About Ezekiel

Ezekiel proclaimed God's judgment from Babylon, using dramatic visions and symbolic acts, while promising future restoration.

Author: EzekielWritten: c. 593-571 BCReading time: ~4 minVerses: 31
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King James Version

Ezekiel 22

31 verses with commentary

The Sins of Jerusalem

Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,</strong> This standard prophetic formula (<em>vayehi debar-YHWH elai lemor</em>, וַיְהִי דְבַר־יְהוָה אֵלַי לֵאמֹר) introduces Ezekiel's most comprehensive indictment of Jerusalem. The phrase emphasizes divine origin—this is not Ezekiel's opinion but <em>debar-YHWH</em> (דְּבַר־יְהוָה), 'the word of Yahweh,' carrying covenant authority.<b...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

30. (See on Jr 49:8). No conqueror would venture to follow them into the desert.

Now, thou son of man, wilt thou judge, wilt thou judge the bloody city? yea, thou shalt shew her all her abominations. judge: or, plead for bloody: Heb. city of bloods? shew her: Heb. make her know

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now, thou son of man, wilt thou judge, wilt thou judge the bloody city?</strong> God commands Ezekiel with emphatic repetition (<em>hatishpot hatishpot</em>, הֲתִשְׁפֹּט הֲתִשְׁפֹּט) to 'judge, yes judge' the <em>ir ha-damim</em> (עִיר הַדָּמִים), 'city of bloodshed.' This identical phrase appears in Nahum 3:1 for Nineveh, linking Jerusalem's guilt to pagan oppressor-nations.<br><br><stron...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **Wilt thou judge.**—The same expression as in Ezekiel 20:4. (See Note there.) The sense of the margin, “plead for,” is not appropriate here. **Bloody city.**—In Ezekiel 22:2-6 crimes of bloodshed and idolatry are dwelt upon, between which there seems always to have been a close connection. The same words are used in Ezekiel 24:6; Ezekiel 24:9, and in Nahum 3:1.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31. wealthy--**rather, "tranquil" (1Ch 4:40). **neither gates nor bars--**The Arabs, lying out of the track of the contending powers of Asia and Africa, took no measures of defense and had neither walled cities nor gates (Eze 38:11). They thought their scanty resources and wilderness position would tempt no foe. **alone--**separated from other nations, without allies; and from one another sc...
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Then say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD, The city sheddeth blood in the midst of it, that her time may come, and maketh idols against herself to defile herself.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>"Then say thou, Thus saith the Lord GOD, The city sheddeth blood in the midst of it, that her time may come, and maketh idols against herself to defile herself."</strong> Jerusalem's twin crimes—bloodshed and idolatry—bring judgment. "Sheddeth blood in the midst" (<em>shofekhet dam be-tokha</em>, שֹׁפֶכֶת דָּם בְּתוֹכָהּ) indicates violence at the city's heart, not periphery. "Maketh idols...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **That her time may come.—**Her time of punishment. That which will be the inevitable consequence of her acts is represented by a very common figure, as if it were her purpose in doing them. She has been so fully warned of the result that continuance in her course seems to involve the design of bringing on that result.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**32. camels--**their chief possessions; not fields or vineyards. **in utmost ... corners--**who seemed least likely to be dispersed. Or else, "having the hair shaven (or clipped) in angles" (Jr 9:26; 25:23) [Grotius]. **calamity from all sides--**which will force even those in "corners" to "scatter" themselves.

Thou art become guilty in thy blood that thou hast shed; and hast defiled thyself in thine idols which thou hast made; and thou hast caused thy days to draw near, and art come even unto thy years: therefore have I made thee a reproach unto the heathen, and a mocking to all countries.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>"Thou art become guilty in thy blood that thou hast shed; and hast defiled thyself in thine idols which thou hast made; and thou hast caused thy days to draw near, and art come even unto thy years: therefore have I made thee a reproach unto the heathen, and a mocking to all countries."</strong> The accumulated guilt from bloodshed and idolatry brings twofold consequences: temporal (hastene...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Thy days . . . thy years.**—Viz., of judgment and visitation. The Rabbinical commentators interpret the *days *of the destruction of Jerusalem, and the *years *of the captivity in Babylon. **A mocking to all countries.—**This is frequently spoken of in Ezekiel, and is the necessary result in all ages of the contrast between high professions and inconsistent performance. Israel’s law stood fa...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

33. (Mal 1:3).

Those that be near, and those that be far from thee, shall mock thee, which art infamous and much vexed. infamous: Heb. polluted of name, much in vexation

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Those that be near, and those that be far from thee, shall mock thee, which art infamous and much vexed.</strong> Jerusalem's disgrace is comprehensive—both nearby nations and distant kingdoms ridicule her. <em>Temeat ha-shem</em> (טְמֵאַת הַשֵּׁם), 'defiled of name,' indicates ruined reputation; <em>rabbat ha-mehumah</em> (רַבַּת הַמְּהוּמָה), 'great in turmoil/confusion,' describes chaot...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **Infamous and much vexed.**—It is better to omit the words in italics, *which art. *The literal meaning of “infamous” is given in the margin; but the “much vexed” refers to the internal confusion, commotions, and social disorders which characterised the decaying state of the kingdom.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**34. Elam--**part of Susiana, west of Persia proper, but used to designate Persia in general. Elam proper, or Elymais, nearer Judea than Persia, is probably here meant; it had helped Nebuchadnezzar against Judea; hence its punishment. It may have been idolatrous, whereas Persia proper was mainly monotheistic.

Behold, the princes of Israel, every one were in thee to their power to shed blood. power: Heb. arm

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>"Behold, the princes of Israel, every one were in thee to their power to shed blood."</strong> Leadership corruption heads the catalog of sins. "Every one" (<em>ish</em>, אִישׁ) emphasizes individual participation—not isolated cases but systematic abuse. "To their power" (<em>lezero'o</em>, לִזְרֹעוֹ, "according to his arm/strength") indicates leaders used authority for violence rather tha...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **Were in thee to their power.**—The tense is the same with that of the verbs in Ezekiel 22:7, and both should be translated alike; the order of the words should also be changed: “The princes of Israel, every one according to his power, have been in thee to shed blood.” The rulers, who should have preserved order and administered justice, were foremost in deeds of violence. (See the instances ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**35. bow--**Elam was famed for its bowmen (Is 22:6). **chief of their might--**in opposition to "bow," that is, bowmen, who constituted their main strength.

In thee have they set light by father and mother: in the midst of thee have they dealt by oppression with the stranger: in thee have they vexed the fatherless and the widow. oppression: or, deceit

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>"In thee have they set light by father and mother: in the midst of thee have they dealt by oppression with the stranger: in thee have they vexed the fatherless and the widow."</strong> This verse catalogs violated relationships: parents dishonored (violating fifth commandment), strangers oppressed (violating covenant commands protecting foreigners), and orphans/widows exploited (violating ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **By father and mother.**—Filial respect was one of the most frequently enjoined precepts of the law (see Leviticus 19:32; Leviticus 20:9, &c.). So the other sins mentioned in this and the following verses are transgressions of special Divine commands. “Dealt by oppression” is “dealt oppressively” (see Leviticus 19:10; Exodus 22:21; Deuteronomy 24:14, &c.); for “the father less and widow” (Exo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**36. four winds, &amp;c.--**Nebuchadnezzar's army containing soldiers from the four quarters.

Thou hast despised mine holy things, and hast profaned my sabbaths.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Thou hast despised mine holy things, and hast profaned my sabbaths.</strong> <em>Qodashay bazit</em> (קָדָשַׁי בָּזִית), 'my holy things you despised,' refers to sacrifices, offerings, and sacred objects treated with contempt. <em>Shabbetotay chillalt</em> (שַׁבְּתֹתַי חִלָּלְתְּ), 'my sabbaths you profaned,' indicates violating the covenant sign that distinguished Israel from nations (Exo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**37. consumed--**as a distinct nation (Da 8:2-27). Fulfilled under Alexander and his successors.

In thee are men that carry tales to shed blood: and in thee they eat upon the mountains: in the midst of thee they commit lewdness. that: Heb. of slanders

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>In thee are men that carry tales to shed blood</strong>—<em>anshei rakil</em> (אַנְשֵׁי רָכִיל), 'men of slander,' who use false testimony to execute innocent people (cf. 1 Kings 21:10-13, Naboth's murder). Legal systems corrupted by perjury produce judicial bloodshed.<br><br><strong>In thee they eat upon the mountains</strong> refers to idolatrous feasts at high places, combining false wo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

38. I will show Myself King by My judgments there, as though My tribunal were erected there. The throne of Cyrus, God's instrument, set up over Media, of which Elam was a part, may be meant [Grotius]; or rather, that of Nebuchadnezzar (Jr 43:10). Then the restoration of Elam (Jr 49:39) will refer partly to that which took place on the reduction of Babylon by Cyrus, prince of Persia and Media.

In thee have they discovered their fathers' nakedness: in thee have they humbled her that was set apart for pollution.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>In thee have they discovered their fathers' nakedness</strong>—<em>ervat av gillu</em> (עֶרְוַת אָב גִּלּוּ) refers to incestuous relations with a stepmother (Leviticus 18:7-8, 20:11). This specific prohibition protected family structure and honored parental authority.<br><br><strong>In thee have they humbled her that was set apart for pollution</strong> refers to sexual relations with a m...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**39. latter days--**The full restoration belongs to gospel times. Elamites were among the first who heard and accepted it (Ac 2:9).

And one hath committed abomination with his neighbour's wife; and another hath lewdly defiled his daughter in law; and another in thee hath humbled his sister, his father's daughter. one: or, every one another: or, every one lewdly: or, by lewdness

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And one hath committed abomination with his neighbour's wife</strong>—adultery (<em>to'evah</em>, תּוֹעֵבָה), the covenant term for maximum violation. <strong>Another hath lewdly defiled his daughter in law</strong> (<em>kallato timme</em>, כַּלָּתוֹ טִמֵּא)—incest violating Leviticus 18:15. <strong>Another in thee hath humbled his sister, his father's daughter</strong>—another incest cate...
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In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord GOD.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood</strong>—<em>shochad laqu'u</em> (שֹׁחַד לָקְחוּ), 'bribes they took,' corrupting justice to enable murder (Deuteronomy 27:25). <strong>Thou hast taken usury and increase</strong> (<em>neshek ve-tarbit</em>, נֶשֶׁךְ וְתַרְבִּית), two Hebrew terms for interest forbidden between covenant brothers (Leviticus 25:35-37), exploiting vulnerable debtors....
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 50 Jr 50:1-46. Babylon's Coming Downfall; Israel's Redemption. After the predictions of judgment to be inflicted on other nations by Babylon, follows this one against Babylon itself, the longest prophecy, consisting of one hundred verses. The date of utterance was the fourth year of Zedekiah, when Seraiah, to whom it was committed, was sent to Babylon (Jr 51:59, 60). The repetitions in i...
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Behold, therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain which thou hast made, and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Behold, therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain which thou hast made, and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of thee.</strong> The phrase <em>hinneh hiketi khappe</em> (הִנֵּה הִכֵּיתִי כַפִּי), 'behold, I have struck my hand,' is a gesture of judicial determination—God claps hands in resolute judgment (Ezekiel 21:17).<br><br><em>Bits'ek</em> (בִּצְעֵךְ), 'thy disho...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **Smitten mine hand.**—See Note on Eze. Vi. 11, and comp. Ezekiel 22:17 and Ezekiel 22:13.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. Declare ... among ... nations--**who would rejoice at the fall of Babylon their oppressor. **standard--**to indicate the place of meeting to the nations where they were to hear the good news of Babylon's fall [Rosenmuller]; or, the signal to summon the nations together against Babylon (Jr 51:12, 27), [Maurer]. **Bel--**the tutelary god of Babylon; the same idol as the Phoenician Baal, tha...
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Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong, in the days that I shall deal with thee? I the LORD have spoken it, and will do it.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Can thine heart endure, or can thine hands be strong, in the days that I shall deal with thee?</strong> This rhetorical question challenges Jerusalem's capacity to withstand divine judgment. The Hebrew <em>ha'ya'amod libbeka</em> (הֲיַעֲמֹד לִבְּךָ, "will your heart stand/endure?") and <em>ha'techezaqnah yadeka</em> (הֲתֶחֱזַקְנָה יָדֶיךָ, "will your hands be strong?") emphasize both inner...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. a nation--**the Medes, north of Babylon (Jr 51:48). The devastation of Babylon here foretold includes not only that by Cyrus, but also that more utter one by Darius, who took Babylon by artifice when it had revolted from Persia, and mercilessly slaughtered the inhabitants, hanging four thousand of the nobles; also the final desertion of Babylon, owing to Seleucia having been built close by un...
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And I will scatter thee among the heathen, and disperse thee in the countries, and will consume thy filthiness out of thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And I will scatter thee among the heathen, and disperse thee in the countries</strong>—the Hebrew verbs <em>va'hafotzti</em> (וַהֲפִצוֹתִי, "I will scatter") and <em>vehezairotiykha</em> (וְהֵזֵרוֹתִיךְ, "I will disperse") describe violent expulsion, like seed thrown across a field. This was the covenant curse of Deuteronomy 28:64: "The LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the on...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

4. Fulfilled only in part when some few of the ten tribes of "Israel" joined Judah in a "covenant" with God, at the restoration of Judah to its land (Ne 9:38; 10:29). The full event is yet to come (Jr 31:9; Ho 1:11; Zec 12:10). **weeping--**with joy at their restoration beyond all hope; and with sorrow at the remembrance of their sins and sufferings (Ezr 3:12, 13; Psa 126:5, 6). **seek ... Lor...
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And thou shalt take thine inheritance in thyself in the sight of the heathen, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. shalt take: or, shalt be profaned

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And thou shalt take thine inheritance in thyself in the sight of the heathen</strong>—this difficult phrase <em>ve'nechalti bakh le'einei goyim</em> (וְנִחַלְתְּ בָּךְ לְעֵינֵי גוֹיִם) literally means "you will be profaned in yourself before the nations" or "you will take your inheritance in yourself." The ESV renders it: "you shall be profaned by your own doing in the sight of the nations...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Shalt take thine inheritance.—**Rather, *thou shalt be profaned by thyself. *The same word occurs in Ezekiel 7:24, and is there rendered “shall be defiled;” it admits of either sense, according to its derivation. The meaning is that through their own misconduct they forfeit the privileges of a holy nation, and become profaned or dishonoured in the sight of the heathen. The first prophecy of...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5. thitherward--**rather, "hitherward," Jeremiah's prophetical standpoint being at Zion. "Faces hitherward" implies their steadfastness of purpose not to be turned aside by any difficulties on the way. **perpetual covenant--**in contrast to the old covenant "which they brake" (Jr 31:31, &amp;c.; Jr 32:40). They shall return to their God first, then to their own land.

And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,</strong> This prophetic formula (<em>vayehi debar-YHWH elai lemor</em>, וַיְהִי דְבַר־יְהוָה אֵלַי לֵאמֹר) introduces a new oracle—the furnace metaphor (verses 18-22). The repetition of this phrase throughout Ezekiel emphasizes that every word carries divine authority. Ezekiel never speaks from his own imagination but only as God's commissione...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

6. (Is 53:6). **on the mountains--**whereon they sacrificed to idols (Jr 2:20; 3:6, 23). **resting-place--**for the "sheep," continuing the image; Jehovah is the resting-place of His sheep (Mt 11:28). They rest in His "bosom" (Is 40:11). Also His temple at Zion, their "rest," because it is His (Psa 132:8, 14).

Son of man, the house of Israel is to me become dross: all they are brass, and tin, and iron, and lead, in the midst of the furnace; they are even the dross of silver. dross of silver: Heb. drosses, etc

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Son of man, the house of Israel is to me become dross</strong> (<em>ben adam hayu li beit-Yisrael le'sigim</em>, בֶּן־אָדָם הָיוּ לִי בֵית־יִשְׂרָאֵל לְסִגִים). The term <em>sigim</em> (סִגִים) means "dross" or "slag"—the worthless impurities removed during metal refining. Israel, intended to be refined silver (precious metal for God's use), had become entirely waste material. This inverts...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **Become dross.**—The second prophecy (Ezekiel 22:17-22) is occupied with a figure taken from the refining of silver, which is a favourite one with the prophets (see Isaiah 1:25; Jeremiah 6:29; Zechariah 13:9; Malachi 3:3). The peculiar appropriateness of this figure has been often noted in the fact that the completion of the process of refining silver in the furnace was determined by the par...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7. devoured--**(Psa 79:7). "Found them" implies that they were exposed to the attacks of those whoever happened to meet them. **adversaries said--**for instance, Nebuzara-dan (Jr 40:2, 3; compare Zec 11:5). The Gentiles acknowledged some supreme divinity. The Jews' guilt was so palpable that they were condemned even in the judgment of heathens. Some knowledge of God's peculiar relation to Jude...
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Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye are all become dross, behold, therefore I will gather you into the midst of Jerusalem.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because ye are all become dross, behold, therefore I will gather you into the midst of Jerusalem.</strong> The logic is ironic and ominous. One might expect: "Because you are dross, I will discard you." Instead: "Because you are dross, I will gather you." The Hebrew <em>lakhen hineni meqabbets</em> (לָכֵן הִנְנִי מְקַבֵּץ, "therefore behold, I am gatherin...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **Into the midst of Jerusalem.**—Jerusalem is represented as the refining pot into which the people were to be cast, because this was at once their national centre, and also the centre of the war by which they were carried into captivity.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

8. (Jr 51:6, 45; Is 48:20; Zec 2:6, 7; Re 18:4). Immediately avail yourselves of the opportunity of escape. **be as ... he-goats before ... flocks--**Let each try to be foremost in returning, animating the weak, as he-goats lead the flock; such were the companions of Ezra (Ezr 1:5, 6).

As they gather silver, and brass, and iron, and lead, and tin, into the midst of the furnace, to blow the fire upon it, to melt it; so will I gather you in mine anger and in my fury, and I will leave you there, and melt you. As: Heb. According to the gathering

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>As they gather silver, and brass, and iron, and lead, and tin, into the midst of the furnace, to blow the fire upon it, to melt it; so will I gather you in mine anger and in my fury, and I will leave you there, and melt you.</strong> The extended simile draws direct parallels: smelter's action = God's judgment; mixed metals = Jerusalem's population; blowing fire = intensifying heat; meltin...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **I will leave you there.—**Better, *I will cast you in.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9. from thence--**that is, from the north country. **expert--**literally, "prosperous." Besides "might," "expertness" is needed, that an arrow may do execution. The Margin has a different Hebrew reading; "destroying," literally, "bereaving, childless-making" (Jr 15:7). The Septuagint and Syriac support English Version. **In vain--**without killing him at whom it was aimed (2Sa 1:22).

Yea, I will gather you, and blow upon you in the fire of my wrath, and ye shall be melted in the midst thereof.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Yea, I will gather you, and blow upon you in the fire of my wrath, and ye shall be melted in the midst thereof.</strong> This verse intensifies verse 20 with emphatic repetition. The Hebrew <em>ve'khibbatzti</em> (וְכִבַּצְתִּי, "I will gather") with <em>ve'nafachti</em> (וְנָפַחְתִּי, "I will blow") reinforces divine agency. The phrase <strong>"fire of my wrath"</strong> (<em>be'esh ebera...
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As silver is melted in the midst of the furnace, so shall ye be melted in the midst thereof; and ye shall know that I the LORD have poured out my fury upon you.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>As silver is melted in the midst of the furnace, so shall ye be melted in the midst thereof; and ye shall know that I the LORD have poured out my fury upon you.</strong> The simile reaches its climax: as surely as silver melts in intense heat, Jerusalem will be consumed in God's wrath. The comparison to silver (not dross) may indicate residual hope—even what should be precious has been cor...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

11. (Is 47:6). **grown fat--**and so, skip wantonly. **at grass--**fat and frisky. But there is a disagreement of gender in Hebrew reading thus. The Keri is better: "a heifer threshing"; the strongest were used for threshing, and as the law did not allow their mouth to be muzzled in threshing (De 25:4), they waxed wanton with eating. **bellow as bulls--**rather, "neigh as steeds," literally,...
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And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>"And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,"</strong> This formula introduces God's parable of silver refining (22:17-22), emphasizing divine origin. The chapter catalogs Israel's comprehensive sins requiring purging judgment. The prophetic word serves both to indict and instruct—showing what demands judgment while teaching God's purposes through it.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12. Your mother--**Babylon, the metropolis of the empire. **hindermost--**marvellous change, that Babylon, once the queen of the world, should be now the hindermost of nations, and at last, becoming "a desert," cease to be a nation!

Son of man, say unto her, Thou art the land that is not cleansed, nor rained upon in the day of indignation.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Son of man, say unto her, Thou art the land that is not cleansed, nor rained upon in the day of indignation.</strong> Following the furnace metaphor (verses 17-22), this introduces a new image: drought judgment. The Hebrew <em>eretz lo metoharah</em> (אֶרֶץ לֹא מְטֹהָרָה, "land not cleansed") means ritually and morally impure. <strong>"Nor rained upon in the day of indignation"</strong> (<...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **That is not cleansed.**—The third and last Divine communication of this chapter begins with Ezekiel 22:23, and contains a further enumeration of the sins of Israel, showing that they have been committed by all classes alike, and ending, like the others, with the prophecy of the outpouring of God’s wrath. There is much difference of opinion as to the meaning of the clause “that is not cleans...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

13. (Is 13:20).

There is a conspiracy of her prophets in the midst thereof, like a roaring lion ravening the prey; they have devoured souls; they have taken the treasure and precious things; they have made her many widows in the midst thereof.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>There is a conspiracy of her prophets</strong> (קֶשֶׁר נְבִיאֶיהָ, <em>qesher nevi'eha</em>)—the term <em>qesher</em> denotes treasonous plotting, used elsewhere for political coups (2 Kings 15:15). False prophets formed a corrupt cabal, acting <strong>like a roaring lion ravening the prey</strong> (כַּאֲרִי שׁוֹאֵג טֹרֵף טָרֶף). The predatory imagery exposes religious leaders who <strong>...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **A conspiracy of her prophets.**—The opposition of false prophets to the Divine measures for the reformation of the people is continually spoken of (comp. Ezekiel 13, Zephaniah 3:4, and many passages in Jeremiah) as among the most serious obstacles to the work of the true prophets: there is also frequent mention of them in history (1 Kings 22, &c), as they had been foretold from of old in pr...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

14. Summons to the Median army to attack Babylon. **against the Lord--**By oppressing His people, their cause is His cause. Also by profaning His sacred vessels (Da 5:2).

Her priests have violated my law, and have profaned mine holy things: they have put no difference between the holy and profane, neither have they shewed difference between the unclean and the clean, and have hid their eyes from my sabbaths, and I am profaned among them. violated: Heb. offered violence to

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KJV Study Commentary

"Her priests have violated my law, and have profaned mine holy things: they have put no difference between the holy and profane, neither have they shewed difference between the unclean and the clean." Corrupt priests erased distinctions God established, treating sacred and common equally. This profanes God's holiness and misleads people. Pastoral responsibility includes teaching discernment: disti...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Have violated my law.**—The next class to be spoken of, as the next in influence, were the priests. It was their especial office to observe and to teach the distinction between the holy and the unholy (Leviticus 10:10), and to care for the Sabbath. In all they had been unfaithful. (Comp. Micah 3:11; Zephaniah 3:4.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**15. Shout--**Inspirit one another to the onset with the battle cry. **given ... hand--**an idiom for, "submitted to" the conquerors (1Ch 29:24, Margin; La 5:6). **as she hath done, do unto her--**just retribution in kind. She had destroyed many, so must she be destroyed (Psa 137:8). So as to spiritual Babylon (Re 18:6). This is right because "it is the vengeance of the Lord"; but this will n...
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Her princes in the midst thereof are like wolves ravening the prey, to shed blood, and to destroy souls, to get dishonest gain.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Her princes in the midst thereof are like wolves</strong> (זְאֵבִים טֹרְפֵי טָרֶף, <em>ze'evim torefei taref</em>)—the wolf metaphor intensifies. While verse 25's prophets are lions (majestic predators), verse 27's political leaders are wolves (pack hunters, cowardly scavengers). Both <strong>shed blood</strong> (שְׁפָךְ־דָּם, <em>shefakh-dam</em>) and <strong>destroy souls</strong> (אַבֵּ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **Her princes.**—These are not only the kings, but also the nobles and those in authority at court—in other words, the ruling class. Their injustice and violence is a constant theme for prophetic rebuke.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

16. Babylon had the extent rather of a nation than of a city. Therefore grain was grown within the city wall sufficient to last for a long siege [Aristotle, Politics, 3.2; Pliny, 18.17]. Conquerors usually spare agriculturists, but in this case all alike were to be "cut off." **for fear of ... oppressing sword--**because of the sword of the oppressor. **every one to his people--**from which th...
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And her prophets have daubed them with untempered morter, seeing vanity, and divining lies unto them, saying, Thus saith the Lord GOD, when the LORD hath not spoken.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Her prophets have daubed them with untempered morter</strong> (טָפְלוּ תָפֵל, <em>tafelu tafel</em>)—plasterers applying whitewash over cracked walls, cosmetic religion hiding structural rot (see Ezekiel 13:10-15). These prophets <strong>seeing vanity</strong> (חֹזִים שָׁוְא, <em>chozim shav</em>)—false visions, empty revelations—and <strong>divining lies</strong> (קֹסְמִים כָּזָב, <em>qos...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(28) **With untempered morter.**—See Note on Ezekiel 13:10. The prophets are here again spoken of in reference to their powerful influence upon the princes in leading them astray by falsehoods. “Seeing vanity” is an expression for pretended and false visions. (Comp. Ezekiel 13:7; Ezekiel 13:9-10.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17. lions--**hostile kings (Jr 4:7; 49:19). **Assyria--**(2Ki 17:6, Shalmaneser; Ezr 4:2, Esar-haddon). **Nebuchadnezzar--**(2Ki 24:10, 14).

The people of the land have used oppression , and exercised robbery, and have vexed the poor and needy: yea, they have oppressed the stranger wrongfully. oppression: or, deceit wrongfully: Heb. without right

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>"The people of the land have used oppression, and exercised robbery, and have vexed the poor and needy: yea, they have oppressed the stranger wrongfully."</strong> After indicting leaders (princes, priests, prophets), God turns to "people of the land" (<em>am ha-aretz</em>, עַם הָאָרֶץ)—common populace. They practiced oppression, robbery, and exploitation of poor and strangers. This demons...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **The people of the land,**—*i.e.*, the common people, not belonging to any of the above classes. In regard to their general corruption see Ezekiel 18

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18. punish ... king of Babylon--**Nabonidus, or Labynitus. **as ... punished ... Assyrian--**Sennacherib and other kings [Grotius] (2Ki 19:37).

And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it: but I found none.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>"And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it: but I found none."</strong> God's search for an intercessor echoes Abraham (Genesis 18:22-33), Moses (Exodus 32:11-14), and anticipates Christ the mediator. "Make up the hedge" (<em>goder gader</em>, גֹּדֵר גָּדֵר) means repair the breach in protecti...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **Make up the hedge, **is only another form of “stand in the gap,” added for the sake of emphasis. Both refer to intercession for the people (see Psalm 106:23). It is not meant that there was not a single godly man, but not one of such a pure, strong, and commanding character that his intercessions might avert the threatened doom. Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Courtesy of ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

19. (Is 65:10; Eze 34:13, 14).

Therefore have I poured out mine indignation upon them; I have consumed them with the fire of my wrath: their own way have I recompensed upon their heads, saith the Lord GOD.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Therefore have I poured out mine indignation upon them; I have consumed them with the fire of my wrath</strong>—This concluding verse of chapter 22 summarizes Jerusalem's fate. The Hebrew זַעַם (zaʿam, 'indignation') and חֵמָה (ḥēmāh, 'wrath/burning anger') depict God's intense anger at systemic corruption detailed in verses 1-30.<br><br><strong>Their own way have I recompensed upon their ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

20. The specification of "Israel," as well as Judah, shows the reference is to times yet to come. **iniquity ... none--**not merely idolatry, which ceased among the Jews ever since the Babylonian captivity, but chiefly their rejection of Messiah. As in a cancelled debt, it shall be as if it had never been; God, for Christ's sake, shall treat them as innocent (Jr 31:34). Without cleansing away of...
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