. taches--**clasps; supposed in shape, as well as in use, to be the same as hooks and eyes.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And Aaron shall bear the names of the children of Israel in the breastplate of judgment upon his heart, when he goeth in unto the holy place, for a memorial before the LORD continually.
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KJV Study Commentary
Summary: Aaron bears Israel's names on the breastplate 'upon his heart...continually.' The heart represents love, affection, will. Israel isn't grudgingly tolerated but lovingly cherished. The Hebrew תָּמִיד (tamid, continually) appears repeatedly—showbread continually, lamp continually, breastplate continually. God's provision never lapses. Christ bears our names on His heart perpetually, loving ...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(29) **Aaron shall bear the names . . . upon his heart.**—Comp. Exodus 28:12. The high priest was to be wholly identified with the people; to be one with them in affection no less than in action; to bear their names on his shoulders, as supporting them and wrestling for them, while he also bore their names on his heart, as loving them and feeling for them. Thus he was continually to present before...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**7-13. curtains of goats' hair--**These coarse curtains were to be one more in number than the others, and to extend a yard lower on each side, the use of them being to protect and conceal the richer curtains.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim; and they shall be upon Aaron's heart, when he goeth in before the LORD: and Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of Israel upon his heart before the LORD continually.
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KJV Study Commentary
The Urim and Thummim (אוּרִים וְתֻמִּים, 'lights and perfections') in the breastplate enable the high priest to bear 'the judgment of Israel.' These mysterious objects allowed discerning God's will. The meanings ('lights'—illumination, 'perfections'—completion/truth) suggest divine guidance is both illuminating and perfecting. Christ, bearing our judgment, provides light for our path and perfectio...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(30) **Thou shalt put in the breastplate of judgment the Urim and the Thummim.**—Comp. Leviticus 8:8. The expression used is identical with that employed in Exodus 25:15; Exodus 25:21 with respect to putting the Two Tables into the Ark of the Covenant, and can scarcely have any other meaning than the literal placing of one thing inside another. It has been already shown (see Note on Exodus 28:16) ...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**7-13. curtains of goats' hair--**These coarse curtains were to be one more in number than the others, and to extend a yard lower on each side, the use of them being to protect and conceal the richer curtains.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 15-30**
The chief ornament of the high priest, was the breastplate, a rich piece of cloth, curiously worked. The name of each tribe was graven in a precious stone, fixed in the breastplate, to signify how precious, in God's sight, believers are, and how honourable. How small and poor soever the tribe was, it was as a precious stone in the breastplate of the high priest; thus are all t...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make the robe of the ephod all of blue.
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KJV Study Commentary
The robe of the ephod, entirely blue (תְּכֵלֶת, tekhelet), symbolizes the heavenly nature of Christ's priestly ministry. Unlike the ephod's mixed colors, this robe is uniformly blue—representing Christ's completely heavenly origin and character. Worn under the ephod but over the inner garments, it forms a middle layer, suggesting Christ as mediator between God (outer ephod) and humanity (inner gar...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
3. THE ROBE OF THE EPHOD.
(31-35) The “robe of the ephod” was a frock or tunic, reaching from the neck to below the knees. It was put on over the head, for which a hole was left (Exodus 28:32). Josephus says that it had no sleeves; and it would seem that the upper portion, above the waist, was wholly, or almost wholly, concealed by the ephod and breastplate; but the lower portion, from the waist d...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**7-13. curtains of goats' hair--**These coarse curtains were to be one more in number than the others, and to extend a yard lower on each side, the use of them being to protect and conceal the richer curtains.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And there shall be an hole in the top of it, in the midst thereof: it shall have a binding of woven work round about the hole of it, as it were the hole of an habergeon, that it be not rent.
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KJV Study Commentary
An opening for the head with a woven binding 'as it were the hole of an habergeon' (coat of mail), ensuring it won't tear. The reinforced opening shows that even the point of entry/exit receives special attention—no weak points in God's provision. The comparison to armor suggests strength, protection, durability. Christ's priestly garments (righteousness, salvation) are battle-tested and tear-proo...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(32) **As it were the hole of a habergeon.**—Linen corselets, or “habergeons,” were common in Egypt, and were shaped as is here indicated. The word used for “habergeon,” *taklărah, *is thought to be Egyptian.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**7-13. curtains of goats' hair--**These coarse curtains were to be one more in number than the others, and to extend a yard lower on each side, the use of them being to protect and conceal the richer curtains.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And beneath upon the hem of it thou shalt make pomegranates of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet , round about the hem thereof; and bells of gold between them round about: hem: or, skirts
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KJV Study Commentary
Pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet on the robe's hem, alternating with golden bells. Pomegranates symbolize fruitfulness, abundance, life—the fruit of Christ's ministry. The three colors (heaven, royalty, sacrifice) show that fruitful ministry flows from His divine origin, His regal authority, and His atoning death. The hem represents the lowest, most humble part, yet bears the most fruit—C...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(33) **Pomegranates.**—The pomegranate was a favourite ornament in Assyria, but not in Egypt. It appears from Joshua 7:21 that the fabrics of Babylon were carried by the merchants into Syria at a date not much later than this, whence we may conclude that they circulated also in Arabia and Egypt.
**Bells of gold.**—The bell is also more Assyrian than Egyptian. Its use as an article of priestly cost...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**7-13. curtains of goats' hair--**These coarse curtains were to be one more in number than the others, and to extend a yard lower on each side, the use of them being to protect and conceal the richer curtains.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →A golden bell and a pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate, upon the hem of the robe round about.
View commentary (3 sources)
KJV Study Commentary
Golden bells alternate with pomegranates around the hem—'a golden bell and a pomegranate, a golden bell and a pomegranate.' The pattern shows that testimony (bells) and fruit (pomegranates) are equally important and inseparable. Witness without fruit is hollow noise; fruit without witness is hidden light. Christ's ministry perfectly combines proclamation with demonstration, word with deed, sound w...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**7-13. curtains of goats' hair--**These coarse curtains were to be one more in number than the others, and to extend a yard lower on each side, the use of them being to protect and conceal the richer curtains.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And it shall be upon Aaron to minister: and his sound shall be heard when he goeth in unto the holy place before the LORD, and when he cometh out, that he die not.
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KJV Study Commentary
The purpose: Aaron must wear it 'when he ministereth,' and 'his sound shall be heard when he goeth in...and when he cometh out...that he die not.' The bells announce the priest's movements—entering God's presence and returning. The sound assures both God and Israel that the priest lives and ministers successfully. Christ's priestly work is both audible (announced, proclaimed) and effective (He liv...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(35) **And his sound shall be heard.**—Rather, *that its sound may he heard. *The great object of the bells was to make known to the people, by a sensible manifestation, every movement of their representative, every act that he performed on their behalf. The bells enabled them to follow in their thoughts the entire service that he was engaged in, to join their prayers and praises with his, and off...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**7-13. curtains of goats' hair--**These coarse curtains were to be one more in number than the others, and to extend a yard lower on each side, the use of them being to protect and conceal the richer curtains.
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it, like the engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD.
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KJV Study Commentary
A golden plate (צִיץ, tzitz, literally 'flower/blossom') with the engraving 'HOLINESS TO THE LORD' (קֹדֶשׁ לַיהוָה, Qodesh l'YHWH) worn on Aaron's forehead. The plate represents the priest's consecrated mind/will—his thoughts devoted to God's holiness. Engraved like a signet (official seal), this holiness is authenticated, permanent, official. Christ's mind is perfectly devoted to God's glory—He a...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
4. THE MITRE.
(36-39) The head-dress of the high priest was to be of fine white linen (*shêsh*) and appears by the description of Josephus (*Ant. Jud. *iii. 7, § 3) to have been a turban, made of several thick swathes or folds in the usual way. It was to be adorned in front with a plate of pure gold bearing the inscription “Holiness to Jehovah,” which was to be attached to the linen fabric by a ri...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**14. a covering ... of rams' skins dyed red--**that is, of Turkey red leather. [See on Ex 39:34.]
Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt put it on a blue lace, that it may be upon the mitre; upon the forefront of the mitre it shall be.
View commentary (4 sources)
KJV Study Commentary
The golden plate is fastened with blue lace (cord) to the mitre (turban), positioned on the forefront. Blue (heavenly) cord secures the holiness declaration—God Himself binds this consecration to the priest's mind. The mitre was white linen (righteousness), and the golden plate (divine nature) declaring holiness rests upon it. Christ's mind (pure righteousness) is crowned with divine holiness. His...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(37) **Thou shalt put it on a blue lace.**—Compare Exodus 39:31, where we read “they tied unto it a lace of blue.” Probably the two ends of the plate were perforated, and a blue lace or cord passed through the holes and tied to the plate, which was then put in front of the turban and kept in place by the two cords being tied together at the back of the head.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15-30. thou shalt make boards ... rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion ... which was showed thee--**The tabernacle, from its name as well as from its general appearance and arrangements, was a tent; but from the description given in these verses, the boards that formed its walls, the five (cross) bars that strengthened them, and the middle bar that "reached from end to end," and gave ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And it shall be upon Aaron's forehead, that Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things, which the children of Israel shall hallow in all their holy gifts; and it shall be always upon his forehead, that they may be accepted before the LORD.
View commentary (4 sources)
KJV Study Commentary
The plate is 'upon Aaron's forehead, that Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things.' Even Israel's holy offerings contain iniquity (sin-stained holiness)—our best works are tainted. The high priest bears this iniquity, making holy things acceptable. Christ alone bears the imperfection in our worship, transforming sin-stained service into acceptable offerings. Through Him, our 'spiritual sacr...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(38) **That Aaron may bear the iniquity of the holy things.**—The “holy things” are the offerings brought by the people. These would always have some “iniquity” attaching to them, some imperfection, owing to the imperfection of human nature and the mixed character of human motives. The high priest’s official holiness enabled him to present to God offerings thus imperfect without offending Him. It ...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15-30. thou shalt make boards ... rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion ... which was showed thee--**The tabernacle, from its name as well as from its general appearance and arrangements, was a tent; but from the description given in these verses, the boards that formed its walls, the five (cross) bars that strengthened them, and the middle bar that "reached from end to end," and gave ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt embroider the coat of fine linen, and thou shalt make the mitre of fine linen, and thou shalt make the girdle of needlework .
View commentary (4 sources)
KJV Study Commentary
The embroidered coat of fine linen—the foundational garment worn next to the skin. Fine linen represents righteousness (Revelation 19:8), and this coat's checkered/embroidered pattern suggests beautifully worked righteousness, not plain or simple. Christ's righteousness is intricate, detailed, beautiful—every aspect woven with perfect obedience. This innermost garment prefigures the imputed righte...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
5. THE INNER TUNIC OR “COAT.”
(39) The garments hitherto described have been the outer garments. To these are now added the inner ones, of which there was but little to be said. They consisted of linen drawers (Exodus 28:42-43), a linen tunic or shirt, woven in a peculiar way, and, to confine the tunic, a girdle, which was to be of many colours (Exodus 39:29), and ornamented with embroidery.
**Tho...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15-30. thou shalt make boards ... rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion ... which was showed thee--**The tabernacle, from its name as well as from its general appearance and arrangements, was a tent; but from the description given in these verses, the boards that formed its walls, the five (cross) bars that strengthened them, and the middle bar that "reached from end to end," and gave ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 31-39**
The robe of the ephod was under the ephod, and reached down to the knees, without sleeves. Aaron must minister in the garments appointed. We must serve the Lord with holy fear, as those who know they deserve to die. A golden plate was fixed on Aaron's forehead, engraven with "Holiness to the Lord." Aaron was hereby reminded that God is holy, and that his priests must be holy, ...
Read full commentary →And for Aaron's sons thou shalt make coats, and thou shalt make for them girdles, and bonnets shalt thou make for them, for glory and for beauty.
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KJV Study Commentary
Coats, bonnets (turbans), and girdles (sashes) for Aaron's sons—the common priests. Unlike Aaron's elaborate garments, theirs are simpler but share essential elements: linen coats (righteousness), bonnets (consecrated minds), girdles (service readiness). All priests, whether high priest (Christ) or common priests (believers), must be clothed in righteousness, mentally consecrated, and ready for se...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
7. THE MINISTERIAL ATTIRE OF THE PRIESTS.
(40) **For Aaron’s sons thou shalt make coats**—*i.e., *linen tunics like that of the high priest already described (see the last Note on Exodus 28:39), but not woven in any peculiar fashion.
**Girdles.**—Perhaps similar to the inner girdle of the high priest, but nowhere described particularly.
**Bonnets.**—Rather, *caps. *Plain, close-fitting caps, like ...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15-30. thou shalt make boards ... rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion ... which was showed thee--**The tabernacle, from its name as well as from its general appearance and arrangements, was a tent; but from the description given in these verses, the boards that formed its walls, the five (cross) bars that strengthened them, and the middle bar that "reached from end to end," and gave ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 40-43**
The priest's garments typify the righteousness of Christ. If we appear not before God in that, we shall bear our iniquity, and die. Blessed is he, therefore, that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, Re 16:15. And blessed be God that we have a High Priest, appointed of God, and set apart for his work; furnished for his high office by the glory of his Divine majesty, and the bea...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt put them upon Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him; and shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office. consecrate: Heb. fill their hand
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KJV Study Commentary
The garments are put 'upon Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him,' then anointed, consecrated, and sanctified 'that they may minister unto me in the priest's office.' The sequence: clothing first (righteousness), then anointing (Spirit), then consecration (setting apart), then sanctification (making holy). This order reflects salvation: first clothed in Christ's righteousness, then anointed by ...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(41) **Thou shalt put them upon Aaron . . . and his sons.**—Moses was by these words commanded to take the part in the consecration of Aaron and his sons which he is related to have taken in Leviticus 8:6-30.
**And shalt anoint them.**—See the comment on Exodus 29:7-9.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15-30. thou shalt make boards ... rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion ... which was showed thee--**The tabernacle, from its name as well as from its general appearance and arrangements, was a tent; but from the description given in these verses, the boards that formed its walls, the five (cross) bars that strengthened them, and the middle bar that "reached from end to end," and gave ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 40-43**
The priest's garments typify the righteousness of Christ. If we appear not before God in that, we shall bear our iniquity, and die. Blessed is he, therefore, that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, Re 16:15. And blessed be God that we have a High Priest, appointed of God, and set apart for his work; furnished for his high office by the glory of his Divine majesty, and the bea...
Read full commentary →And thou shalt make them linen breeches to cover their nakedness ; from the loins even unto the thighs they shall reach: their: Heb. flesh of their nakedness reach: Heb. be
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KJV Study Commentary
Linen breeches (undergarments) 'to cover their nakedness; from the loins even unto the thighs.' Even hidden parts must be covered—no nakedness before God. Since the Fall, nakedness represents shame (Genesis 3:7). These linen undergarments picture how Christ's righteousness covers even our most private sins, our hidden shame. Nothing is exposed before God when clothed in Christ. The linen extends '...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(42) **Thou shalt make them linen breeches.**—Rather, *linen drawers. *Drawers reaching from the waist to a little above the knee were the sole garment of many in Egypt, a necessary garment of all. Their object was as here stated.
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15-30. thou shalt make boards ... rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion ... which was showed thee--**The tabernacle, from its name as well as from its general appearance and arrangements, was a tent; but from the description given in these verses, the boards that formed its walls, the five (cross) bars that strengthened them, and the middle bar that "reached from end to end," and gave ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 40-43**
The priest's garments typify the righteousness of Christ. If we appear not before God in that, we shall bear our iniquity, and die. Blessed is he, therefore, that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, Re 16:15. And blessed be God that we have a High Priest, appointed of God, and set apart for his work; furnished for his high office by the glory of his Divine majesty, and the bea...
Read full commentary →And they shall be upon Aaron, and upon his sons, when they come in unto the tabernacle of the congregation, or when they come near unto the altar to minister in the holy place; that they bear not iniquity, and die: it shall be a statute for ever unto him and his seed after him.
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KJV Study Commentary
The garments must be worn whenever priests minister in the tabernacle or approach the altar, 'that they bear not iniquity, and die.' Proper clothing isn't optional but essential for survival in God's presence. Nakedness or improper dress results in death—sin cannot stand before holiness. This underscores Christ's righteousness as non-negotiable for approaching God. We must be clothed in Him or per...
Read full commentary →Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers
(43) **The tabernacle of the congregation.**—Heb., *the tent of meeting.***
The holy place **seems to be here the court of the tabernacle, within which the altar was to be set up (Exodus 40:6; Exodus 40:29).
**That they bear not iniquity, and die.**—The death penalty is threatened against the sin of ministering without the garments needed for decency, as against the sin of neglecting to wear the r...
Read full commentary →Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary
**15-30. thou shalt make boards ... rear up the tabernacle according to the fashion ... which was showed thee--**The tabernacle, from its name as well as from its general appearance and arrangements, was a tent; but from the description given in these verses, the boards that formed its walls, the five (cross) bars that strengthened them, and the middle bar that "reached from end to end," and gave ...
Read full commentary →Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary
**Verses 40-43**
The priest's garments typify the righteousness of Christ. If we appear not before God in that, we shall bear our iniquity, and die. Blessed is he, therefore, that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, Re 16:15. And blessed be God that we have a High Priest, appointed of God, and set apart for his work; furnished for his high office by the glory of his Divine majesty, and the bea...
Read full commentary →