About 1 Samuel

1 Samuel records the transition from judges to monarchy, including Samuel's ministry, Saul's rise and fall, and David's anointing.

Author: Samuel, Nathan, GadWritten: c. 1050-900 BCReading time: ~5 minVerses: 42
TransitionKingshipObedienceRejectionGod's SovereigntyHeart

King James Version

1 Samuel 20

42 verses with commentary

Jonathan Warns David

And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?</strong><br><br>David's anguished questions to Jonathan - 'What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin?' - express the bewilderment of the unjustly persecuted. The threefold query emphasizes his clear...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan.**—The strange course of events in the prophetic schools by Ramah, while warning David that even the home of his old master, the great seer, was no permanent sanctuary where he could safely rest, still gave him time to fly, and to take counsel with his loved friend, the king s son. It was, no doubt, by Samuel’s advice tha...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-16. Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you--**The burden of this faithful and uncompromising address was to show them, that though they had obtained the change of government they had so importunely desired, their conduct was highly displeasing to their heavenly King; nevertheless, if they remained faithful to Him and to the principles of the theocracy, they might be delivered fr...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so. shew: Heb. uncover mine ear

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's confident denial - 'God forbid; thou shalt not die' (<em>chalilah</em>) - expressed loving assurance combined with incomplete information. His assumption that Sa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **God forbid; thou shalt not die.**—Jonathan even now refuses to believe that his loved father, *when he was himself, *really wished ill to David; all that had hitherto happened the princely Jonathan put down to his father’s unhappy malady. He urges upon his friend that if the king in good earnest had designs upon David’s life, he would in his calm, lucid days have consulted with him, Jonathan...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-16. Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you--**The burden of this faithful and uncompromising address was to show them, that though they had obtained the change of government they had so importunely desired, their conduct was highly displeasing to their heavenly King; nevertheless, if they remained faithful to Him and to the principles of the theocracy, they might be delivered fr...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.</strong><br><br>David's oath 'as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth' invokes both divine and human witness. The phrase 'there...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes.**—David urges that his fall, and even his death, had been decided upon by Saul, who, knowing how Jonathan loved him, would shrink from confiding to his son his deadly plans respecting his loved friend. David, with his clear, bright intellect, looked deeper into Saul’s heart than did the heroic, guileless son. He recognised o...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-16. Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you--**The burden of this faithful and uncompromising address was to show them, that though they had obtained the change of government they had so importunely desired, their conduct was highly displeasing to their heavenly King; nevertheless, if they remained faithful to Him and to the principles of the theocracy, they might be delivered fr...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee. Whatsoever: or, Say what is thy mind and I will do, etc desireth: Heb. speaketh, or, thinketh

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's unconditional offer - 'Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee' - exemplifies covenant love's total commitment. The Hebrew <em>nephesh</em> (soul) language echoes their soul-knit friendship (18:1). This blank check of loyalty reflects the self-sacrificing lov...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-16. Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you--**The burden of this faithful and uncompromising address was to show them, that though they had obtained the change of government they had so importunely desired, their conduct was highly displeasing to their heavenly King; nevertheless, if they remained faithful to Him and to the principles of the theocracy, they might be delivered fr...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even.</strong><br><br>David's plan leveraged the New Moon feast (<em>rosh chodesh</em>) as test of Saul's intentions. His obligation to 'sit with the king at meat' was formal court protocol; absence wou...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **The new moon.**—On the religious ceremonies connected with the day of the new moon at the beginning of each month, see the Mosaic enactments in Numbers 10:10; Numbers 28:11-15. At the court of Saul the feast seems to have been carefully observed, doubtless with the blast of trumpets, and with solemn burnt offerings and sin offerings, for we notice in this narrative that the plea of possible ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-16. Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you--**The burden of this faithful and uncompromising address was to show them, that though they had obtained the change of government they had so importunely desired, their conduct was highly displeasing to their heavenly King; nevertheless, if they remained faithful to Him and to the principles of the theocracy, they might be delivered fr...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family. sacrifice: or, feast

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Beth-lehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family.</strong><br><br>The prepared excuse - David's attendance at a 'yearly sacrifice' in Bethlehem - used religious obligation to explain absence. Such family sacrifices were legitimate obligations, making the cover story p...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **A yearly sacrifice.**—The Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 12:5 and following verses) strictly required these great sacrificial feasts to be kept at the Tabernacle, “unto the place which the Lord your God shall choose out of all your tribes;” but ever since the destruction of the Tabernacle of Shiloh there had been no central sanctuary, and these solemn feasts had been held, most probably, in tribal ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him.</strong><br><br>David provided clear interpretive criteria for Saul's response: 'It is well' signals peace; 'very wroth' reveals murderous intent. The Hebrew <em>charah</em> (to burn with anger) describes intense rage. David understood that Saul's reaction to his ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father?</strong><br><br>David's appeal to 'the covenant of the LORD' grounds their relationship in sacred commitment. His willingness to be slain by Jonathan if guilty...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **A covenant of the Lord with thee.**—It may at first sight seem strange that we have these last meetings of David and Jonathan told us in such detail—the speaker’s very words quoted, and so many apparently trivial circumstances related. The question, too, might be asked: Whence did the compiler of the book derive his intimate acquaintance with what took place at these meetings, when David was...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee?</strong><br><br>Jonathan's rhetorical question - 'would not I tell it thee?' - affirms absolute commitment to David's safety over loyalty to his father. The phrase 'Far be it from thee' (<em>chalilah</em>) expresses horror at the thought o...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **Far be it from thee.**—Vulg., *absit hoc a te. *This strong expression bears emphatic testimony to Jonathan’s implicit belief in his loved friend’s stainless loyalty. He indignantly refuses to take his life, or even to allow that life to be touched by his father. The sentences here are broken ones; the next one following is left, in the Hebrew, incomplete. They betoken the agitation and deep...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly?</strong><br><br>David's practical concern - 'Who shall tell me?' - moves from commitment to logistics. The question 'what if thy father answer thee roughly?' (<em>qashah</em>, harshly) anticipates the danger Jonathan himself might face in delivering bad news. David's concern extended to Jonathan's sa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly?**—The language in the original is here very abrupt and involved. Evidently the very words uttered in the memorable scene by the excited and sorrowful friends are remembered and reported. The “if” supplied in the English Version probably is nearest the meaning intended to be conveyed by the broken, agitated words. Another renderin...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's invitation - 'Come, and let us go out into the field' - moved their conversation to a place of privacy. The field provided space away from palace observers and listeners. The phrase 'both of them' emphasizes their unity of purpose as they walked to...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee; sounded: Heb. searched shew: Heb. uncover thine ear

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee;</strong><br><br>Jonathan's oath beginning 'O LORD God of Israel' formally invokes divine witness to his commitment. The conditional structure - 'when I have sounded my fathe...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **O Lord God of Israel.**—Now that the two friends have come to a remote solitary spot, Jonathan prefaces his reply to David’s piteous request by a very solemn invocation of that God they both loved so well. The vocative, however, “O Lord God,” &c., of the English Version has been generally looked upon as an impossible rendering—“there being no analogy for such a mode of address”—*Lange.* The...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father. shew: Heb. uncover thine ear

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's self-imprecation 'The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan' invokes curses upon himself if he fails David. His acknowledgment 'the LORD be with ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
Read full commentary →

And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not:</strong><br><br>Jonathan's request for 'the kindness of the LORD' (<em>chesed YHWH</em>) anticipates his own death and David's eventual kingship. He asks David to show covenant faithfulness ('that I die not') - a request David would later honor through Mephibosheth (2 Samuel 9). This forward-looking ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the Lord, that I die not.**—The Hebrew of this and the next verse is again very confused, abrupt, and ungrammatical, but this is evidently to be attributed to the violent emotion of the speaker. We have, doubtless (as above suggested). David’s own report of what took place, and the words of his dead friend had, no doubt, impre...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-25. Is it not wheat harvest to-day?--**That season in Palestine occurs at the end of June or beginning of July, when it seldom or never rains, and the sky is serene and cloudless. There could not, therefore, have been a stronger or more appropriate proof of a divine mission than the phenomenon of rain and thunder happening, without any prognostics of its approach, upon the prediction of a per...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's remarkable request anticipates David's complete victory: 'when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one.' This acknowledges both David's future triumph and the potential danger to Saul's hou...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies. made: Heb. cut

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's covenant with 'the house of David' extended beyond personal friendship to dynastic commitment. The phrase 'Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies' invokes divine enforcement against covenant violators. Remarkably, the heir...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **So Jonathan made a covenant.**—It is not necessary to supply (as in the English Version) “saying,” but it is better to understand this verse as a remark interposed in the dialogue by the narrator, and to translate the Hebrew literally, “So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, and Jehovah required it at the hand of David’s enemies.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 13 1Sa 13:1, 2. Saul's Selected Band. **1. Saul reigned one year--**(see Margin). The transactions recorded in the eleventh and twelfth chapters were the principal incidents comprising the first year of Saul's reign; and the events about to be described in this happened in the second year.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul. because: or, by his love toward him

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's causing David to swear again 'because he loved him' deepens the covenant's binding force. The phrase 'he loved him as he loved his own soul' repeats 18:1,3, emphasizing the friendship's depth. Mutual oath-taking created reciprocal obligation - Jonathan prote...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **And Jonathan caused David to swear again.**—Throughout this touching interview it is the prince who appears as the suppliant for the outlaw’s ruture kind offices. Jonathan—looking forward with absolute certainty to the day when his persecuted friend would be on the throne, and he in his grave—dreaded for his own fatherless children the fate which too probably awaited them, it having been in...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. Saul chose him three thousand men of Israel--**This band of picked men was a bodyguard, who were kept constantly on duty, while the rest of the people were dismissed till their services might be needed. It seems to have been his tactics to attack the Philistine garrisons in the country by different detachments, rather than by risking a general engagement; and his first operations were directe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty. empty: Heb. missed

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's statement 'thy seat will be empty' acknowledges David's established position at the royal table. The empty seat would force Saul to notice David's absence and reveal his response. The phrase 'thou shalt be missed' (<em>paqad</em>, to visit/attend to) ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **Thou shalt be missed.**—Well then, resumes Jonathan—after the passionate conclusion of the solemn covenant betwixt the friends—the last trial shall be as you propose. At the State banquet of my father tomorrow your seat, as agreed upon, will be empty, then you and I—when King Saul misses you—will know the worst.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-4. And Jonathan--**that is, "God-given." **smote the garrison of the Philistines ... in Geba--**Geba and Gibeah were towns in Benjamin, very close to each other (Jos 18:24, 28). The word rendered "garrison" is different from that of 1Sa 13:23; 14:1, and signifies, literally, something erected; probably a pillar or flagstaff, indicative of Philistine ascendency. That the secret demolition of ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel. quickly: or, diligently: Heb. greatly when the: Heb. in the day of the business Ezel: or, that sheweth the way

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's instructions reference 'the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand' - a familiar location from a previous crisis. The 'stone Ezel' (possibly meaning...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **Go down quickly.**—“Quickly” represents, but not faithfully, the Hebrew *m’od. *“Quickly” comes from the Vulg., *descende ergo festinus. *The literal rendering of *m’od *is “greatly,” and probably Dean Payne Smith’s rendering, “and on the third day go a long way (greatly) down into the valley,” represents the meaning of the original, which has been a general stumbling-block with the version...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-4. And Jonathan--**that is, "God-given." **smote the garrison of the Philistines ... in Geba--**Geba and Gibeah were towns in Benjamin, very close to each other (Jos 18:24, 28). The word rendered "garrison" is different from that of 1Sa 13:23; 14:1, and signifies, literally, something erected; probably a pillar or flagstaff, indicative of Philistine ascendency. That the secret demolition of ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's arrow-signal plan - shooting 'as though I shot at a mark' - provided innocent cover for communication. Archery practice was normal activity that would not arouse suspicion. The three arrows created unmistakable signal without direct verbal communication. Such creative problem-solving p...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **I will shoot three arrows.**—The two friends agree on a sign. It was a very simple one, and seems to speak of very early primitive times. Jonathan slightly varies from his original purpose. In 1Samuel 20:12 it seems as though he meant to have sent a special messenger had the news been good, but now the arrangement is that in either event he should come himself out from the city into the sol...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5. The Philistines gathered themselves together to fight with Israel, thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen--**Either this number must include chariots of every kind--or the word "chariots" must mean the men fighting in them (2Sa 10:18; 1Ki 20:21; 1Ch 19:18); or, as some eminent critics maintain, Sheloshim ("thirty"), has crept into the text, instead of Shelosh ("three"). The gathe...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth. no hurt: Heb. not any thing

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth.</strong><br><br>The signal system's positive interpretation: 'arrows on this side' means safety - 'there is peace to thee, and no hurt.' The unwitting lad become...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6. When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait--**Though Saul's gallantry was unabated, his subjects displayed no degree of zeal and energy. Instead of venturing an encounter, they fled in all directions. Some, in their panic, left the country (1Sa 13:7), but most took refuge in the hiding-places which the broken ridges of the neighborhood abundantly afford. The rocks are perforated in...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away.</strong><br><br>The signal's negative interpretation: 'arrows beyond thee' means flee - 'the LORD hath sent thee away.' The theological framing - 'the LORD hath sent thee away' - places David's departure under divine direction rather than mere human circumstance. Even fli...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's declaration 'the LORD be between thee and me for ever' places God at the center of their covenant. This divine mediation transforms human friendship into sacred bond. The 'for ever' (<em>'ad 'olam</em>) extends commitment beyond their lifetimes to eternal...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8. he--**that is, Saul. **tarried seven days--**He was still in the eastern borders of his kingdom, in the valley of Jordan. Some bolder spirits had ventured to join the camp at Gilgal; but even the courage of those stout-hearted men gave way in prospect of this terrible visitation; and as many of them were stealing away, he thought some immediate and decided step must be taken. 1Sa 13:9-16...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-23** Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know how he found his father affected towards him. It will be kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can fully understand the love ...
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Jonathan's Sign to David

So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat.</strong><br><br>The plan begins execution: David hid while the king proceeded with the New Moon feast. The contrast between David hiding in the field and Saul eating at his table captures their respective positions - one hunted, one hunting. The New Moon feast proceeded normally, with Saul...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **Sat him down.**—The LXX. paraphrases here, “came to the table.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9-14. Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings--**Saul, though patriotic enough in his own way, was more ambitious of gaining the glory of a triumph to himself than ascribing it to God. He did not understand his proper position as king of Israel; and although aware of the restrictions under which he held the sovereignty, he wished to rule as an autocrat, who possessed ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty.</strong><br><br>The scene is carefully described: Saul in his customary seat by the wall (strategically positioned for security), Jonathan standing (perhaps nervous), Abner beside Saul, and David's place empty. The empty seat speaks...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **David’s place was empty.**—All took place as the two friends had calculated. Saul’s seat was by the wall—then, as now, in the East the highest place of honour was opposite the door. The exact meaning of the phrase, “and Jonathan arose,” has been disputed. The LXX. translate here from a different text thus: “He (Saul) went before Jonathan.” Keil speaks of this, however, as “the senseless ren...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9-14. Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings--**Saul, though patriotic enough in his own way, was more ambitious of gaining the glory of a triumph to himself than ascribing it to God. He did not understand his proper position as king of Israel; and although aware of the restrictions under which he held the sovereignty, he wished to rule as an autocrat, who possessed ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean.</strong><br><br>Saul's silence on the first day - assuming David was ceremonially unclean - revealed his religious pretense. He would not publicly inquire lest it appear he suspected David. The phrase 'surely he is not clean' uses ritual language to mask mur...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9-14. Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings--**Saul, though patriotic enough in his own way, was more ambitious of gaining the glory of a triumph to himself than ascribing it to God. He did not understand his proper position as king of Israel; and although aware of the restrictions under which he held the sovereignty, he wished to rule as an autocrat, who possessed ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day?</strong><br><br>The second day's empty seat forced Saul to speak. His reference to 'the son of Jesse' rather than 'David' deliberately distanced and diminished - reducing Da...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **On the morrow.**—David’s continued absence on the second day of the feast awoke Saul’s suspicion, and he asked his son, who was sitting by him, what was the reason of his friend’s absence, aware that no accident connected with ceremonial defilement would keep him away two following days.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9-14. Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings--**Saul, though patriotic enough in his own way, was more ambitious of gaining the glory of a triumph to himself than ascribing it to God. He did not understand his proper position as king of Israel; and although aware of the restrictions under which he held the sovereignty, he wished to rule as an autocrat, who possessed ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Beth-lehem:</strong><br><br>Jonathan delivered the prepared explanation: David had 'earnestly asked leave' for Bethlehem. The phrase 'earnestly asked' (<em>nish'ol nish'al</em>) intensifies the request, suggesting David's compelling need. Jonathan addressed his father while walking a dangerous line between truth and pro...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9-14. Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings--**Saul, though patriotic enough in his own way, was more ambitious of gaining the glory of a triumph to himself than ascribing it to God. He did not understand his proper position as king of Israel; and although aware of the restrictions under which he held the sovereignty, he wished to rule as an autocrat, who possessed ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table.</strong><br><br>Jonathan expands the explanation with details lending credibility: family sacrifice, brother's comm...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **Our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me.**—Jonathan answers the king’s question in the way previously agreed upon between him and David. He quotes the excuse in David’s own words. The LXX., instead of “my brother,” has “my brothers.” It thus alters the original, not understanding the singular “brother,” Jesse, their father, being still alive. The brothe...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9-14. Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings--**Saul, though patriotic enough in his own way, was more ambitious of gaining the glory of a triumph to himself than ascribing it to God. He did not understand his proper position as king of Israel; and although aware of the restrictions under which he held the sovereignty, he wished to rule as an autocrat, who possessed ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness? Thou: or, Thou perverse rebel: Heb. Son of perverse rebellion

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness?</strong><br><br>Saul's volcanic rage against Jonathan - calling him 'son of the perverse rebellious woman' - attacks both Jonathan and his mother. The a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **Saul’s anger was kindled.**—As David expected, his absence kindled into a flame the anger of Saul. Probably he had determined at that very feast, surrounded by his own devoted friends and members of his family, to carry out his evil designs against David’s life. Murder was, probably enough, one of the incidents arranged for at that banquet, but the absence of the intended victim marred the ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**15-16. Samuel ... gat him ... unto Gibeah ... and Saul, and Jonathan his son, and the people that were present with them, abode in Gibeah--**Saul removed his camp thither, either in the hope that, it being his native town, he would gain an increase of followers or that he might enjoy the counsels and influence of the prophet.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die . shall: Heb. is the son of death

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die.</strong><br><br>Saul's demand to 'send and fetch' David 'for he shall surely die' makes Jonathan choose between obedience to father and covenant with friend. The phrase 'thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom' rev...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **Thou shalt not be established.**—Here the king gives expression to the thought which was ever torturing that poor diseased brain of his—David, his own kind physician, his faithful soldier, and his son’s dearest friend and loved companion, was plotting basely against that master for whom he had done so much, and the son whom he loved so well. Saul, in his blind fury, goes on to betray his fe...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**15-16. Samuel ... gat him ... unto Gibeah ... and Saul, and Jonathan his son, and the people that were present with them, abode in Gibeah--**Saul removed his camp thither, either in the hope that, it being his native town, he would gain an increase of followers or that he might enjoy the counsels and influence of the prophet.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done?</strong><br><br>Jonathan's courageous response - 'Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done?' - directly challenged his father's murderous intent with legal argument. These two questions demand justification: what crime deserves death, and what evidence supports it? Jonathan appea...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(32) **And Jonathan answered.**—Jonathan, remembering the effect of his quiet, earnest remonstrance on a previous occasion, again tried to deprecate his father’s unreasoning jealous anger, but this time to no purpose. A paroxysm of madness seized Saul, and he grasped the long spear leaning by his side, and with hate and fury in his eye raised the great war weapon to strike down his son.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-18. the spoilers came out of the camp of the Philistines in three companies--**ravaging through the three valleys which radiate from the uplands of Michmash to Ophrah on the north, through the pass of Beth-horon on the west, and down the ravines of Zeboim ("the hyænas"), towards the Ghor or Jordan valley on the east.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David.</strong><br><br>Saul's casting a javelin at his own son - 'to smite him' - represents the nadir of his spiritual descent. The violence against David now turned against his own heir. Jonathan 'knew that it was determined of his father to slay David' through this unmistakabl...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-18. the spoilers came out of the camp of the Philistines in three companies--**ravaging through the three valleys which radiate from the uplands of Michmash to Ophrah on the north, through the pass of Beth-horon on the west, and down the ravines of Zeboim ("the hyænas"), towards the Ghor or Jordan valley on the east.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's 'fierce anger' (<em>chori 'aph</em>) arose from grief for David 'because his father had done him shame.' The refusal to eat expressed mourning and protest. Jonathan's anger was righteous indignatio...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(34) **So Jonathan arose.**—“In fierce anger,” so runs the too true record. The son of Saul left the presence, and appeared no more at that fatal feast. The hot anger was stirred up, first, no doubt, by the terrible insult offered him, the prince and heir to the throne, before the assembled great ones of Israel. The great spear uplifted to strike, following the harsh and bitter words spoken, was a...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**19-20. Now there was no smith found throughout ... Israel--**The country was in the lowest state of depression and degradation. The Philistines, after the great victory over the sons of Eli, had become the virtual masters of the land. Their policy in disarming the natives has been often followed in the East. For repairing any serious damage to their agricultural implements, they had to apply to ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-34** None were more constant than David in attending holy duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to secure an in...
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And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him.</strong><br><br>Jonathan fulfilled his commitment: 'in the morning...at the time appointed' - precise obedience to the agreed plan. The 'little lad' (<em>na'ar qaton</em>) served as unwitting instrument. His youth and small size emphasized his innocence abo...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(35) **At the time appointed with David.**—This meeting between the friends is not described at any length; all was done as had been pre-arranged, and, alas! everything had come to pass as David in his sad foresight had expected.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**19-20. Now there was no smith found throughout ... Israel--**The country was in the lowest state of depression and degradation. The Philistines, after the great victory over the sons of Eli, had become the virtual masters of the land. Their policy in disarming the natives has been often followed in the East. For repairing any serious damage to their agricultural implements, they had to apply to ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him. beyond: Heb. to pass over him

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.</strong><br><br>The signal unfolds: 'arrow beyond him' communicates the worst - David must flee. Jonathan shot deliberately beyond the boy, encoding danger in distance. The lad ran innocently while Jonathan delivered sentence of separation. The arrow's trajectory pointed t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **He shot an arrow beyond him.**—This was the sign agreed on if all was over for David at the court of Saul. Expositors are in a little difficulty, though, here, as only *one arrow *is mentioned, whereas “three” had to be shot according to the terms of the understanding. We cannot imagine, as some have suggested, that “Jonathan shortened the affair, and shot only once, considering that there ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**21. Yet they had a file--**as a kind of privilege, for the purpose of sharpening sundry smaller utensils of husbandry.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee?</strong><br><br>Jonathan's cry - 'Is not the arrow beyond thee?' - ostensibly addressed the servant but spoke to David hiding nearby. The question format emphasized the signal: beyond means danger, beyond means flee. David heard his friend's voi...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows , and came to his master.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows, and came to his master.</strong><br><br>The threefold urgency - 'Make speed, haste, stay not' - intensified the message to David. These words ostensibly hurried the servant but communicated deadly urgency to the hidden fugitive. Each term reinforced danger: speed indicated emergency, h...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(38) **Make speed, haste, stay not.**—Although Jonathan, of course, trusted to a certain extent the youth (probably an armour-bearer) who was with him, still he hurried this attendant away, that he might not see David, who was close by in hiding, and who, *after *the sign, would presently appear in sight. The next clause (1Samuel 20:39) expressly tells us how this meeting was unknown and unwitness...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter.</strong><br><br>The narrator's observation - 'the lad knew not any thing' - emphasizes the secrecy's success. Two friends shared knowledge that affected kingdoms while a boy simply retrieved arrows. The phrase 'only Jonathan and David knew the matter' highlights their intimate bond; in a world of intrigue and danger, ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city. artillery: Heb. instruments his lad: Heb. the lad that was his

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city.</strong><br><br>Jonathan dismissed the servant - 'Go, carry them to the city' - creating privacy for his farewell with David. The term 'artillery' (bow and arrows) represented the tools of communication that had served their purpose. Sending the boy away removed the witness, allowing the friends to...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(40) **His artillery.**—Literally, *his implements. *The word “artillery,” expressive though it be, would scarcely now be used in this sense; we should now translate the Hebrew word by “arms.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 14 1Sa 14:1-14. Jonathan Miraculously Smites the Philistines' Garrison. **1. the Philistines' garrison--**"the standing camp" (1Sa 13:23, Margin) "in the passage of Michmash" (1Sa 13:16), now Wady Es-Suweinit. "It begins in the neighborhood of Betin (Beth-el) and El-Bireh (Beetroth), and as it breaks through the ridge below these places, its sides form precipitous walls. On the right, ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded.</strong><br><br>The friends' tearful parting 'until David exceeded' shows depth of grief at separation. David's greater weeping reflected his greater loss - home, positi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(41) **David arose out of a place toward the south.**—If the text be correct here, which is very doubtful, we must understand these words as signifying that as soon as David perceived that Jonathan was alone (as soon as the lad was gone), he rose from the south side of the rock, where he had been lying concealed. [The “arrow” sign would have been enough to have warned David; and had he not seen th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah--**Hebrew, "Geba"; entrenched, along with Samuel and Ahiah the high priest, on the top of one of the conical or spherical hills which abound in the Benjamite territory, and favorable for an encampment, called Migron ("a precipice").

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city. forasmuch: or, the LORD be witness of that which etc

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's benediction - 'Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD' - sends David forth ground...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(42) **Go in peace.—**The abruptness of the closing words is most natural, and accords with the evident deep emotion of the speaker. David’s heart was too full to reply to his friend’s words; blinded with tears, he seems to have hurried away speechless. “We may indeed wonder at the delicacy of feeling and the gentleness of the sentiments which these two men in those old rough times entertained for...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 20 The tribe of Benjamin nearly extirpated. --The Israelites' abhorrence of the crime committed at Gibeah, and their resolution to punish the criminals, were right; but they formed their resolves with too much haste and self-confidence. The eternal ruin of souls will be worse, and more fearful, than these desolations of a tribe.

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