About 1 Samuel

1 Samuel records the transition from judges to monarchy, including Samuel's ministry, Saul's rise and fall, and David's anointing.

Author: Samuel, Nathan, GadWritten: c. 1050-900 BCReading time: ~6 minVerses: 44
TransitionKingshipObedienceRejectionGod's SovereigntyHeart

King James Version

1 Samuel 25

44 verses with commentary

Samuel's Death

And Samuel died; and all the Israelites were gathered together, and lamented him, and buried him in his house at Ramah. And David arose, and went down to the wilderness of Paran.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Samuel died; and all the Israelites were gathered together, and lamented him, and buried him in his house at Ramah. And David arose, and went down to the wilderness of Paran.</strong><br><br>Samuel's death marks the end of an era in Israel's history. The Hebrew 'vayyeasefu' (gathered together) describes national assembly for mourning—all Israel recognized Samuel's significance. The phr...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **And Samuel died.**—At this period—namely, about the time when Saul and David met at En-gedi—died Samuel, full of years and honour—perhaps rather than *honours, *for a long time the old prophet had lived apart from the court, and alienated from the king he had chosen and anointed. Since Moses, none so great as Samuel had arisen. Briefly to recapitulate his work: his influence had in great mea...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. the elders of the town trembled at his coming--**Beth-lehem was an obscure town, and not within the usual circuit of the judge. The elders were naturally apprehensive, therefore, that his arrival was occasioned by some extraordinary reason, and that it might entail evil upon their town, in consequence of the estrangement between Samuel and the king.

David, Nabal, and Abigail

And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel. possessions: or, business

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And there was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.</strong><br><br>The narrative introduces Nabal through his wealth rather than his character. The Hebrew 'gadol me'od' (very great) describes material prosperity. Three thousand sheep and one thousand goats...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **Maon.**—Maon mentioned above was in the hill country of Judah. The Carmel here mentioned is not the famous Mount Carmel in the north, but the small town, the modern Kurmeel, near Maon, of which we read in 1Samuel 15:12, when Saul set up a place or monument after the war with Amalek. **And the man was very great.**—The wealthy chief—the subject of the story—was a descendant of Caleb, the frie...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5. sanctify yourselves--**by the preparations described (Ex 19:14, 15). The elders were to sanctify themselves. Samuel himself took the greatest care in the sanctification of Jesse's family. Some, however, think that the former were invited only to join in the sacrifice, while the family of Jesse were invited by themselves to the subsequent feast.

Now the name of the man was Nabal; and the name of his wife Abigail: and she was a woman of good understanding, and of a beautiful countenance: but the man was churlish and evil in his doings; and he was of the house of Caleb.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now the name of the man was Nabal; and the name of his wife Abigail: and she was a woman of good understanding, and of a beautiful countenance: but the man was churlish and evil in his doings; and he was of the house of Caleb.</strong><br><br>The contrasts in this verse are striking. Nabal's name means 'fool' in Hebrew—either a birth name proving prophetic or a narrative epithet. Abigail r...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Nabal.**—The word “Nabal” means “fool,” connected with *naval, *to fade away. The name was probably a nickname given him on account of his well-known stubborn folly. **Abigail.**—The famous beautiful woman who afterwards became David’s wife seems to have been, as Stanley calls her, “the good angel of the household” of the ill-starred, boorish southern chieftain. Her name, too, which signifie...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6-10. Samuel said, Surely the Lord's anointed is before him--**Here Samuel, in consequence of taking his impressions from the external appearance, falls into the same error as formerly (1Sa 10:24). 1Sa 16:11-14. He Anoints David.

And David heard in the wilderness that Nabal did shear his sheep.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David heard in the wilderness that Nabal did shear his sheep.</strong><br><br>David's awareness of Nabal's shearing indicates his intelligence network remained active. The Hebrew 'vayishma' (heard) suggests information reached him through his contacts. Sheep shearing as a time of abundance and generosity was well known; David recognized an opportunity for legitimate provision. His band...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **And David heard in the wilderness.**—The question of the support of the large band of devoted followers who obeyed David must have been usually a very anxious one. No doubt, contributions from the farmers and sheep-masters materially aided the supplies David and his men derived from their raids across the Philistine borders. It is likely enough that some of these contributions were not alway...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6-10. Samuel said, Surely the Lord's anointed is before him--**Here Samuel, in consequence of taking his impressions from the external appearance, falls into the same error as formerly (1Sa 10:24). 1Sa 16:11-14. He Anoints David.

And David sent out ten young men, and David said unto the young men, Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal, and greet him in my name: greet: Heb. ask him in my name of peace

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David sent out ten young men, and David said unto the young men, Get you up to Carmel, and go to Nabal, and greet him in my name:</strong><br><br>David's approach demonstrates proper protocol. Sending ten representatives shows respectful formality—not demanding personally but requesting through delegation. The Hebrew 'ushe'altem lo leshalom bishmi' (ask him about peace/welfare in my na...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6-10. Samuel said, Surely the Lord's anointed is before him--**Here Samuel, in consequence of taking his impressions from the external appearance, falls into the same error as formerly (1Sa 10:24). 1Sa 16:11-14. He Anoints David.

And thus shall ye say to him that liveth in prosperity, Peace be both to thee, and peace be to thine house, and peace be unto all that thou hast.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And thus shall ye say to him that liveth in prosperity, Peace be both to thee, and peace be to thine house, and peace be unto all that thou hast.</strong><br><br>David's threefold peace blessing expresses comprehensive goodwill. The Hebrew 'lechai' (to him who lives/to the living one) addresses Nabal's prosperity. The tripartite blessing—'peace to thee, peace to thine house, peace to all t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **And thus shall ye say.**—On such a festive occasion near a town or village, an Arab sheik of the neighbouring desert would hardly fail to put in a word, either in person or by message; and his message, both in form and substance, would be only the transcript of that of David.—Robinson, *Palestine, *p. 201. **To him that liveth in prosperity.**—Considerable diversity of opinion exists as to t...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6-10. Samuel said, Surely the Lord's anointed is before him--**Here Samuel, in consequence of taking his impressions from the external appearance, falls into the same error as formerly (1Sa 10:24). 1Sa 16:11-14. He Anoints David.

And now I have heard that thou hast shearers: now thy shepherds which were with us, we hurt them not, neither was there ought missing unto them, all the while they were in Carmel. hurt: Heb. shamed

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And now I have heard that thou hast shearers: now thy shepherds which were with us, we hurt them not, neither was there ought missing unto them, all the while they were in Carmel.</strong><br><br>David states his case: his band protected rather than plundered Nabal's shepherds. The Hebrew 'lo hechlamnum' (we did not hurt/shame them) emphasizes non-aggression. The phrase 'neither was there ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Neither was there ought missing unto them.**—These words doubtless refer to the protection which David’s armed band had afforded to the herdsmen against the frequent raids of the neighbouring people—the Philistines and other more savage and unscrupulous tribes who dwelt on the borders of Palestine. The request was certainly a fair one, for, as Lange and Ewald remark, “apart from the Eastern ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6-10. Samuel said, Surely the Lord's anointed is before him--**Here Samuel, in consequence of taking his impressions from the external appearance, falls into the same error as formerly (1Sa 10:24). 1Sa 16:11-14. He Anoints David.

Ask thy young men, and they will shew thee. Wherefore let the young men find favour in thine eyes: for we come in a good day: give, I pray thee, whatsoever cometh to thine hand unto thy servants, and to thy son David.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Ask thy young men, and they will shew thee. Wherefore let the young men find favour in thine eyes: for we come in a good day: give, I pray thee, whatsoever cometh to thine hand unto thy servants, and to thy son David.</strong><br><br>David invites verification and requests generosity. His appeal to 'ask thy young men' demonstrates confidence in his claim—Nabal's own servants would confirm ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11. There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep--**Jesse having evidently no idea of David's wisdom and bravery, spoke of him as the most unfit. God, in His providence, so ordered it, that the appointment of David might the more clearly appear to be a divine purpose, and not the design either of Samuel or Jesse. David having not been sanctified with the rest of his family...
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And when David's young men came, they spake to Nabal according to all those words in the name of David, and ceased. ceased: Heb. rested

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when David's young men came, they spake to Nabal according to all those words in the name of David, and ceased.</strong><br><br>The messengers faithfully delivered David's message. The Hebrew 'vayanuchu' (ceased/rested) indicates they completed their speech and waited for response—proper diplomatic protocol. They spoke 'in the name of David,' invoking his authority and reputation. The ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **And ceased.**—Better rendered, *and they sat down. *The Hebrew word here has been variously translated. Bunsen suggests, “and they waited modestly for an answer;” the Vulg., followed by some scholars, has “and they were silent.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12. he was ruddy, &amp;c.--**Josephus says that David was ten, while most modern commentators are of the opinion that he must have been fifteen years of age.

And Nabal answered David's servants, and said, Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? there be many servants now a days that break away every man from his master.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Nabal answered David's servants, and said, Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? there be many servants now a days that break away every man from his master.</strong><br><br>Nabal's response is deliberately insulting. His rhetorical questions 'who is David?' and 'who is the son of Jesse?' feign ignorance of Israel's most famous warrior. Everyone in Judah knew David—Nabal's questio...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **There be many servants now a days that break away.**—This evident insult indicates that Nabal was of the faction of Saul at this time—was reckoned among those who hated David. It was the report of these words, doubtless, which so furiously excited David. In Nabal, the rich sheep-master, the churlish refuser of the fairly earned gift, he saw a deadly political adversary—one who, with men lik...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13. Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him--**This transaction must have been strictly private.

Shall I then take my bread, and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be? flesh: Heb. slaughter

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Shall I then take my bread, and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be?</strong><br><br>Nabal's refusal compounds insult with selfishness. The emphatic 'my bread, my water, my flesh' (Hebrew possessive repetition) claims absolute ownership without recognition of divine provision. His rhetorical question assumes the an...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **Unto men, whom I know not.**—In other words, “Shall I give largesse to the enemies of my king—to a band of rebel freebooters?” **My water.**—The LXX., instead of “water,” read “wine.” This is one of the countless alterations this version arbitrarily makes in the original sacred text. The Greek translators were puzzled at Nabal’s enumeration of “water” as one of the demands of David. Its men...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**14-18. The Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him--**His own gloomy reflections, the consciousness that he had not acted up to the character of an Israelitish king, the loss of his throne, and the extinction of his royal house, made him jealous, irritable, vindictive, and subject to fits of morbid melancholy.

So David's young men turned their way, and went again, and came and told him all those sayings.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So David's young men turned their way, and went again, and came and told him all those sayings.</strong><br><br>The messengers return with Nabal's insulting refusal. The Hebrew 'vayahapku' (turned back) describes their reversed journey. They reported 'all those sayings' (kol haddevarim ha'elleh)—every insult faithfully transmitted to David. Their accurate report would inform David's respon...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**14-18. The Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him--**His own gloomy reflections, the consciousness that he had not acted up to the character of an Israelitish king, the loss of his throne, and the extinction of his royal house, made him jealous, irritable, vindictive, and subject to fits of morbid melancholy.

And David said unto his men, Gird ye on every man his sword. And they girded on every man his sword; and David also girded on his sword: and there went up after David about four hundred men; and two hundred abode by the stuff.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David said unto his men, Gird ye on every man his sword. And they girded on every man his sword; and David also girded on his sword: and there went up after David about four hundred men; and two hundred abode by the stuff.</strong><br><br>David's response reveals dangerous anger. The Hebrew imperative 'chigru' (gird on) commands battle preparation. David arms himself ('David also girde...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **Gird ye on every man his sword.**—The formal preparation and the largeness of the force told off for the work showed how terribly David was in earnest, and how bent he was on wiping out the insult of Nabal in blood. From the view we have taken of the transaction above, David’s anger is quite to be accounted for, though not to be excused.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**14-18. The Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him--**His own gloomy reflections, the consciousness that he had not acted up to the character of an Israelitish king, the loss of his throne, and the extinction of his royal house, made him jealous, irritable, vindictive, and subject to fits of morbid melancholy.

But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabal's wife, saying, Behold, David sent messengers out of the wilderness to salute our master; and he railed on them. railed: Heb. flew upon them

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabal's wife, saying, Behold, David sent messengers out of the wilderness to salute our master; and he railed on them.</strong><br><br>A servant's warning to Abigail initiates her intervention. The Hebrew 'vayit bahem' (railed on them/flew at them) describes Nabal's aggressive verbal attack. The servant contradicts Nabal's feigned ignorance—he knows D...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **But one of the young men told Abigail.**—The servant of Nabal—accustomed, no doubt, to his master’s wild and ungovernable displays of temper had heard the insulting words which Nabal spoke to the armed messenger of the famous outlaw captain; and probably gathering from the angry demeanour of these warlike followers of David how deadly was the insult—aware, too, how great was the power of th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**14-18. The Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him--**His own gloomy reflections, the consciousness that he had not acted up to the character of an Israelitish king, the loss of his throne, and the extinction of his royal house, made him jealous, irritable, vindictive, and subject to fits of morbid melancholy.

But the men were very good unto us, and we were not hurt, neither missed we any thing, as long as we were conversant with them, when we were in the fields: hurt: Heb. shamed

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But the men were very good unto us, and we were not hurt, neither missed we any thing, as long as we were conversant with them, when we were in the fields:</strong><br><br>The servant confirms David's claims independently. The Hebrew 'tovim...me'od' (very good) describes David's men's conduct. The parallel to David's message—'we were not hurt, neither missed we any thing'—verifies the prot...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **But the men were very good unto us.**—The “young man” in question who spoke thus to his mistress, Abigail, was evidently one in high authority in the sheep farms of Nabal. His testimony in 1Samuel 25:15-16, respecting David is clear and decisive, and occurring as it does in the heart of an episode most discreditable to David, it bears weighty testimony to the admirable discipline and the ki...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**14-18. The Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord troubled him--**His own gloomy reflections, the consciousness that he had not acted up to the character of an Israelitish king, the loss of his throne, and the extinction of his royal house, made him jealous, irritable, vindictive, and subject to fits of morbid melancholy.

They were a wall unto us both by night and day, all the while we were with them keeping the sheep.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They were a wall unto us both by night and day, all the while we were with them keeping the sheep.</strong><br><br>The metaphor 'wall' (Hebrew 'chomah') powerfully describes David's protection. Walls provided security for cities; David's men provided equivalent protection in open fields. The phrase 'by night and day' indicates continuous vigilance—shepherds faced threats at all hours. 'All...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**19. Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David--**In the East the command of a king is imperative; and Jesse, however reluctant and alarmed, had no alternative but to comply.

Now therefore know and consider what thou wilt do; for evil is determined against our master, and against all his household: for he is such a son of Belial, that a man cannot speak to him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now therefore know and consider what thou wilt do; for evil is determined against our master, and against all his household: for he is such a son of Belial, that a man cannot speak to him.</strong><br><br>The servant's urgent appeal to Abigail reveals household dynamics. The Hebrew 'de'i ur'i' (know and see/consider) demands immediate attention. 'Evil is determined' (Hebrew 'kaletah hara'a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **A son of Belial.**—Belial was not a proper name, though it subsequently came to be considered one. It signifies simply worthlessness; here a “son of Belial” is an expression for a bad, worthless fellow.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20. Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them ... unto Saul--**as a token of homage and respect.

Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two bottles of wine, and five sheep ready dressed, and five measures of parched corn, and an hundred clusters of raisins, and two hundred cakes of figs, and laid them on asses. clusters: or, lumps

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Abigail made haste, and took two hundred loaves, and two bottles of wine, and five sheep ready dressed, and five measures of parched corn, and an hundred clusters of raisins, and two hundred cakes of figs, and laid them on asses.</strong><br><br>Abigail's response demonstrates wisdom in action. The Hebrew 'vatemaher' (made haste) indicates immediate response to urgent crisis. The prov...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **Five measures.**—The LXX. alter the measure into five ephahs, thinking the quantity in the text ridiculously small for such an host as followed David. Ewald too, would change 5 into 500; but the truth is that Abigail in her haste, thinking rightly that no time must be lost, as the danger was pressing, simply pro-provided a liberal present for David’s own immediate followers, not for the who...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**21. David came to Saul--**Providence thus prepared David for his destiny, by placing him in a way to become acquainted with the manners of the court, the business of government, and the general state of the kingdom. **became his armour-bearer--**This choice, as being an expression of the king's partiality, shows how honorable the office was held to be.

And she said unto her servants, Go on before me; behold, I come after you. But she told not her husband Nabal.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And she said unto her servants, Go on before me; behold, I come after you. But she told not her husband Nabal.</strong><br><br>Abigail's tactical approach continues her wisdom. Sending servants ahead with provisions allowed time for gifts to create favorable impression before her personal appeal. The Hebrew 'hinneni' (behold I) indicates she would follow shortly. The crucial detail—'she to...
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And it was so, as she rode on the ass, that she came down by the covert of the hill, and, behold, David and his men came down against her; and she met them.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it was so, as she rode on the ass, that she came down by the covert of the hill, and, behold, David and his men came down against her; and she met them.</strong><br><br>The meeting occurs at a divinely orchestrated moment. The Hebrew 'beseter hahar' (covert/secret place of the hill) describes a hidden approach providing mutual surprise. The phrase 'came down against her' (Hebrew 'yordi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **The covert of the hill.**—Keil explains the words *sether hahar—*literally, *a hidden part of the mountain*—as probably signifying a hollow between two peaks of the mountain; thus each of the advancing parties would “come down”—Abigail, who approached on one side, and David, who came on the other—and would meet in the hollow between.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**23. David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well--**The ancients believed that music had a mysterious influence in healing mental disorders.

Now David had said, Surely in vain have I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him: and he hath requited me evil for good.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now David had said, Surely in vain have I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all that pertained unto him: and he hath requited me evil for good.</strong><br><br>David's bitter reflection reveals his mindset before meeting Abigail. The Hebrew 'akh lasheker' (surely in vain/for nothing) expresses frustration that his protection proved worthless. H...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **Now David had said.**—This verse and the following (22nd) must be understood as a kind of parenthesis in the narrative. They express what David felt, and, as it were, his justification in his own mind for the violent and vengeful act he was about to carry out. The argument was, Nabal had returned indeed evil for good. For a long time David’s band had guarded faithfully his vast scattered fl...
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So and more also do God unto the enemies of David, if I leave of all that pertain to him by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So and more also do God unto the enemies of David, if I leave of all that pertain to him by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall.</strong><br><br>David's oath reveals how far anger has carried him. The self-curse formula 'so and more also do God' (Hebrew 'koh ya'aseh elohim') invokes divine punishment on himself if he fails to execute vengeance. The crude phrase 'any that pi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **So and more also.**—This is an unusual variation of the common form of imprecation, “God do so to me and more also, if, &c, &c.” The Syriac and Arabic Versions, followed by some commentators, instead of “enemies of David,” read “his servant David.” The LXX., as usual, boldly cuts the knot by leaving out the word of difficulty, and reads “David” simply, omitting “enemies.” But there is no do...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 17 1Sa 17:1-3. The Israelites and Philistines Being Ready to Battle. **1. the Philistines gathered together their armies--**twenty-seven years after their overthrow at Michmash. Having now recovered their spirits and strength, they sought an opportunity of wiping out the infamy of that national disaster, as well as to regain their lost ascendency over Israel. **Shocoh--**now Shuweike...
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And when Abigail saw David, she hasted, and lighted off the ass, and fell before David on her face, and bowed herself to the ground,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when Abigail saw David, she hasted, and lighted off the ass, and fell before David on her face, and bowed herself to the ground,</strong><br><br>Abigail's approach demonstrates complete humility. The Hebrew 'vatemaher' (hasted) continues her urgent action. 'Lighted off the ass' (vattired) describes quick dismount from her riding position—she would not address David from superior elevat...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **Fell before David.**—This act of obeisance, and, in fact, the whole tone of the wise wife of Nabal in her address to David, seems to betoken her consciousness that she was addressing the anointed of Jehovah, the future king—at no distant date—of Israel. Her worst fears she found realised when she met David, probably at no great distance from the principal residence of Nabal, accompanied by ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. valley of Elah--**that is, "the Terebinth," now Wady Er-Sumt [Robinson]. Another valley somewhat to the north, now called Wady Beit Hanina, has been fixed on by the tradition of ages. 1Sa 17:4-11. Goliath Challenges a Combat.

And fell at his feet, and said, Upon me, my lord, upon me let this iniquity be: and let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak in thine audience, and hear the words of thine handmaid. audience: Heb. ears

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And fell at his feet, and said, Upon me, my lord, upon me let this iniquity be: and let thine handmaid, I pray thee, speak in thine audience, and hear the words of thine handmaid.</strong><br><br>Abigail assumes responsibility to protect her household. The Hebrew 'bi adoni bi' (upon me, my lord, upon me) emphatically takes guilt upon herself. Her plea—'let this iniquity be'—asks David to t...
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Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of Belial, even Nabal: for as his name is, so is he; Nabal is his name, and folly is with him: but I thine handmaid saw not the young men of my lord, whom thou didst send. regard: Heb. lay it to his heart Nabal: that is, Fool

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Let not my lord, I pray thee, regard this man of Belial, even Nabal: for as his name is, so is he; Nabal is his name, and folly is with him: but I thine handmaid saw not the young men of my lord, whom thou didst send.</strong><br><br>Abigail's argument combines acknowledgment of her husband's guilt with explanation of her own innocence. She calls Nabal 'man of Belial' (Hebrew 'ish habbeliy...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, seeing the LORD hath withholden thee from coming to shed blood, and from avenging thyself with thine own hand, now let thine enemies, and they that seek evil to my lord, be as Nabal. avenging: Heb. saving thyself

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, seeing the LORD hath withholden thee from coming to shed blood, and from avenging thyself with thine own hand, now let thine enemies, and they that seek evil to my lord, be as Nabal.</strong><br><br>Abigail's oath invokes both divine and human life. The double formula 'as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth' solemnly w...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Seeing the Lord hath withholden.**—This passage, as the *Speaker’s Commentary *rightly observes, “since the oath affirmed nothing, should be rendered, ‘And now my lord, as the Lord liveth, and as thy soul liveth, it is the Lord that hath withholden thee.’ Literally, *As true as that the Lord liveth, so true is it that the Lord hath withholden thee, &c., *from coming into blood-guiltiness.” ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

And now this blessing which thine handmaid hath brought unto my lord, let it even be given unto the young men that follow my lord. blessing: or, present follow: Heb. walk at the feet of, etc

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And now this blessing which thine handmaid hath brought unto my lord, let it even be given unto the young men that follow my lord.</strong><br><br>Abigail presents her provisions as 'blessing' (Hebrew 'berakah'), transforming material gifts into spiritual category. The Hebrew term connotes more than mere present—it carries connotations of favor and goodwill. Her request that it be given to...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **This blessing.**—That is to say, *gift. *Of this Abigail makes little account—it was simply an expression of her homage and good will. It was not intended, of course, for David, but for his company; but she brought it, as is the custom in the East where an inferior approaches a superior, whether as a visitor or as a suppliant, to bring in the hand gifts. Let it be given, she added, to his c...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

I pray thee, forgive the trespass of thine handmaid: for the LORD will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the LORD, and evil hath not been found in thee all thy days.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I pray thee, forgive the trespass of thine handmaid: for the LORD will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the LORD, and evil hath not been found in thee all thy days.</strong><br><br>Abigail's prophetic insight reaches its climax. Her request for forgiveness maintains humble posture while pivoting to David's future. The phrase 'sure house' (Hebrew ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(28) **The trespass of thine handmaid.**—Abigail again takes upon herself the wrong; the gracious act of forgiveness, of which she feels assured beforehand, she reminds David, will be shown *to her. *Thus all the chivalry of David’s character—if we may use a term which belongs to another age—was brought out by this wise and beautiful woman. **For the Lord will certainly make my lord a sure house.*...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

Yet a man is risen to pursue thee, and to seek thy soul: but the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the LORD thy God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out of the middle of a sling. as out: Heb. in the midst of the bought of a sling

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Yet a man is risen to pursue thee, and to seek thy soul: but the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with the LORD thy God; and the souls of thine enemies, them shall he sling out, as out of the middle of a sling.</strong><br><br>Abigail's language ascends to poetic prophecy. The 'man risen to pursue thee' is Saul, though unnamed. The metaphor 'bundle of life' (Hebrew 'tse...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **A man is risen.**—She here refers, of course, to Saul, but with exquisite courtesy and true loyalty refrains from mentioning in connection with evil the name of her king, the “Anointed of Jehovah.” **Shall be bound in the bundle of life.**—This is one of the earliest and most definite expressions of a sure belief in an eternal future in the presence of God, and Hebrew tradition from the ver...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

And it shall come to pass, when the LORD shall have done to my lord according to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee, and shall have appointed thee ruler over Israel;

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it shall come to pass, when the LORD shall have done to my lord according to all the good that he hath spoken concerning thee, and shall have appointed thee ruler over Israel;</strong><br><br>Abigail explicitly anticipates David's kingship. The Hebrew 'nagid' (ruler/prince) was the term Samuel used when anointing both Saul (9:16) and David (2 Samuel 5:2). Her confidence that 'the LORD ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **And shall have appointed thee ruler over Israel.**—The wife of Nabal here speaks of the outlaw captain’s future rule over Israel as king as a matter of absolute certainty. This she, in common with other religious persons of the people, had doubtless heard through the Prophetic Schools. We may fairly suppose that not a few of the pupils of Samuel and his associates had been, when the first m...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

That this shall be no grief unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood causeless, or that my lord hath avenged himself: but when the LORD shall have dealt well with my lord, then remember thine handmaid. no grief: Heb. no staggering, or, stumbling

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>That this shall be no grief unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood causeless, or that my lord hath avenged himself: but when the LORD shall have dealt well with my lord, then remember thine handmaid.</strong><br><br>Abigail's argument reaches its practical conclusion. The Hebrew 'puqah' (grief/stumbling block) and 'mikhshol' (offense/obstacle) descri...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **Then remember thine handmaid.**—With exquisite grace Abigail wound up her earnest simple words to the king of the future with a reference to the period when those happy days, to which she looked forward with such certainty, should have arrived—*then *David must have no deeds of violence, of furious passion, and of shed blood to look back upon. When that golden time should have come—as come ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which sent thee this day to meet me:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the LORD God of Israel, which sent thee this day to meet me:</strong><br><br>David's response attributes their meeting to divine providence. The blessing formula 'Blessed be the LORD God of Israel' recognizes God as the actor behind Abigail's intervention. The phrase 'sent thee' (Hebrew 'shelachek') explicitly identifies Abigail as divine messenger—God...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-11. a champion--**Hebrew, a "man between two"; that is, a person who, on the part of his own people, undertook to determine the national quarrel by engaging in single combat with a chosen warrior in the hostile army.

And blessed be thy advice, and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day from coming to shed blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And blessed be thy advice, and blessed be thou, which hast kept me this day from coming to shed blood, and from avenging myself with mine own hand.</strong><br><br>David's double blessing extends from God to Abigail's wisdom. The Hebrew 'ta'amek' (your advice/discernment) receives blessing alongside her person. David explicitly acknowledges what Abigail prevented: bloodshed and self-avengi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(33) **And blessed be thy advice.**—David, with his usual frank generosity, allows he has been in the wrong in giving way to wild, ungovernable passion, and openly confesses that if Abigail had not met him and reasoned with him, he would have carried out his purpose, and stained his fair fame for ever with a terrible crime. His dark purpose was to cut off, root and branch, the whole house of Nabal...
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For in very deed, as the LORD God of Israel liveth, which hath kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For in very deed, as the LORD God of Israel liveth, which hath kept me back from hurting thee, except thou hadst hasted and come to meet me, surely there had not been left unto Nabal by the morning light any that pisseth against the wall.</strong><br><br>David's oath confirms how close disaster came. The formula 'as the LORD God of Israel liveth' solemnizes his acknowledgment. His attribut...
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So David received of her hand that which she had brought him, and said unto her, Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So David received of her hand that which she had brought him, and said unto her, Go up in peace to thine house; see, I have hearkened to thy voice, and have accepted thy person.</strong><br><br>David formally concludes the encounter with acceptance and blessing. Receiving gifts 'from her hand' symbolizes reconciliation. The dismissal 'go up in peace' (Hebrew 'le'i leshalom') grants formal ...
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And Abigail came to Nabal; and, behold, he held a feast in his house, like the feast of a king; and Nabal's heart was merry within him, for he was very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing, less or more, until the morning light.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Abigail came to Nabal; and, behold, he held a feast in his house, like the feast of a king; and Nabal's heart was merry within him, for he was very drunken: wherefore she told him nothing, less or more, until the morning light.</strong><br><br>The scene shifts to reveal Nabal's oblivious self-indulgence. The Hebrew 'mishteh kebishteh melekh' (feast like a king's feast) ironically descr...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **He held a feast in his house.**—This completes the picture of the wealthy sheep-master. The contrast between him and his wife, the high-minded and wise Abigail, is very striking. The husband, churlish, obstinate, a friend of Saul and the old disorderly state of things, haughty, unyielding, selfish, and indulging to excess in the coarse pleasures of the table, falling a victim in the end to ...
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But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But it came to pass in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.</strong><br><br>Nabal's reaction to belated information proves fatal. The Hebrew 'vayetse hayyayin' (the wine went out) describes sobering up. When Abigail 'told him these things' (et-haddevarim ha'elleh), apparently incl...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(37) **When the wine was gone out.**—Simply, when the brutish, selfish reveller had become sober by lapse of time. **His heart died within him.**—These words are generally understood as signifying that an attack of apoplexy had seized the intemperate man. Commentators are a little divided as to the immediate cause of the stroke. (a) It was brought on by fear, hearing to what a terrible danger he h...
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And it came to pass about ten days after, that the LORD smote Nabal, that he died.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass about ten days after, that the LORD smote Nabal, that he died.</strong><br><br>Divine judgment completes what David's restraint postponed. The Hebrew 'vayiggoph Yahweh' (the LORD smote) explicitly attributes Nabal's death to divine action. The ten-day interval between collapse and death allowed time for the connection between sin and judgment to be clear. God executed t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(38) **The Lord smote Nabal.**—That is to say, that after ten days had passed the Lord put an end to the base life by a second apoplectic stroke. Although the death was a sequel to the selfishness, the passion, and the intemperance, it does not appear that anything more than the operation of natural causes occasioned the end here. In the language of these old divinely inspired writers, disease and...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17. Take now for thy brethren an ephah of this parched corn, and these ten loaves--**In those times campaigns seldom lasted above a few days at a time. The soldiers were volunteers or militia, who were supplied with provisions from time to time by their friends at home.

And when David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, Blessed be the LORD, that hath pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of Nabal, and hath kept his servant from evil: for the LORD hath returned the wickedness of Nabal upon his own head. And David sent and communed with Abigail, to take her to him to wife.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when David heard that Nabal was dead, he said, Blessed be the LORD, that hath pleaded the cause of my reproach from the hand of Nabal, and hath kept his servant from evil: for the LORD hath returned the wickedness of Nabal upon his own head. And David sent and communed with Abigail, to take her to him to wife.</strong><br><br>David's response to Nabal's death combines theological refle...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18. carry these ten cheeses to the captain--**to enlist his kind attention. Oriental cheeses are very small; and although they are frequently made of so soft a consistence as to resemble curds, those which David carried seem to have been fully formed, pressed, and sufficiently dried to admit of their being carried. **take their pledge--**Tokens of the soldiers' health and safety were sent home...
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And when the servants of David were come to Abigail to Carmel, they spake unto her, saying, David sent us unto thee, to take thee to him to wife.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when the servants of David were come to Abigail to Carmel, they spake unto her, saying, David sent us unto thee, to take thee to him to wife.</strong><br><br>David follows proper protocol in his proposal. Sending servants ('avadim') rather than coming personally respected propriety and allowed Abigail time to consider. The delegation's message is direct: 'to take thee to him to wife' (...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(40) **When the servants of David were come to Abigail.**—The time that had elapsed between the death of Nabal and this mission of David to Abigail is not specified. The legal time of mourning was fixed at only seven days, but a very considerable period may have elapsed in this case. S. Ambrose allegorises here, as is usual in Patristic expositions, and compares the espousals of Abigail to David a...
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And she arose, and bowed herself on her face to the earth, and said, Behold, let thine handmaid be a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And she arose, and bowed herself on her face to the earth, and said, Behold, let thine handmaid be a servant to wash the feet of the servants of my lord.</strong><br><br>Abigail's response demonstrates continued humility despite her elevation. Her prostration 'on her face to the earth' echoes her earlier approach to David (v. 23). Her self-designation—'handmaid' (amah) willing to serve as ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20. David left the sheep with a keeper--**This is the only instance in which the hired shepherd is distinguished from the master or one of his family. **trench--**some feeble attempt at a rampart. It appears (see Margin) to have been formed by a line of carts or chariots, which, from the earliest times, was the practice of nomad people.

And Abigail hasted, and arose, and rode upon an ass, with five damsels of hers that went after her; and she went after the messengers of David, and became his wife. after her: Heb. at her feet

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Abigail hasted, and arose, and rode upon an ass, with five damsels of hers that went after her; and she went after the messengers of David, and became his wife.</strong><br><br>Abigail's response mirrors her earlier urgent action. The Hebrew 'vatemaher' (hasted) echoes verse 18—she moved quickly then to prevent disaster, now to embrace opportunity. Her five attending maidens (na'arot) ...
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David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel; and they were also both of them his wives.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel; and they were also both of them his wives.</strong><br><br>The narrative notes David's polygamy without explicit moral comment. Ahinoam of Jezreel (a town in Judah, not the northern valley) became David's wife apparently during this same period. The phrase 'both of them his wives' acknowledges the reality that ancient Near Eastern rulers commonly had mul...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(43) **David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel.**—Jezreel is not the city in Issachar (Joshua 19:18), but a town in the southern part of Canaan, situate in the hill country of Judah, near Maon. The fatal results of this disastrous and unhappy Oriental custom of polygamy, as time went on, showed themselves in King David’s household—a plentiful crop of intrigues, crimes, and murders in the royal palace w...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22. left his carriage in the hand of the keeper of the carriage--**to make his way to the standard of Judah.

But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's wife, to Phalti the son of Laish, which was of Gallim.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But Saul had given Michal his daughter, David's wife, to Phalti the son of Laish, which was of Gallim.</strong><br><br>The chapter concludes with troubling news about David's first wife. Saul's giving Michal to another man violated both marriage covenant and his own earlier agreement. The Hebrew 'natan' (gave) treats Michal as property transferred without consent. Phalti (or Phaltiel, 2 Sa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(44) **Michal his daughter.**—The marriage of the Princess Michal to Phalti (Michal, we read, “loved David,” 1Samuel 18:20) had taken place probably some time before. This high-handed act showed on the part of Saul a fixed determination to break utterly and for ever with David. Phalti was presumably a chieftain whom Saul was desirous of attracting to his fortunes. But the story of Miehal does not ...
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