About Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy contains Moses' final addresses to Israel, restating the Law and calling the new generation to covenant faithfulness.

Author: MosesWritten: c. 1406 BCReading time: ~5 minVerses: 37
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King James Version

Deuteronomy 2

37 verses with commentary

Journey Through the Wilderness

Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days.

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KJV Study Commentary

The phrase 'we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness' marks the tragic consequence of unbelief—Israel going backward instead of forward into promise. The 'way of the Red Sea' led them away from Canaan, prolonging their journey unnecessarily. This illustrates how disobedience doesn't just delay blessing but actively moves us away from God's purposes. The 'many days' of circling Mount Sei...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

II. (1) **Then.**—In the original simply “And.” There is no note of time. **By the way of the Red sea.**—i.e., in the direction of the Gulf of Akabah, *southwards.* **As the Lord spake unto me.**—In Numbers 14:25, as noted on Deuteronomy 1:40. **Many days.**—Until near the close of the thirty-ninth year of the exodus.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 2 Chapter Outline The Edomites to be spared.(1-7) The Moabites and Ammonites to be spared.(8-23) The Amorites to be destroyed.(24-37) **Verses 1-7** Only a short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness is given. God not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but prepared them for Canaan; by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify th...
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And the LORD spake unto me, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

God's direct speech to Moses after 'many days' of circling shows divine patience but also divine timing—there comes a moment when circling must end. The LORD initiates forward movement, indicating that even after discipline, God doesn't abandon His purposes. His willingness to speak shows grace—He could justly remain silent, but He pursues His covenant people with direction and purpose.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 2 Chapter Outline The Edomites to be spared.(1-7) The Moabites and Ammonites to be spared.(8-23) The Amorites to be destroyed.(24-37) **Verses 1-7** Only a short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness is given. God not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but prepared them for Canaan; by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify th...
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Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward.

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KJV Study Commentary

The command 'Ye have compassed this mountain long enough' combines assessment (enough circling) with directive (turn northward). God's 'enough' marks the end of one season and the beginning of another. The directive to turn 'northward' points toward Canaan, resuming the interrupted mission. This reveals God's redemptive purposes—discipline is temporary and purposeful, not permanent or vindictive. ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward.**—Apparently this command must have been issued when they were in Kadesh the second time, at the commencement of the fortieth year (Numbers 20:1). It was from this encampment that Moses sent messengers to the king of Edom asking permission to pass through his territory. It would be interesting to know *when *it was decided that...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 2 Chapter Outline The Edomites to be spared.(1-7) The Moabites and Ammonites to be spared.(8-23) The Amorites to be destroyed.(24-37) **Verses 1-7** Only a short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness is given. God not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but prepared them for Canaan; by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify th...
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And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore:

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KJV Study Commentary

God's command to inform the people they would 'pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau' establishes boundaries and relationships. Though Edom descended from Esau (Jacob's brother), ethnic connection didn't grant Israel military conquest rights. God's instruction to Israel 'take ye good heed unto yourselves' warns against presumption—not every nation was designated for conquest...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Ye are to pass through the coast.**—Literally, *Ye are passing through the border. *This was apparently said before the permission was asked, and in view of the request made for it (Numbers 20:17). But Edom *refused to let Israel pass through his coast or border *(Numbers 20:21). **They shall be afraid of you.**—According to the prophecy in the song of Moses (Exodus 15:15), “Then the dukes o...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 2 Chapter Outline The Edomites to be spared.(1-7) The Moabites and Ammonites to be spared.(8-23) The Amorites to be destroyed.(24-37) **Verses 1-7** Only a short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness is given. God not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but prepared them for Canaan; by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify th...
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Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth ; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession. no: Heb. even to the treading of the sole of the foot

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KJV Study Commentary

God's explicit prohibition—'Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land'—defines limits to Israel's conquest. The reason given ('I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession') reveals God's sovereignty over all nations, not just Israel. God assigns territories according to His purposes, and Israel must respect His decisions. This prevents presumptuous aggression disguised as ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **I have given mount Seir unto Esau**—It is worthy of notice that the development of Ishmael preceded that of Isaac, and the inheritance of Esau was won earlier than that of Jacob. (Comp. Genesis 25:16 with Genesis 35:23-26, and Genesis 36:31 with Genesis 37:1.) Isaac and Israel were still strangers and sojourners, while the Ishmaelites were princes, with towns and castles, and the Edomites du...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 2 Chapter Outline The Edomites to be spared.(1-7) The Moabites and Ammonites to be spared.(8-23) The Amorites to be destroyed.(24-37) **Verses 1-7** Only a short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness is given. God not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but prepared them for Canaan; by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify th...
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Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink.

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KJV Study Commentary

The command 'Ye shall buy meat of them for money... buy water of them for money' institutes commercial rather than combative relations with Edom. Israel must purchase provisions despite being God's chosen people, teaching humility and respect. The ability to buy implies Israel had acquired wealth (from Egypt and spoils), which they should use righteously. This models ethical conduct even toward th...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **Ye shall buy meat . . . and . . . water.**—Comp. Genesis 14:23, “Lest thou shouldest say, I have made Abram rich,” and Deuteronomy 15:1, “I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 2 Chapter Outline The Edomites to be spared.(1-7) The Moabites and Ammonites to be spared.(8-23) The Amorites to be destroyed.(24-37) **Verses 1-7** Only a short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness is given. God not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but prepared them for Canaan; by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify th...
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For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked nothing.

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KJV Study Commentary

God commands Israel to purchase food and water from Edom rather than take it by force, because 'the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand.' This demonstrates several principles: God's provision for Israel in the wilderness (they had resources to buy supplies), respect for Edomite territory (descended from Esau, Jacob's brother), and trust in God's past faithfulness. The phras...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **The Lord thy God hath blessed thee.**—There is nothing unreasonable in the view suggested by these words, that the Israelites acquired wealth by trade or by ordinary occupations during their wilderness journey. They had skilled workmen among them.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 2 Chapter Outline The Edomites to be spared.(1-7) The Moabites and Ammonites to be spared.(8-23) The Amorites to be destroyed.(24-37) **Verses 1-7** Only a short account of the long stay of Israel in the wilderness is given. God not only chastised them for their murmuring and unbelief, but prepared them for Canaan; by humbling them for sin, teaching them to mortify th...
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And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab.

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KJV Study Commentary

The description of passing 'by the way of the plain from Elath, and from Ezion-gaber' provides specific geographical markers, grounding the narrative in historical reality. Turning toward 'the wilderness of Moab' shows Israel's continued journey northward. Detailed itinerary demonstrates that God's guidance involves concrete, step-by-step direction, not just vague spiritual impressions. God cares ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **When we passed . . . from . . . Esau . . . through the way of the plain from Elath.**—The route from Seir, after Esau’s refusal, was *southward *to Ezion-geber, at the head of the Gulf of Akabah, and Elath, a few miles south-east of Ezion-geber, on the same coast. They then *turned northward, *and going round the territory of Edom, reached the country of Moab.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession. Distress: or, Use no hostility against Moab

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KJV Study Commentary

God's command regarding Moab—'Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle'—extends the same respect given to Edom. Though Moab descended from Lot's incestuous relationship with his daughter (Genesis 19:37), God still recognized their territorial rights. The reason 'I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession' shows God's grace extends beyond perfect origins. God's ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **Distress not the Moabites . . . I have given Ar unto the children of Lot.**—The children of Lot, like those of Ishmael and Esau, had their earthly inheritance *before the children of Abraham.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims;

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KJV Study Commentary

The parenthetical note about the Emims—'The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims'—provides historical background on Moab's land. These giants were displaced by Lot's descendants, showing that God had already given Moab their victory over formidable foes, just as He would do for Israel. This establishes that God's power to defeat giants isn't unique ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10-12) These three verses which follow should be read parenthetically. **The Emims.**—See Genesis 14:5-6, for the first mention of Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, and Horim. (The termination *im *is plural in Hebrew, and, like cherubim, does not need the additional *s.*) These tribes were flourishing in the time of Abraham, but were conquered before the exodus. **The children of Esau succeeded them.**—A pa...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites call them Emims.

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KJV Study Commentary

The identification 'Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites call them Emims' shows different peoples' names for the same reality. The universal recognition of their giant status ('accounted giants') validates the historical reality while the different names (Emims vs. Rephaim) reflects cultural perspective. This linguistic detail demonstrates the historical accuracy and ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto them. succeeded: Heb. inherited stead: or, room

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KJV Study Commentary

The parallel drawn—'The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them'—shows God's pattern of giving nations victory over previous inhabitants. Just as Esau's descendants displaced the Horites and Israel would displace the Canaanites, God orchestrates the rise and fall of peoples according to His purposes. This historical pattern reveals God's active sovereignty in ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered. brook: or, valley

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KJV Study Commentary

The command 'Now rise up... and get you over the brook Zered' marks a turning point—from circling to advancing. The brook Zered served as the boundary between Edomite territory and Moabite lands, representing both geographical progress and the resumption of Israel's forward mission. God's timing for movement is precise—not before readiness, not after opportunity passes. Divine direction includes b...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **Now rise up, said I.**—A continuation of the order in Deuteronomy 2:9. The words “said I” are not needed. **The brook Zered** is not yet identified. (See Numbers 21:12.) Several streams run into the Dead Sea on its eastern side south of Arnon; Zered is possibly one of these. Or it may be a tributary of Arnon, which has one large tributary running from south to north.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as the LORD sware unto them. brook: or, valley

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KJV Study Commentary

The time marker 'the space of thirty and eight years' from Kadesh-barnea to crossing Zered documents the period of wilderness wandering. The sobering fulfillment 'until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host' shows God's judgment was complete and precise. The phrase 'as the LORD sware unto them' confirms God keeps both promises and warnings—His word is reliable fo...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Until we were come over the brook Zered.**—The root *zârad *in Chaldee means *to prune. *The name “Zered” signifies the luxuriant foliage and the young shoots, especially of the willow, which are cut off with the knife: so the Targum takes it (Numbers 21:12). Probably the valley was so named from the “willows of the brook” which grew there. But it was the “valley of pruning” to the “vine” w...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed.

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KJV Study Commentary

The statement 'the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host' attributes the deaths explicitly to divine judgment, not merely natural causes. God's 'hand' signifies His active involvement—these weren't random deaths but purposeful removal of the rebellious generation. This severe language emphasizes sin's seriousness and God's holiness. Yet even judgment served redempt...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **The hand of the Lord was against them.**—The best comment on this discipline is to be found in Psalm 90:8-9, “Thou hast set our iniquities before thee, our secret sins in the light of thy countenance; for all our days are passed away in thy wrath.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Nu 33:16-56. From Sinai to Kadesh and Plains of Moab. **16-37. Kibroth-Hattaavah ("the graves of lust," see on Nu 11:34)--**The route, on breaking up the encampment at Sinai, led down Wady Sheikh; then crossing Jebel-et-Tih, which intersected the peninsula, they descended into Wady Zalaka, pitching successively at two brief, though memorable, stations (De 9:22); then they encamped at Hazeroth ("u...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people,

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KJV Study Commentary

The phrase 'So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people' marks a critical transition—the judgment generation had fully passed, opening the way for renewed blessing. The completion of judgment ('consumed and dead') created space for new beginnings. God's discipline has termination points—consequences run their course, then grace resumes forward movement....
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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That the LORD spake unto me, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

God's renewed communication—'That the LORD spake unto me'—after the generation's death signals fresh direction. The silence during judgment years makes this renewed speech significant—God withdraws communicative intimacy during discipline but restores it when judgment completes. Moses' continued reception of divine revelation despite personal disappointment shows that God's calling continues even ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day:

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KJV Study Commentary

The geographical marker 'Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day' provides specific direction for Israel's movement. The precision of 'this day' emphasizes the immediacy of obedience—when God says 'now,' delayed response equals disobedience. The route through Ar (Moabite territory) required continued restraint despite approaching the promised land. God's paths sometimes lead ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **Ar.**—According to Conder, “Rabbath-Moab,” the present ruin R*abba, *north of Merah.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession.

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KJV Study Commentary

God's instruction regarding Ammon—'distress them not, nor meddle with them'—extends the same restriction placed on Edom and Moab. The reason 'for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession' clarifies divine land distribution. The additional explanation 'because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession' shows God's promises extend beyond Abraham's line...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **And when thou comest nigh.**—Compare Note on Deuteronomy 2:9.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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(That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims;

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KJV Study Commentary

The designation of Ammon as 'a land of giants' reinforces the pattern that God gave various nations victory over formidable inhabitants. The phrase 'giants dwelt therein in old time' establishes historical reality—these weren't myths but actual peoples. The Ammonites' name for them, 'Zamzummims,' preserves cultural memory. This repeated pattern shows God's consistent power to overcome human obstac...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **In old time.**—See Genesis 14 **Zamzummims** = Zuzims (Genesis 14:5).

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead:

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KJV Study Commentary

The description 'A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims' provides comparative analysis—the Zamzummim were equivalent to the dreaded Anakim that terrified Israel's spies. Yet the statement 'the LORD destroyed them before them' shows God gave Ammon complete victory. This deliberate parallel teaches Israel: just as God destroyed giants for Ammon, He will destroy the Anakim for you. Past p...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **The Lord destroyed them before them.**—It is noticeable that the conquest of Canaan is here brought into the domain of common history, by comparison with the conquests of gigantic races accomplished by Edom, Moab, and Ammon. The value of this analogy to Moses and Israel is plain. If the children of Lot, Ishmael, and Esau—who were but Gentiles, although they were Abraham’s seed—were able to ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead even unto this day:

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KJV Study Commentary

The comparison 'As he did to the children of Esau... when he destroyed the Horims from before them' provides another precedent for God empowering nations to displace previous inhabitants. The result 'they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead' describes complete territorial transfer. This historical pattern—repeated with Edom, Moab, Ammon, and now Israel—establishes God's sovereign control over...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.)

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KJV Study Commentary

The note about the Avims and Caphtorims describes yet another historical displacement—'the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.' This reference to non-Israelite conquest (Philistines from Crete/Caphtor displacing Avvites) shows God's sovereignty extends even to peoples outside the covenant narrative. All human history unfolds under divine providenc...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **The Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims . . . destroyed**.—“In Hazerim” should apparently be rendered “in villages.” It does not occur elsewhere as a proper name; it is plural in form, and is found in this sense in some other places. “Azzah,” *i.e., *Gaza. The Caphtorim: comp. Amos 9:7 : “The Philistines from Caphtor.” (See Genesis 10:14.) Some make the country of ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 8-23** We have the origin of the Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites. Moses also gives an instance older than any of these; the Caphtorims drove the Avims out of their country. These revolutions show what uncertain things wordly possessions are. It was so of old, and ever will be so. Families decline, and from them estates are transferred to families that increase; so little continuance...
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Victory over Sihon

Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle. begin: Heb. begin, possess

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KJV Study Commentary

God's command to Israel to 'Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon' marks the transition from peaceful passage through Edom and Moab to military conquest of the Amorite kingdom of Sihon. The phrase 'behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon' uses the prophetic perfect—God speaks of future events as already accomplished, demonstrating His sovereignty. The command to 'contend ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **Pass over . . . Arnon.**—The territory from Arnon northward to Jabbok had been taken from Moab by the Amorites, and was to be possessed by Israel. (See on Numbers 21:24.)

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

God promises to put 'dread of thee and fear of thee upon the nations' who hear of Israel. This divine terror goes beyond natural military intimidation—it's supernatural fear that God Himself places on Israel's enemies (as with Rahab's testimony in Joshua 2:9-11). The phrase 'under the whole heaven' emphasizes the universal scope—news of God's acts on Israel's behalf would spread throughout the kno...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **The fear of thee.**—Compare Exodus 15:15-16 : “All the inhabitants of Canaan shall melt away, fear and dread shall fall upon them.”

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses' message to Sihon—'Let me pass through thy land'—models diplomatic engagement before warfare. The promise 'I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left' offers peaceful passage with clear boundaries. The willingness to 'buy meat... and give me water for money' shows honorable intent—commercial transaction, not exploitation. Warfare should be last r...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Kedemoth.**—Mentioned as a city in the plain of Jordan, belonging to Heshbon (Joshua 13:18). **Words of peace.**—By this message Sihon was excepted from the catalogue of the doomed kings and nations, according to the distinction drawn in Deuteronomy 20:10-11; Deuteronomy 20:15-16. He therefore brought his fate upon himself. He was offered the privileges of the Moabites whom he had conquered...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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Let me pass through thy land: I will go along by the high way , I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left.

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KJV Study Commentary

The repeated appeal 'only I will pass through on foot' emphasizes humble, non-threatening passage. Referencing Edom and Moab's permission ('as the children of Esau... and the Moabites... did unto me') provides precedent—others allowed passage, why not Sihon? The ultimate goal 'until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us' grounds the request in God's promise. Trans...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet;

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KJV Study Commentary

Sihon's refusal had divine causation: 'the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate.' This sovereign hardening (like Pharaoh's) served God's purpose 'that he might deliver him into thy hand.' God's hardening doesn't violate human will but confirms existing disposition, turning rebellion into occasion for judgment. This raises profound questions about divine sovereignty and hu...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**50-53. ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you--**not, however, by expulsion, but extermination (De 7:1). **and destroy all their pictures--**obelisks for idolatrous worship (see on Le 26:1). **and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places--**by metonymy for all their groves and altars, and materials of worship on the tops of hills...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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(As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us.

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KJV Study Commentary

God's declaration 'Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee' announces imminent victory before battle commenced. The command 'begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land' shows that divine gift requires human appropriation—God gives, we must take. The word 'begin' indicates this is first in a series of conquests. Each victory builds momentum and faith for the next challe...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **Until I shall pass over Jordan.**—This was already determined.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**50-53. ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you--**not, however, by expulsion, but extermination (De 7:1). **and destroy all their pictures--**obelisks for idolatrous worship (see on Le 26:1). **and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places--**by metonymy for all their groves and altars, and materials of worship on the tops of hills...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day.

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KJV Study Commentary

Sihon's aggressive response—'he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz'—initiated warfare, not Israel's invasion. Sihon's choice to attack rather than allow passage sealed his doom. The specification of location (Jahaz) grounds the narrative in historical reality. God's purposes sometimes advance through enemies' hostile choices—what they intend for evil, God uses for His people's good.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **The Lord thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate.**—Jehovah gave the strength to Sihon, as He had done to Pharaoh, and as He does to all. Sihon was responsible for using the strength which God gave him in opposition to the Divine purposes. To “harden*” *a man’s spirit is not necessarily a moral process any more than the hardening of steel. “*Made obstinate*” is the same ve...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**50-53. ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you--**not, however, by expulsion, but extermination (De 7:1). **and destroy all their pictures--**obelisks for idolatrous worship (see on Le 26:1). **and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places--**by metonymy for all their groves and altars, and materials of worship on the tops of hills...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land.

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KJV Study Commentary

God's promise 'Behold, I have begun to deliver him and his land before thee' emphasizes ongoing divine action—'begun to deliver' points to process, not just event. The present tense invitation 'begin to possess' shows simultaneity of divine giving and human taking. God's action precedes and enables ours, yet both are necessary. This models the synergy between divine sovereignty and human responsib...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **Behold, I have begun to give Sihon.**—Notice that in all the conquests of Israel Jehovah gave the order to begin the attack. (See Deuteronomy 7:2, and Note on Joshua 13:1.)

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**50-53. ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you--**not, however, by expulsion, but extermination (De 7:1). **and destroy all their pictures--**obelisks for idolatrous worship (see on Le 26:1). **and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places--**by metonymy for all their groves and altars, and materials of worship on the tops of hills...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz.

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KJV Study Commentary

Sihon's mobilization of 'all his people to battle' demonstrates total commitment to resist Israel. The specific location 'at Jahaz' allows historical verification. The phrase 'came out against us' emphasizes that Sihon initiated hostilities—Israel's warfare was defensive and divinely authorized. This distinction matters theologically and ethically—God's people don't seek conquest for conquest's sa...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**54. ye shall divide the land by lot--**The particular locality of each tribe was to be determined in this manner while a line was to be used in measuring the proportion (Jos 18:10; Psa 16:5, 6).

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people.

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KJV Study Commentary

The declaration 'the LORD our God delivered him before us' credits God as the source of victory. The comprehensive result 'we smote him, and his sons, and all his people' indicates total defeat—no successor remained to continue resistance. This completeness prevented future rebellion and secured permanent possession. When God gives victory, it's thorough, leaving no partial threats to future secur...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(33) **And his sons.**—As the Hebrew is *written, *it should be *his son *(possibly a person of distinction).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**55. But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from before you--**No associations were to be formed with the inhabitants; otherwise, "if ye let remain, they will be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides"--that is, they would prove troublesome and dangerous neighbors, enticing to idolatry, and consequently depriving you of the divine favor and blessing. The neglect of the co...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain: the men: Heb. every city of men, and women, and little ones

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KJV Study Commentary

The systematic conquest 'we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city' describes herem warfare's complete nature. The exception 'we left none to remain' emphasizes thoroughness. This severe judgment served multiple purposes: punishing incorrigible wickedness, preventing cultural contamination, and ensuring Israel's security. ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(34) **And utterly destroyed.**—i.e., *devoted *to destruction. They made them *chêrem, *like the spoil of Jericho. This could only be by Divine direction. The word implies nothing less. It will be seen, therefore, that the narrative asserts in this case an extermination of Sihon’s people by the express command of Jehovah.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took.

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KJV Study Commentary

The preservation of resources—'only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities'—shows that herem targeted moral corruption, not economic destruction. Material goods could be purified and repurposed for God's people. This distinction teaches that not everything in the world is irredeemable—some things can be sanctified and used for holy purposes once separated from co...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us:

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KJV Study Commentary

The geographical summary 'From Aroer... even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us' emphasizes the comprehensive nature of victory. The phrase 'not one city too strong' testifies to God's overwhelming power—no human defense could withstand divine purposes. The attribution 'the LORD our God delivered all unto us' ensures proper credit. Human strength is irrelevant when God determine...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **Aroer.**—According to Conder, “the ruin ‘Ar ‘Air, on the north bank of Wâdy Môjib.” (But he makes the Aroer of Numbers 32:34 a different place, and marks it as unknown. Why?) **The city that is by the river.**—The description suggests Rabbath-ammon, but this cannot be referred to here. Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Bibl...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us.

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KJV Study Commentary

The exception—'Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not'—demonstrates Israel's obedience to God's earlier prohibition (Deuteronomy 2:19). Despite military momentum and capability, Israel respected God's boundaries regarding Ammon. The specificity 'nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains' shows detailed compliance. True faith obeys God's 'no' ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 34 Nu 34:1-29. The Borders of the Land of Canaan. **2. this is the ... land of Canaan--**The details given in this chapter mark the general boundary of the inheritance of Israel west of the Jordan. The Israelites never actually possessed all the territory comprised within these boundaries, even when it was most extended by the conquests of David and Solomon.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-37** God tried his people, by forbidding them to meddle with the rich countries of Moab and Ammon. He gives them possession of the country of the Amorites. If we keep from what God forbids, we shall not lose by our obedience. The earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof; and he gives it to whom he pleases; but when there is no express direction, none can plead his grant for such...
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