About Ezekiel

Ezekiel proclaimed God's judgment from Babylon, using dramatic visions and symbolic acts, while promising future restoration.

Author: EzekielWritten: c. 593-571 BCReading time: ~6 minVerses: 49
Glory of GodJudgmentRestorationNew HeartSovereigntyTemple

King James Version

Ezekiel 23

49 verses with commentary

Two Adulterous Sisters

The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

This prophetic formula introduces Ezekiel's most graphic allegory depicting Israel and Judah as adulterous sisters. The shocking sexual imagery serves to reveal the heinousness of spiritual adultery—covenant unfaithfulness toward God. Idolatry is consistently portrayed as spiritual prostitution throughout Scripture (Hosea 1-3, Jeremiah 3), emphasizing the intimate, exclusive nature of covenant rel...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**21. Merathaim--**a symbolical name for Babylon, the doubly rebellious, namely, against God. Compare Jr 50:24, "thou hast striven against the Lord"; and Jr 50:29, "proud against the Lord." The "doubly" refers to: first, the Assyrian's oppression of Israel; next, the kindred Chaldean's oppression of Judah (compare Jr 50:17-20, 33; especially Jr 50:18). **Pekod--**(Eze 23:23); a chief province of...
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Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother:

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KJV Study Commentary

The 'two women, daughters of one mother' represent Israel (northern kingdom) and Judah (southern kingdom), both descended from the united kingdom under David and Solomon. Their shared origin emphasizes their equal covenant privilege and accountability. The allegory reveals that both kingdoms abandoned their first love despite identical spiritual advantages.

And they committed whoredoms in Egypt; they committed whoredoms in their youth: there were their breasts pressed, and there they bruised the teats of their virginity.

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KJV Study Commentary

The phrase 'in their youth' refers to Israel's bondage in Egypt before the Exodus and Sinai covenant. Even in slavery, Israel began adopting Egyptian idolatry (Exodus 32, Joshua 24:14), revealing the depth of human sin and the persistence of spiritual rebellion. This establishes a pattern of unfaithfulness from the very beginning of their national existence.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **In Egypt.**—The idolatries of Israel in Egypt have already been spoken of in the Note to Ezekiel 20:8. (See also Ezekiel 23:19 below.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**23. hammer--**that is, Babylon, so called because of its ponderous destructive power; just as "Martel," that is, "a little hammer," was the surname of a king of the Franks (Is 14:6).

And the names of them were Aholah the elder, and Aholibah her sister: and they were mine, and they bare sons and daughters. Thus were their names; Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah. Aholah: that is, His tent, or, tabernacle Aholibah: that is, My tabernacle in her

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KJV Study Commentary

Oholah ('her tent') represents Samaria/Israel, while Oholibah ('my tent is in her') represents Jerusalem/Judah. The names ironically reference the tabernacle—Israel established unauthorized worship at Dan and Bethel (1 Kings 12:26-33), while Judah possessed the true temple but defiled it with idolatry. Both bore sons and daughters, referring to their inhabitants who inherited spiritual adultery.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Samaria is Aholah, and Jerusalem Aholibah.**—Samaria, as the capital, is put for the northern kingdom, and is called Aholah = *her own tabernacle, *because she set up her own worship instead of resorting to the Temple; while the southern kingdom, represented by Jerusalem, is called Aholibah = *my tabernacle is in her, *because she still contained the sanctuary of the Lord. The word “elder” s...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**24. I--**Thou hast to do with God, not merely with men. **taken ... not aware--**Herodotus relates that one half of the city was taken before those in the other half were "aware" of it. Cyrus turned the waters of the Euphrates where it was defended into a different channel, and so entered the city by the dried-up channel at night, by the upper and lower gates (Da 5:30, 31).

And Aholah played the harlot when she was mine; and she doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbours,

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KJV Study Commentary

Oholah played the harlot when she was mine exposes the aggravated nature of covenant sin—her adultery occurred within marriage, not before it. This distinguishes Israel's sin from pagan ignorance; she knew the true God yet pursued false ones. The phrase <em>taḥtay</em> (under me, while mine) emphasizes relational betrayal. She doted on her lovers, the Assyrians indicates voluntary, passionate purs...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **The Assyrians her neighbours.**—Or, *the Assyrians drawing near. *They are described in Ezekiel 23:40 as those who “come from far.” The nearness here spoken of is to be understood not locally, but spiritually, of sympathy in idolatry. Of the earlier connection between Israel and Assyria there is little remaining record. In 2Kings 15:19-20, it is said that Pul exacted tribute of Menahem, and ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**25. weapons of his indignation--**the Medes and Persians (Is 13:5).

Which were clothed with blue, captains and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding upon horses.

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KJV Study Commentary

Clothed with blue, captains and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding upon horses catalogs Assyria's military and political splendor. Blue dye (Hebrew <em>tekhelet</em>) indicated nobility and luxury. Israel's attraction was aesthetic and pragmatic—power, wealth, prestige. Israel's political calculus chose visible strength over invisible faith, preferring chariots to prayer (Psa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **Horsemen.**—The Assyrians, like the Egyptians, made large use of cavalry, as was necessary to a warlike nation; the multiplication of horses had on this account been forbidden to the Israelites (Deuteronomy 17:16).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**26. from the utmost border--**namely, of the earth. Or, from all sides [Ludovicus De Dieu]. **storehouses--**or, "her houses filled with men and goods" [Michaelis]. When Cyrus took it, the provisions found there were enough to have lasted for many years. **as heaps--**make of the once glorious city heaps of ruins. Vast mounds of rubbish now mark the site of ancient Babylon. "Tread her as hea...
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Thus she committed her whoredoms with them, with all them that were the chosen men of Assyria, and with all on whom she doted: with all their idols she defiled herself. committed: Heb. bestowed her whoredoms upon them the chosen: Heb. the choice of the children of Asshur

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KJV Study Commentary

Thus she committed her whoredoms with them indicates sustained, systematic apostasy, not isolated incidents. With all them that were the choice men of Assyria shows indiscriminate spiritual promiscuity—Israel sought multiple Assyrian alliances. And with all on whom she doted—with all their idols she defiled herself demonstrates the inseparable connection between political and religious compromise....
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **With all their idols.—**The reality breaks through the figure, and leaves no doubt of the meaning of the allegory.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**27. bullocks--**that is, princes and strong warriors (Jr 46:21; Psa 22:12; Is 34:7). **go down to ... slaughter--**The slaughterhouses lay low beside the river; therefore it is said, "go down"; appropriate to Babylon on the Euphrates, the avenue through which the slaughterers entered the city.

Neither left she her whoredoms brought from Egypt: for in her youth they lay with her, and they bruised the breasts of her virginity, and poured their whoredom upon her.

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KJV Study Commentary

Neither left she her whoredoms brought from Egypt exposes the persistence of idolatrous patterns across centuries. From Egypt through wilderness, conquest, judges, and monarchy—Israel never fully repented. The root problem wasn't environment but heart corruption. For in her youth they lay with her emphasizes Egypt's formative influence. Early spiritual compromises become ingrained patterns resista...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**28. declare in Zion ... temple--**Some Jews "fleeing" from Babylon at its fall shall tell in Judea how God avenged the cause of Zion and her temple that had been profaned (Jr 52:13; Da 1:2; 5:2).

Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians , upon whom she doted.

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KJV Study Commentary

Wherefore I have delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians declares God's sovereign judgment through historical process. Those she pursued for security became instruments of destruction. The Hebrew <em>natan</em> (delivered/gave) indicates active divine causation, not mere permission. God orchestrated Assyria's conquest of Samaria (722 BC) as judicial punishment. Up...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**29. archers--**literally, "very many and powerful"; hence the Hebrew word is used of archers (Job 16:13) from the multitude and force of their arrows. **according to all that she hath done--**(See on Jr 50:15). **proud against the Lord--**not merely cruel towards men (Is 47:10).

These discovered her nakedness: they took her sons and her daughters, and slew her with the sword: and she became famous among women; for they had executed judgment upon her. famous: Heb. a name

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KJV Study Commentary

These discovered her nakedness: they took her sons and her daughters describes comprehensive devastation—public shame, loss of dignity, family destruction. Nakedness in prophetic literature represents exposure, vulnerability, and humiliation (Genesis 9:21; Isaiah 47:3). Her sons and daughters taken indicates mass deportation and enslavement. Her slew they with the sword refers to massacre accompan...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **She became famous.**—A better word would be *notorious. *The conquest of Samaria and the captivity of the northern tribes had now been accomplished more than 130 years, and had made them a byword among the nations.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

30. (See on Jr 49:26). **in the streets--**The Babylonians were so discouraged by having lost some battles that they retired within their walls and would not again meet Cyrus in the field.

And when her sister Aholibah saw this, she was more corrupt in her inordinate love than she, and in her whoredoms more than her sister in her whoredoms. she was: Heb. she corrupted her inordinate love more than, etc more than: Heb. more than the whoredoms of her sister

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KJV Study Commentary

Despite witnessing Israel's judgment by Assyria (722 BC), Judah 'was more corrupt' in her prostitution. This reveals the progressive nature of sin and the hardening effect of rejecting repeated warnings. Judah had 136 additional years to learn from Israel's fate but instead doubled down on unfaithfulness, demonstrating spiritual obtuseness.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **She was more corrupt.**—Enough having been said of Aholah to form the basis for a comparison, the prophet now turns to Aholibah. The idolatries of Judah not only comparatively but actually exceeded those of her sister kingdom. See, *e.g., *the account of Manaseeh’s reign (2Kings 21:1-16; 2Chronicles 33:1-9). In addition to her connection with Assyria, Judah also formed alliances with Chaldæ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31. most proud--**literally, "pride"; that is, man of pride; the king of Babylon. **visit--**punish (Jr 50:27).

She doted upon the Assyrians her neighbours, captains and rulers clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding upon horses, all of them desirable young men.

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KJV Study Commentary

She doted upon the Assyrians her neighbours, captains and rulers clothed most gorgeously shows Judah repeated Israel's error despite witnessing Samaria's destruction. Horsemen riding upon horses, all of them desirable young men uses identical language as verse 6, emphasizing parallel folly. Judah learned nothing from Israel's example—seeing Assyria destroy Israel yet thinking, 'It will be differen...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **Her neighbours.**—See Note on Ezekiel 23:5. In both places the warriors of Assyria are described in the most attractive way to carry out the figure; they are also spoken of as very powerful, to explain the political attraction to them. Israel was both fascinated by their splendour and overawed by their power.

Then I saw that she was defiled, that they took both one way,

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KJV Study Commentary

Then I saw that she was defiled, that they took both one way acknowledges both kingdoms followed identical paths to destruction. The divine 'I saw' (Hebrew <em>va'ere</em>) indicates judicial observation leading to verdict. Both kingdoms, despite different circumstances and additional warnings given to Judah, chose apostasy. This demonstrates that sin is not primarily environmental but disposition...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**33. Israel and ... Judah were oppressed--**He anticipates an objection, in order to answer it: Ye have been, no doubt, "oppressed," therefore ye despair of deliverance; but, remember your "Redeemer is strong," and therefore can and will deliver you.

And that she increased her whoredoms: for when she saw men pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with vermilion,

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KJV Study Commentary

And that she increased her whoredoms marks escalation—Judah didn't maintain Israel's level but exceeded it. For when she saw men pourtrayed upon the wall, the images of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with vermilion indicates new forms of idolatry. Wall paintings in vivid red pigment depicted Babylonian gods and rituals. This verse captures how visual media stimulates desire and worship. Judah saw attrac...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Men portrayed upon the wall.**—Such portraitures, with evidence that they were once executed in brilliant colours, are characteristic both of Egypt and Assyria, where stone for sculpture abounded. From the close connection in race and customs between the Assyrians and Babylonians, it cannot be doubted that the same portraitures were also common upon the more perishable brick of the latter, ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34. strong--**as opposed to the power of Israel's oppressor (Re 18:8). **plead ... cause--**as their advocate. Image from a court of justice; appropriate as God delivers His people not by mere might, but by righteousness. His plea against Satan and all their enemies is His own everlasting love, reconciling mercy and justice in the Redeemer's work and person (Mi 7:9; Zec 3:1-5; 1Jo 2:1). **gi...
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Girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look to, after the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, the land of their nativity:

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KJV Study Commentary

Girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes to look upon details military and royal splendor attracting Judah. After the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, the land of their nativity identifies authentic Babylonian warriors. The phrase 'princes to look upon' (<em>mar'eh</em>—appearance) emphasizes visual appeal—they looked impressive, pow...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

35-37. The repetition of "A sword" in the beginning of each verse, by the figure anaphora, heightens the effect; the reiterated judgment is universal; the same sad stroke of the sword is upon each and all connected with guilty Babylon. **wise men--**(Is 47:13). Babylon boasted that it was the peculiar seat of wisdom and wise men, especially in astronomy and astrology.

And as soon as she saw them with her eyes, she doted upon them, and sent messengers unto them into Chaldea. as soon: Heb. at the sight of her eyes

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KJV Study Commentary

And as soon as she saw them with her eyes, she doted upon them captures the immediacy of desire—sight triggered attraction without deliberation. And sent messengers unto them into Chaldea shows transition from attraction to pursuit. Judah initiated contact with Babylon—not Babylonian aggression but Judean infatuation. King Hezekiah's reception of Babylonian envoys (2 Kings 20:12-19) marked this tu...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Saw them with her eyes.**—This is to be taken in a sense wide enough to include knowledge obtained in any way, as well as by actual sight. The intercourse between Judæa and Babylon was so close that many of the people had seen the Babylonians personally, while others knew of them through their report. **Sent messengers.**—Ahaz “sent messengers” to Assyria (2Kings 16:7), and Hezekiah enterta...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

35-37. The repetition of "A sword" in the beginning of each verse, by the figure anaphora, heightens the effect; the reiterated judgment is universal; the same sad stroke of the sword is upon each and all connected with guilty Babylon. **wise men--**(Is 47:13). Babylon boasted that it was the peculiar seat of wisdom and wise men, especially in astronomy and astrology.

And the Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they defiled her with their whoredom, and she was polluted with them, and her mind was alienated from them. Babylonians: Heb. children of Babel alienated: Heb. loosed, or, disjointed

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KJV Study Commentary

And the Babylonians came to her into the bed of love describes Judah receiving what she pursued. The phrase 'bed of love' drips with irony—what she thought would be romantic alliance became violent violation. And they defiled her with their whoredom indicates the very relationship Judah sought corrupted her. Babylonian alliance required religious compromise—acknowledging Babylonian gods, adopting ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **Her mind was alienated.**—The original implies the disgust of satiety. Josiah had been the devoted friend of Babylon, and perished in his zeal on its behalf. Judah was then made a dependency of Egypt, and turned for aid to Babylon. Then receiving in turn the yoke of Babylon, she became impatient, and sought the aid of Egypt. This vacillating policy is described in Ezekiel 23:17-19, and at e...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

35-37. The repetition of "A sword" in the beginning of each verse, by the figure anaphora, heightens the effect; the reiterated judgment is universal; the same sad stroke of the sword is upon each and all connected with guilty Babylon. **wise men--**(Is 47:13). Babylon boasted that it was the peculiar seat of wisdom and wise men, especially in astronomy and astrology.

So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness: then my mind was alienated from her, like as my mind was alienated from her sister.

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KJV Study Commentary

So she discovered her whoredoms, and discovered her nakedness indicates Jerusalem's sin became public, undeniable. The repetition of 'discovered' (Hebrew <em>galah</em>—uncovered, revealed) emphasizes total exposure. Then my mind was alienated from her expresses divine revulsion—God's patience exhausted, affection withdrawn. Like as my mind was alienated from her sister declares Jerusalem's judgme...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**38. drought--**Altering the pointing, this verse will begin as the three previous verses, "A sword." However, all the pointed manuscripts read, "A drought," as English Version. Cyrus turned off the waters of the Euphrates into a new channel and so marched through the dried-up bed into the city (Jr 51:32). Babylonia once was famed for its corn, which often yielded from one to two hundredfold [Her...
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Yet she multiplied her whoredoms, in calling to remembrance the days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of Egypt.

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KJV Study Commentary

Yet she multiplied her whoredoms shows divine alienation didn't stop Jerusalem's pursuit of idols—it accelerated it. In calling to remembrance the days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of Egypt means Jerusalem romanticized origins, returning to Egypt for alliance. When God's presence withdraws, humans don't naturally turn back but plunge deeper into sin. Jeremiah's conte...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**39. wild beasts of the desert--**wild cats, remarkable for their howl [Bochart]. **wild beasts of the islands--**jackals (See on Is 13:21). **owls--**rather, "female ostriches"; they delight in solitary places. Literally, "daughters of crying." Compare as to spiritual Babylon, Re 18:2. **no more inhabited for ever--**The accumulation of phrases is to express the final and utter extinction ...
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For she doted upon their paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses.

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KJV Study Commentary

For she doted upon their paramours intensifies imagery—'paramours' suggests casual, multiple sexual partners. Whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses employs Scripture's most offensive sexual language—comparing Egyptian lovers to animals in lustful virility. This deliberately disgusting imagery forces readers to feel God's revulsion at idolatry. If we're o...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **Their paramours.**—The word is masculine, as indicating the abominable sins copied by the Israelites from the heathen, and asses and horses are introduced to show the intensity of lust. (Comp. Jeremiah 5:8.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

40. (Is 13:19). Repeated from Jr 49:18.

Thus thou calledst to remembrance the lewdness of thy youth, in bruising thy teats by the Egyptians for the paps of thy youth.

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KJV Study Commentary

Thus thou calledst to remembrance the lewdness of thy youth directly accuses Judah of deliberately returning to Egyptian corruption. In that thy teats were bruised by the Egyptians for the paps of thy youth repeats graphic sexual imagery, emphasizing Egypt's formative, violating influence. The progression is clear: early corruption establishes patterns persisting throughout life unless radically t...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

41-43. (Compare Jr 6:22-24). The very language used to describe the calamities which Babylon inflicted on Zion is that here employed to describe Babylon's own calamity inflicted by the Medes. Retribution in kind. **kinds--**the allies and satraps of the various provinces of the Medo-Persian empire: Armenia, Hyrcania, Lydia, &amp;c. **coasts--**the remote parts.

Therefore, O Aholibah, thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will raise up thy lovers against thee, from whom thy mind is alienated, and I will bring them against thee on every side;

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KJV Study Commentary

Therefore, O Oholibah, thus saith the Lord GOD transitions from accusation to sentence. Behold, I will raise up thy lovers against thee announces judgment's mechanism—her chosen allies become destroyers. From whom thy mind is alienated means those she now rejects will return as conquerors. I will bring them against thee on every side describes comprehensive encirclement. God orchestrates historica...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) I** will bring them against thee.**—Here, as everywhere, the fitness of the punishment to the sin, the correlation between them, is strongly brought out. Israel had chosen the idolatries of Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon, and these had drawn down upon her the vengeance of Him in whom alone was her refuge; she had sought strength in their political alliance, and they overwhelmed her with desolati...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

41-43. (Compare Jr 6:22-24). The very language used to describe the calamities which Babylon inflicted on Zion is that here employed to describe Babylon's own calamity inflicted by the Medes. Retribution in kind. **kinds--**the allies and satraps of the various provinces of the Medo-Persian empire: Armenia, Hyrcania, Lydia, &amp;c. **coasts--**the remote parts.

The Babylonians , and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa, and all the Assyrians with them: all of them desirable young men, captains and rulers, great lords and renowned, all of them riding upon horses.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Babylonians, and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa catalogs specific Babylonian military divisions and allied forces. All the Assyrians with them indicates by Nebuchadnezzar's time, Assyria's remnants served Babylon. Desirable young men, captains and rulers, great lords and renowned, all of them riding upon horses lists the same attributes initially attracting Judah (verses 6, 12, 15...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **Pekod, and Shoa, and Koa.**—These words were taken as proper names by our translators, and are still considered by some as indicating small Chaldæan tribes; but it is better, with the Vulg. and most modern commentators, to understand them as the names of officers, “rulers, lords, and nobles.” Shoa is translated “crying” in Isaiah 22:5, “liberal*” *in Isaiah 32:5, and “rich” in Job 34:19; wh...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

41-43. (Compare Jr 6:22-24). The very language used to describe the calamities which Babylon inflicted on Zion is that here employed to describe Babylon's own calamity inflicted by the Medes. Retribution in kind. **kinds--**the allies and satraps of the various provinces of the Medo-Persian empire: Armenia, Hyrcania, Lydia, &amp;c. **coasts--**the remote parts.

And they shall come against thee with chariots, wagons, and wheels, and with an assembly of people, which shall set against thee buckler and shield and helmet round about: and I will set judgment before them, and they shall judge thee according to their judgments.

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KJV Study Commentary

And they shall come against thee with chariots, wagons, and wheels describes siege engines and military technology of Babylonian warfare. And with an assembly of people indicates massive troop numbers. Which shall set against thee buckler and shield and helmet round about details complete military encirclement—defensive equipment becoming offensive as soldiers surround the city. And I will set jud...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **With chariots, wagons, and wheels.**—The word translated “chariots” occurs only here, and is thought to mean some weapon of war. It would be better to translate, *with weapons, chariots, and wheels. *The clause “I will set judgment before them,” is equivalent to *I will entrust to them the judgment upon thee.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

44-46. Repeated mainly from Jr 49:19-21. The identity of God's principle in His dealing with Edom, and in that with Babylon, is implied by the similarity of language as to both.

And I will set my jealousy against thee, and they shall deal furiously with thee: they shall take away thy nose and thine ears; and thy remnant shall fall by the sword: they shall take thy sons and thy daughters; and thy residue shall be devoured by the fire.

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KJV Study Commentary

And I will set my jealousy against thee, and they shall deal furiously with thee reveals divine emotion driving historical events. God's jealousy is righteous zeal for exclusive covenant relationship—not petty envy but holy passion for His glory and His people's exclusive devotion. They shall take away thy nose and thine ears describes literal Babylonian practice—mutilation of captives. Thy remnan...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **Take away thy nose and thine ears.**—The barbarous custom of mutilating prisoners prevailed in the East from the earliest times; it is here mentioned with especial reference to the destruction of the attractiveness of the adulteress Aholibah, and the particulars of Ezekiel 23:26 have the same purpose. (Comp. Ezekiel 16:39.) In Egypt adultery was punished by cutting off the nose and ears.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

44-46. Repeated mainly from Jr 49:19-21. The identity of God's principle in His dealing with Edom, and in that with Babylon, is implied by the similarity of language as to both.

They shall also strip thee out of thy clothes, and take away thy fair jewels. fair: Heb. instruments of thy decking

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KJV Study Commentary

They shall also strip thee out of thy clothes, and take away thy fair jewels pictures total plunder. Nakedness represents complete humiliation and loss of dignity. Fair jewels symbolize wealth, status, and glory—all stripped away. This fulfills covenant curses of Deuteronomy 28:29-35. God warned Moses that disobedience would result in exactly this degradation. Prophetic fulfillment demonstrates co...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

44-46. Repeated mainly from Jr 49:19-21. The identity of God's principle in His dealing with Edom, and in that with Babylon, is implied by the similarity of language as to both.

Thus will I make thy lewdness to cease from thee, and thy whoredom brought from the land of Egypt: so that thou shalt not lift up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more.

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KJV Study Commentary

Thus will I make thy lewdness to cease from thee declares judgment's purpose: eradication of sin. And thy whoredom brought from the land of Egypt emphasizes ancient roots being destroyed. Judgment isn't merely punitive but remedial—it purges. So that thou shalt not lift up thine eyes unto them, nor remember Egypt any more indicates forced separation from idols. When all false hopes are destroyed, ...
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For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will deliver thee into the hand of them whom thou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy mind is alienated:

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KJV Study Commentary

For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will deliver thee into the hand of them whom thou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy mind is alienated repeats verse 22's pronouncement with emphasis. Repetition underscores certainty and irrevocability. God will deliver (<em>natan</em>—give) indicates active divine causation, not passive permission. Judah's hatred and alienation from Babylon doesn't...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 51 Jr 51:1-64. Continuation of the Prophecy against Babylon Begun in the Fiftieth Chapter. **1. in the midst of them that rise ... against me--**literally, "in the heart" of them. Compare Psa 46:2, "the midst of the sea," Margin; Eze 27:4, "the heart of the seas"; Margin; Mt 12:40. In the center of the Chaldeans. "Against Me," because they persecute My people. The cabalistic mode of inter...
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And they shall deal with thee hatefully, and shall take away all thy labour, and shall leave thee naked and bare: and the nakedness of thy whoredoms shall be discovered, both thy lewdness and thy whoredoms.

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KJV Study Commentary

And they shall deal with thee hatefully, and shall take away all thy labour describes vindictive thoroughness of conquest. Hatefully (<em>bessin'ah</em>) indicates personal malice, not merely military necessity. All thy labour refers to generational accumulation—everything built, earned, created would be confiscated. And shall leave thee naked and bare reduces Judah to original nothingness. The na...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. fanners--**(See on Jr 15:7). The fanners separate the wheat from the chaff; so God's judgments shall sweep away guilty Babylon as chaff (Psa 1:4).

I will do these things unto thee, because thou hast gone a whoring after the heathen, and because thou art polluted with their idols.

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KJV Study Commentary

I will do these things unto thee, because thou hast gone a whoring after the heathen directly links punishment to crime. The causal 'because' establishes moral order: specific sins produce specific consequences. Because thou art polluted with their idols specifies contamination requiring judgment. Pollution language comes from priestly purity codes—what is defiled cannot approach God's holiness wi...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. Against him that bendeth--**namely, the bow; that is, the Babylonian archer. **let the archer bend--**that is, the Persian archer (Jr 50:4). The Chaldean version and Jerome, by changing the vowel points, read, "Let not him (the Babylonian) who bendeth his bow bend it." But the close of the verse is addressed to the Median invaders; therefore it is more likely that the first part of the vers...
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Thou hast walked in the way of thy sister; therefore will I give her cup into thine hand.

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KJV Study Commentary

Thou hast walked in the way of thy sister restates Judah's imitation of Israel's sin. Therefore will I give her cup into thine hand introduces the metaphor of the cup of wrath—a common biblical image for divine judgment (Psalm 75:8; Isaiah 51:17; Jeremiah 25:15-28; Revelation 14:10). The cup contains concentrated divine anger against sin. What Israel drank, Judah must drink. Both sisters share the...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

4. (See on Jr 49:26; Jr 50:30; Jr 50:37).

Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou shalt drink of thy sister's cup deep and large: thou shalt be laughed to scorn and had in derision; it containeth much.

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KJV Study Commentary

Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou shalt drink of thy sister's cup deep and large introduces the cup's dimensions—overwhelming judgment. Thou shalt be laughed to scorn and had in derision indicates international mockery. It containeth much describes capacity for wrath. Repetition emphasizes abundance—not a sip but an ocean of judgment. Deep and large together stress inescapability and totality. There's...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(32) **It** **containeth much.**—The cup of humiliation already drunk by Samaria was large, and filled with pain and sorrow, yet Jerusalem must drink it amid the derision of her neighbours.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5. forsaken--**as a widow (Hebrew). Israel is not severed from her husband, Jehovah (Is 54:5-7), by a perpetual divorce. **though ... sin--**though the land of Israel has been filled with sin, that is, with the punishment of their sin, devastation. But, as the Hebrew means "for," or "and therefore," not "though," translate, "and therefore their (the Chaldeans') land has been filled with (the p...
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Thou shalt be filled with drunkenness and sorrow, with the cup of astonishment and desolation, with the cup of thy sister Samaria.

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KJV Study Commentary

Thou shalt be filled with drunkenness and sorrow personalizes the experience. Drunkenness represents loss of control, dignity, and rationality under judgment's weight. Sorrow accompanies utter loss. With the cup of astonishment and desolation describes effects: horror (astonishment) and utter ruin (desolation). With the cup of thy sister Samaria reiterates that Judah's judgment mirrors Israel's. R...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

6. Warning to the Israelite captives to flee from Babylon, lest they should be involved in the punishment of her "iniquity." So as to spiritual Babylon and her captives (Re 18:4).

Thou shalt even drink it and suck it out, and thou shalt break the sherds thereof, and pluck off thine own breasts: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD.

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KJV Study Commentary

Thou shalt even drink it and suck it out stresses compulsion and thoroughness of judgment. Not a drop remains; the cup must be emptied completely. And thou shalt break the sherds thereof describes smashing the cup in anguish—an act of desperate, impotent rage. And pluck off thine own breasts returns to sexual metaphor with self-mutilation imagery, representing self-inflicted anguish and total desp...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

7. Babylon is compared to a cup, because she was the vessel in the hand of God, to make drunken with His vengeance the other peoples (Jr 13:12; 25:15, 16). Compare as to spiritual Babylon, Re 14:8; 17:4. The cup is termed "golden," to express the splendor and opulence of Babylon; whence also in the image seen by Nebuchadnezzar (Da 2:38) the head representing Babylon is of gold (compare Is 14:4).

Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast forgotten me, and cast me behind thy back, therefore bear thou also thy lewdness and thy whoredoms.

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KJV Study Commentary

The covenant curse formula 'because thou hast forgotten me' identifies spiritual amnesia as the root of idolatry. Forgetting God doesn't mean intellectual doubt but practical neglect—living as if God's character, commands, and promises don't matter. 'Cast me behind thy back' depicts deliberate rejection, treating God's revelation as irrelevant. Such unfaithfulness brings inevitable judgment.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

8-9. Her friends and confederates, who behold her fall, are invited to her aid. They reply, her case is incurable, and that they must leave her to her fate. (Is 21:9; Re 14:8; 18:2, 9). **balm--**(Jr 8:22; 46:11).

The LORD said moreover unto me; Son of man, wilt thou judge Aholah and Aholibah? yea, declare unto them their abominations; judge: or, plead for

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KJV Study Commentary

God calls Ezekiel to 'declare unto them their abominations,' emphasizing the prophet's role as covenant prosecutor. The Hebrew 'to'eboth' (abominations) is the strongest term for detestable practices that violate God's holiness. Prophetic ministry must expose sin clearly, not minimize it for comfort. Truth-telling is an act of love that gives opportunity for repentance.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **Wilt thou judge?**—Rather, *judge thou, *as in Ezekiel 20:4; Ezekiel 22:2.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

8-9. Her friends and confederates, who behold her fall, are invited to her aid. They reply, her case is incurable, and that they must leave her to her fate. (Is 21:9; Re 14:8; 18:2, 9). **balm--**(Jr 8:22; 46:11).

That they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands, and with their idols have they committed adultery, and have also caused their sons, whom they bare unto me, to pass for them through the fire, to devour them.

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KJV Study Commentary

That they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands moves from metaphor to literal accusation. Adultery includes both spiritual idolatry and literal sexual immorality in pagan worship. Blood is in their hands refers to violence, injustice, and specifically child sacrifice (verse 39). And with their idols have they committed adultery summarizes spiritual apostasy. And have also caused th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

10. Next after the speech of the confederates of Babylon, comes that of the Jews celebrating with thanksgivings the promise-keeping faithfulness of their covenant God. **brought forth, &amp;c.--**(Psa 37:6). **our righteousness--**not the Jews' merits, but God's faithfulness to Himself and to His covenant, which constituted the "righteousness" of His people, that is, their justification in the...
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Moreover this they have done unto me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths.

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KJV Study Commentary

Moreover this they have done unto me lists additional offenses beyond child sacrifice. They have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my sabbaths details cultic corruption. Defiling the sanctuary means bringing idolatrous practices into temple worship itself. Profaning sabbaths indicates rejecting God's commanded rest and worship. In the same day reveals shocking audacity—they w...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(38) **In the same day.**—This is explained more fully in Ezekiel 23:39. Emphasis is laid upon the fact that they worshipped in the sanctuary of Jehovah in the same day that they offered their children to their idols, because the passing directly from the one to the other showed an utter disregard of the commands of the Lord, and an entire want of appreciation of His character and holiness. The fi...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11. Make bright--**literally, "pure." Polish and sharpen. **gather--**literally, "fill"; that is, gather in full number, so that none be wanting. So, "gave in full tale" (1Sa 18:27). Gesenius, not so well, translates, "Fill with your bodies the shields" (compare So 4:4). He means to tell the Babylonians, Make what preparations you will, all will be in vain (compare Jr 46:3-6). **kings of ......
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For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and, lo, thus have they done in the midst of mine house.

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KJV Study Commentary

For when they had slain their children to their idols establishes temporal sequence—first, child sacrifice. Then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it reveals brazen hypocrisy—murdering children, then immediately entering God's temple. This juxtaposition exposes how thoroughly sin corrupts conscience. And, lo, thus have they done in the midst of mine house states this happened not...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

12. With all your efforts, your city shall be taken. **standard--**to summon the defenders together to any point threatened by the besiegers.

And furthermore, that ye have sent for men to come from far, unto whom a messenger was sent; and, lo, they came: for whom thou didst wash thyself, paintedst thy eyes, and deckedst thyself with ornaments, to come: Heb. coming

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KJV Study Commentary

And furthermore, that ye have sent for men to come from far introduces new accusation—soliciting foreign alliances and their religious practices. Unto whom a messenger was sent details active pursuit. And, lo, they came: for whom thou didst wash thyself, paintedst thy eyes, and deckedst thyself with ornaments describes preparations like a prostitute adorning herself for clients. The imagery is del...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(40) **Paintedst thine eyes.**—The figure is that of a lewd woman preparing herself for her paramour, and awaiting his arrival. Painting the eyes, or rather the lids and lashes, was an ancient custom, still preserved in the East. (Comp. 2Kings 9:30.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13. waters--**(Jr 51:32, 36; see on Is 21:1). The Euphrates surrounded the city and, being divided into many channels, formed islands. Compare as to spiritual Babylon "waters," that is, "many peoples," Re 17:1, 15. A large lake also was near Babylon. **measure--**literally, "cubit," which was the most common measure, and therefore is used for a measure in general. The time for putting a limit ...
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And satest upon a stately bed, and a table prepared before it, whereupon thou hast set mine incense and mine oil. stately: Heb. honourable

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KJV Study Commentary

And satest upon a stately bed pictures a royal reception couch, throne-like furniture for entertaining honored guests. And a table prepared before it indicates banquet setting. And hast set mine incense and mine oil upon it reveals shocking detail: items belonging to God (temple incense and sacred oil) were used to honor foreign guests and their gods. What was consecrated to Yahweh was profaned by...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(41) **A stately bed **is rather the couch or divan used for reclining at a feast. “Mine incense and mine oil” (comp. Ezekiel 16:18) may be taken simply as the products of the land, the good gifts of God which Israel bestowed upon the heathen; but as both of these were especially used in sacrifices, it is better to connect with this the perversion to the worship of the idols of the heathen of what...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**14. by himself--**literally, "by His soul" (2Sa 15:21; He 6:13). **fill ... with caterpillars--**locusts (Na 3:15). Numerous as are the citizens of Babylon, the invaders shall be more numerous.

And a voice of a multitude being at ease was with her: and with the men of the common sort were brought Sabeans from the wilderness, which put bracelets upon their hands, and beautiful crowns upon their heads. of the: Heb. of the multitude of men Sabeans: or, drunkards

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KJV Study Commentary

And a voice of a multitude being at ease was with her describes festive atmosphere—carefree celebration, thoughtless enjoyment. And with the men of the common sort indicates lower-class participants. Were brought Sabeans from the wilderness implies hiring mercenaries or importing foreign entertainment. Which put bracelets upon their hands, and beautiful crowns upon their heads details exchange of ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(42) **A voice of a multitude being at ease was with her.**—The words “voice of a multitude,” wherever else they occur (1Samuel 4:14; Isaiah 13:4; Isaiah 33:3; Daniel 10:6), mean *a loud tumult, *and even the word here used for “multitude,” when alone, always means a boisterous multitude. Translate *The voice of the tumult was stilled thereat: i.e., *the tumult of the invading army was stilled by ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

15-19. Repeated from Jr 10:12-16; except that "Israel" is not in the Hebrew of Jr 51:19, which ought, therefore, to be translated, "He is the Former of all things, and (therefore) of the rod of His inheritance" (that is, of the nation peculiarly His own). In Jr 10:1-25 the contrast is between the idols and God; here it is between the power of populous Babylon and that of God: "Thou dwellest upon m...
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Then said I unto her that was old in adulteries, Will they now commit whoredoms with her, and she with them? whoredoms: Heb. her whoredoms

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KJV Study Commentary

Then said I unto her that was old in adulteries marks Jerusalem as experienced, habitual, persistent in sin. Not a novice or one-time offender but a veteran adulteress, practiced and shameless. Will they now commit whoredoms with her, and she with them? expresses divine astonishment—even now, after all this exposure, will she continue? The question format emphasizes the irrational persistence of s...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(43) **Will they now commit?**—This should not be made a question, nor should the opening of Ezekiel 23:44 be made adversative. The thought is that, after all means of reclamation had failed, God gave her up to her sins. Translate, *Now shall her whoredom be committed, even this. And they went in, &c.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

15-19. Repeated from Jr 10:12-16; except that "Israel" is not in the Hebrew of Jr 51:19, which ought, therefore, to be translated, "He is the Former of all things, and (therefore) of the rod of His inheritance" (that is, of the nation peculiarly His own). In Jr 10:1-25 the contrast is between the idols and God; here it is between the power of populous Babylon and that of God: "Thou dwellest upon m...
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Yet they went in unto her, as they go in unto a woman that playeth the harlot: so went they in unto Aholah and unto Aholibah, the lewd women.

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KJV Study Commentary

Yet they went in unto her strengthens the metaphor—despite everything, her lovers still came to her. As they go in unto a woman that playeth the harlot makes explicit that professional prostitution is the model, not seduced innocence. Jerusalem is not victim but willing participant, indeed active pursuer. So went they in unto Oholah and unto Oholibah, the lewd women emphasizes both sisters' identi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(44) **Unto Aholah and unto Aholibah.**—From Ezekiel 23:11-35 the discourse has been altogether of Aholibah, as the one now immediately concerned; but from Ezekiel 23:36-44, in the enumeration of their sins, both are included, though in the greater part of these verses the singular number is used, because Aholibah was most prominent in the prophet’s thoughts. In the denunciation of judgment, with ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

15-19. Repeated from Jr 10:12-16; except that "Israel" is not in the Hebrew of Jr 51:19, which ought, therefore, to be translated, "He is the Former of all things, and (therefore) of the rod of His inheritance" (that is, of the nation peculiarly His own). In Jr 10:1-25 the contrast is between the idols and God; here it is between the power of populous Babylon and that of God: "Thou dwellest upon m...
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And the righteous men, they shall judge them after the manner of adulteresses, and after the manner of women that shed blood; because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands.

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KJV Study Commentary

And the righteous men, they shall judge them after the manner of adulteresses introduces the executors of judgment. Righteous men here refers not to moral perfection but to those executing just judgment as God's instruments—righteous in judicial function. The Babylonians, though pagan, are 'righteous' in executing God's verdict. And after the manner of women that shed blood details dual charges: a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(45) **The righteous men.**—That is, men to whom the judgment of righteousness is committed.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

15-19. Repeated from Jr 10:12-16; except that "Israel" is not in the Hebrew of Jr 51:19, which ought, therefore, to be translated, "He is the Former of all things, and (therefore) of the rod of His inheritance" (that is, of the nation peculiarly His own). In Jr 10:1-25 the contrast is between the idols and God; here it is between the power of populous Babylon and that of God: "Thou dwellest upon m...
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For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will bring up a company upon them, and will give them to be removed and spoiled. to be: Heb. for a removing and spoil

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KJV Study Commentary

For thus saith the Lord GOD; I will bring up a company upon them announces the mechanism—military invasion. And will give them to be removed and spoiled describes deportation and plunder. Removed (<em>za'avah</em>) indicates terror and trembling; spoiled (<em>baz</em>) means plundered. Both terms were earlier used for Israel's judgment in Deuteronomy 28:25. Covenant curses are fulfilled precisely ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

15-19. Repeated from Jr 10:12-16; except that "Israel" is not in the Hebrew of Jr 51:19, which ought, therefore, to be translated, "He is the Former of all things, and (therefore) of the rod of His inheritance" (that is, of the nation peculiarly His own). In Jr 10:1-25 the contrast is between the idols and God; here it is between the power of populous Babylon and that of God: "Thou dwellest upon m...
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And the company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them with their swords; they shall slay their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire. dispatch: or, single them out

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KJV Study Commentary

And the company shall stone them with stones describes execution method for adultery (Deuteronomy 22:21-24; John 8:5). And dispatch them with their swords adds military slaughter to judicial execution. They shall slay their sons and their daughters extends judgment to the next generation—covenant curses include children (Exodus 20:5). And burn up their houses with fire refers to total urban destru...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(47) **With stones . . . with swords.**—The figure and the reality are here designedly mixed. Stoning was the legal punishment of adultery, but the actual overthrow of Jerusalem was by the sword.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

20. (See on Jr 50:23). "Break in pieces" refers to the "hammer" there (compare Na 2:1, Margin). The club also was often used by ancient warriors.

Thus will I cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to do after your lewdness.

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KJV Study Commentary

Thus will I cause lewdness to cease out of the land states judgment's purpose: eradication of sin. That all women may be taught not to do after your lewdness extends the pedagogical function. Jerusalem's judgment serves as warning to others (compare verse 10). God's judgments are not merely punitive but instructive. When He judges publicly, others should learn vicariously. Corporate judgment teach...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(48) **To cease.**—By the removal of the sinners. “All women,” in accordance with the allegory, means *all nations. *The judgments upon Israel should be then, and for all time, a conspicuous monument of God’s righteous severity.

And they shall recompense your lewdness upon you, and ye shall bear the sins of your idols: and ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD.

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KJV Study Commentary

The covenant formula 'ye shall know that I am the Lord GOD' reveals judgment's pedagogical purpose. God's ultimate goal is that His people recognize His sovereignty, holiness, and covenant faithfulness. Even judgment serves this redemptive purpose. 'Bear the sins of your idols' means experiencing full consequences without blaming God, acknowledging that rebellion brings ruin.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(49) **Bear the sins of your idols**—*i.e.*, the punishment of the sins which you have committed in worshipping your idols. Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Bible Hub

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22. old and young--**(2Ch 36:17).

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