About 1 Samuel

1 Samuel records the transition from judges to monarchy, including Samuel's ministry, Saul's rise and fall, and David's anointing.

Author: Samuel, Nathan, GadWritten: c. 1050-900 BCReading time: ~7 minVerses: 52
TransitionKingshipObedienceRejectionGod's SovereigntyHeart

King James Version

1 Samuel 14

52 verses with commentary

Jonathan's Bold Attack

Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side . But he told not his father. it came: or, there was a day

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's initiative - 'Come, and let us go over to the Philistines' garrison' - contrasts dramatically with Saul's passivity. The young prince acts without ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **Now it came to pass.**—As if in strong contrast to Saul—who at Gilgal openly made light of the supernatural assistance promised by Samuel, showing plainly by his conduct on that memorable occasion that he hardly believed in the part the invisible King had laken in the history of the people—the action of Jonathan at Michmash, which led to the rout of the Philistine army, is related with some ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20. Eli blessed Elkanah and his wife--**This blessing, like that which he had formerly pronounced, had a prophetic virtue; which, before long, appeared in the increase of Hannah's family (1Sa 2:21), and the growing qualifications of Samuel for the service of the sanctuary.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men;

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul tarried in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron: and the people that were with him were about six hundred men;</strong><br><br>While Jonathan prepares to advance, Saul 'tarried' (<em>yoshev</em>) 'in the uttermost part of Gibeah under a pomegranate tree.' The contrast could not be sharper: the king sits passively while his son advances in faith....
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **Under a pomegranate tree.**—The love of Saul for trees, which was so common among the children of Israel, has been noticed. (See again 1 Samuel 22, 1Samuel 14:6. The king is spoken of as under the tamarisk of Ramali; Deborah is specially mentioned as judging Israel under the palm-tree in Beth-el.)

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, Ichabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD'S priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone. Ahiah: called Ahimelech

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, I-chabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD'S priest in Shiloh, wearing an ephod. And the people knew not that Jonathan was gone.</strong><br><br>The genealogy of Ahijah connects back to Eli's doomed house - he is 'I-chabod's brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of Eli.' The ephod he wears represents legitimate priestly access to divine ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Ahiah, the son of Ahitub.**—The Chronicles, rehearsing these facts, show us what a terrible impression the last events in Eli’s reign as high priest had made in Israel. The destruction of Shiloh, the death of the high priest, the fall of Phinehas and his brother in battle, the melancholy circumstances of the birth of I-chabod, were still fresh in the memory of the people. Well might Jonathan...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-24. the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle--**This was an institution of holy women of a strictly ascetic order, who had relinquished worldly cares and devoted themselves to the Lord; an institution which continued down to the time of Christ (Lu 2:37). Eli was, on the whole, a good man, but lacking in the moral and religious training of his family. He erred on the side of pare...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side: and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.</strong><br><br>The detailed topography - 'a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side' named Bozez and Seneh - emphasizes the imposs...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Bozez . . . Seneh.**—These names are of extreme antiquity. Their signification is disputed. Possibly Bozez signifies “shining,” and Seneh “the accacia.” These rocks have been identified by modern travellers.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-24. the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle--**This was an institution of holy women of a strictly ascetic order, who had relinquished worldly cares and devoted themselves to the Lord; an institution which continued down to the time of Christ (Lu 2:37). Eli was, on the whole, a good man, but lacking in the moral and religious training of his family. He erred on the side of pare...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah. forefront: Heb. tooth

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The forefront of the one was situate northward over against Michmash, and the other southward over against Gibeah.</strong><br><br>The orientation of the crags - 'northward over against Michmash' and 'southward over against Gibeah' - positions them as barriers between the Israelite camp and the Philistine garrison. Jonathan must traverse this obstacle course while exposed to enemy observat...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22-24. the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle--**This was an institution of holy women of a strictly ascetic order, who had relinquished worldly cares and devoted themselves to the Lord; an institution which continued down to the time of Christ (Lu 2:37). Eli was, on the whole, a good man, but lacking in the moral and religious training of his family. He erred on the side of pare...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan said to the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over unto the garrison of these uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the LORD to save by many or by few.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's statement to his armor-bearer contains profound theology: 'it may be that the LORD will work for us: for there is no restraint to the ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **And Jonathan said.**—This companion in arms answered to the esquire of the knight of the middle ages. Gideon, Joab, David, and others of the famous Israelite warriors, were constantly accompanied in a similar manner by an armour-bearer. **Come, and let us go over.**—Although in this history of the great deed of Jonathan there is no mention of the “Spirit of the Lord” having come upon him, as...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**25. they hearkened not unto the voice of their father, because--**it should be therefore. **the Lord would slay them--**It was not God's preordination, but their own wilful and impenitent disobedience which was the cause of their destruction. 1Sa 2:27-35. A Prophecy against Eli's House.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And his armourbearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart.</strong><br><br>The armor-bearer's response - 'Do all that is in thine heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart' - models faithful followership. He commits fully to Jonathan's initiative without demanding guarantees of success. The phrase 'acco...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Turn thee.**—The very words of the prince’s armour-bearer seem to have been preserved; the expression is a colloquial one, and is rendered here literally. It signifies, “Go on; I will follow.” (8) **Behold, we will pass over.**—The steep crag upon which the Philistine outpost was entrenched was across a deep ravine, or chasm, which separated the hostile armies. (9) **If they say thus unto us...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said Jonathan, Behold, we will pass over unto these men, and we will discover ourselves unto them.</strong><br><br>Jonathan proposes a sign (<em>ot</em>) to determine God's will: they will reveal themselves to the Philistines and interpret their response as divine guidance. This seeking of confirmation demonstrates that faith ventures should not proceed on mere impulse but seek God's ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**27. there came a man of God unto Eli, and said ... that there shall not be an old man in thine house--**So much importance has always, in the East, been attached to old age, that it would be felt to be a great calamity, and sensibly to lower the respectability of any family which could boast of few or no old men. The prediction of this prophet was fully confirmed by the afflictions, degradation,...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them. Tarry: Heb. Be still

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>If they say thus unto us, Tarry until we come to you; then we will stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them.</strong><br><br>The first possible response - 'Tarry until we come to you' - would indicate waiting, not advancing. Jonathan interprets this as a sign to 'stand still in our place, and will not go up unto them.' The Hebrew <em>amad</em> ('stand still') suggests maintai...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us.</strong><br><br>The confirming sign - 'Come up unto us' - is interpreted as divine guarantee: 'the LORD hath delivered them into our hand.' The Philistine challenge, humanly a tactical advantage (forcing attackers to climb toward defended positions), ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And both of them discovered themselves unto the garrison of the Philistines: and the Philistines said, Behold, the Hebrews come forth out of the holes where they had hid themselves.</strong><br><br>Jonathan and his armor-bearer 'discovered themselves' (<em>galah</em>) - made themselves known, exposed themselves to danger. The Philistines' contemptuous response - 'Behold, the Hebrews come f...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **And the Philistines said . . . **—Easily might the sentinels of the outpost have rolled stones down the steep cliff, and hurled back the daring assailants; but they treated them with utter contempt, probably thinking to take them alive if ever they succeeded in scaling the slippery cliff.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer , and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer , Come up after me: for the LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the men of the garrison answered Jonathan and his armourbearer, and said, Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing. And Jonathan said unto his armourbearer, Come up after me: for the LORD hath delivered them into the hand of Israel.</strong><br><br>The garrison's mocking invitation - 'Come up to us, and we will shew you a thing' - provides the exact sign Jonathan sought. Their words...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31. I will cut off thine arm, and the arm of thy father's house--**By the withdrawal of the high priesthood from Eleazar, the elder of Aaron's two sons (after Nadab and Abihu were destroyed, [Nu 3:4]), that dignity had been conferred on the family of Ithamar, to which Eli belonged, and now that his descendants had forfeited the honor, it was to be taken from them and restored to the elder branch...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jonathan climbed up upon his hands and upon his feet, and his armourbearer after him: and they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's climb 'upon his hands and upon his feet' pictures the physical difficulty of the ascent. The immediate result - 'they fell before Jonathan; and his armourbearer slew after him' - describes devastating effect...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **And they fell before Jonathan . . .**—The sign he prayed for was given him. There were probably but few sentinels at their posts; the inaccessibility of the craggy fortress had lulled the garrison into security. The few watching him at first mocked, and then, as Jonathan advanced with strange rapidity, they seem to have been, as it were, paralysed—the feat was hardly human—as the man, all a...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**32. thou shalt see an enemy in my habitation--**A successful rival for the office of high priest shall rise out of another family (2Sa 15:35; 1Ch 24:3; 29:22). But the marginal reading, "thou shalt see the affliction of the tabernacle," seems to be a preferable translation.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow. an: or, half a furrow of an acre of land

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And that first slaughter, which Jonathan and his armourbearer made, was about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land, which a yoke of oxen might plow.</strong><br><br>The 'first slaughter' killed 'about twenty men, within as it were an half acre of land.' This initial victory, achieved by two men against an entrenched garrison, triggers the larger divine intervention that follo...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **And that first slaughter . . .**—Considerable doubt exists as to the exact meaning of this verse. The LXX. either had here a different text before them, or else translated, as has been suggested, “conjecturally, what they did not understand;” their rendering is “about twenty men, with darts and slings and stones of the field.” Ewald explains the Hebrew words as follows: “At the very beginni...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling. a very: Heb. a trembling of God

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And there was trembling in the host, in the field, and among all the people: the garrison, and the spoilers, they also trembled, and the earth quaked: so it was a very great trembling.</strong><br><br>The Hebrew <em>charadah</em> ('trembling') spread through every level of Philistine forces: 'in the host, in the field, and among all the people.' Even the garrison and the raiding parties ex...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **And there was trembling in the host.**—The rest of the outpost garrison, panic-stricken, escaped to the other camp of the main body of the host, spreading dismay as they fled. **And the earth quaked . . .**—To add to the dire confusion, an earthquake was felt, which completed the discomfiture of the Philistines; they perceived that some Divine power was fighting against them, and all the st...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 14 Chapter Outline Jonathan smites the Philistines.(1-15) Their defeat.(16-23) Saul forbids the people to eat till evening.(24-35) Jonathan pointed out by lot.(36-46) Saul's family.(47-52) **Verses 1-15** Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see themselves out of God's protection. Now he...
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And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked; and, behold, the multitude melted away, and they went on beating down one another.</strong><br><br>Saul's watchmen observe the Philistine army 'melting away' (<em>namog</em>) - dissolving, dissipating like morning mist. The 'multitude' that had seemed overwhelming in chapter 13 now disperses and disintegrates. From Gibeah of Benjamin, ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **And the watchmen of Saul in Gibeah of Benjamin looked . . .**—The distance between the outposts of the little Israelite army and the vast Philistine host was only about two miles, but a deep ravine or chasm lay between them. The watchmen of Saul were well able to see the scene of dire confusion in the outposts, a confusion which they could discern was rapidly spreading through the more dist...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us. And when they had numbered, behold, Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there.</strong><br><br>Saul's command to 'Number now, and see who is gone from us' seeks information when action is needed. The discovery that 'Jonathan and his armourbearer were not there' reveals Saul was ignorant of the ve...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **Then said Saul . . .**—When this panic which was taking place in the Philistine army was reported to King Saul, he naturally inquired as to what had caused it, knowing that he, as general-in-chief, had given no directions to any of his men to attack the enemy. In the little Israelitish force, when the roll was called, it was soon discovered who was missing.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul said unto Ahiah, Bring hither the ark of God. For the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel.</strong><br><br>Saul's request for 'the ark of God' indicates desire for divine guidance through proper religious channels. Yet his consultation contrasts with Jonathan's active faith. The note that 'the ark of God was at that time with the children of Israel' marks a cha...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **And Saul said unto Ahiah . . .**—The LXX. renders here, “And Saul said to Ahijah, Bring hither the ephod; for he bore the ephod in those days before the children of Israel.” This is a statement easily to be understood. Saul was in doubt what to do under the present emergency. Should he—seeing the panic that was evidently increasing in the Philistine camp, and knowing nothing of the cause, o...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand. noise: or, tumult

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass, while Saul talked unto the priest, that the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased: and Saul said unto the priest, Withdraw thine hand.</strong><br><br>As Saul consults with the priest, 'the noise that was in the host of the Philistines went on and increased.' Divine action outpaces Saul's deliberation. His command 'Withdraw thine hand' int...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **Withdraw thine hand.**—The instinct of the general, as we should expect from the character of Saul, soon got the better of his first desire for some Divine guidance. His watchful eye saw that the confusion in the Philistine camp was increasing; now was the moment for his little compact force to throw itself into the melée; so he at once bids Ahijah, the priest of the Lord, to put up the Uri...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 3 1Sa 3:1-10. The Lord Appears to Samuel in a Vision. **1. the child Samuel ministered unto the Lord before Eli--**His ministry consisted, of course, of such duties in or about the sanctuary as were suited to his age, which is supposed now to have been about twelve years. Whether the office had been specially assigned him, or it arose from the interest inspired by the story of his birt...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. assembled: Heb. were cried together

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul and all the people that were with him assembled themselves, and they came to the battle: and, behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.</strong><br><br>Saul's forces assemble and enter a battle already won: 'every man's sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture.' The Hebrew <em>mehumah</em> ('discomfiture...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **Assembled themselves.**—In the margin of the English Version we find “were cried together,” that is, “were assembled by the trumpet call.” The Syriac and Vulg., however, more accurately render the Hebrew *shouted, *that is, raised the war-cry of Israel. **Every man’s sword was against his fellow.—**The statement in the next verse (21) explains this. Profiting by the wild confusion which rei...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that time, which went up with them into the camp from the country round about, even they also turned to be with the Israelites that were with Saul and Jonathan.</strong><br><br>The 'Hebrews that were with the Philistines beforetime' - Israelites who had defected or served the enemy - now 'turned to be with the Israelites.' Military...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **Moreover the Hebrews that were with the Philistines.**—These Israelites were, most likely, prisoners who had been compelled to fight against their countrymen, or were levies raised in those parts of the land more immediately under Philistine influence. These, we read, took the first opportunity to go over to Saul. Other Israelites—probably the men of whole villages, who had been compelled, ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the Lord--**The "temple" seems to have become the established designation of the tabernacle, and the time indicated was towards the morning twilight, as the lamps were extinguished at sunrise (see Le 6:12, 13).

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Likewise all the men of Israel which had hid themselves in mount Ephraim, when they heard that the Philistines fled, even they also followed hard after them in the battle.</strong><br><br>Those who had 'hid themselves in mount Ephraim' - the frightened Israelites of 13:6 who fled to caves and pits - now 'heard that the Philistines fled' and 'followed hard after them in the battle.' The Heb...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Bethaven.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So the LORD saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Beth-aven.</strong><br><br>The narrator's theological summary - 'So the LORD saved Israel that day' - attributes victory entirely to divine action despite the human participants. The Hebrew <em>yasha</em> ('saved') declares Yahweh as sole deliverer. The battle 'passed over unto Beth-aven' indicates pursuit extending miles w...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **So the Lord saved Israel . . .—**The identical words used at the Red Sea, after the deliverance of the people from Egypt. So the battle rolled westward through Beth-aven, past city and village, over Mount Ephraim. It was a decisive victory, crushing in its results to the Philistines, who were driven back so effectually as not to re-appear till the close of Saul’s reign. The king was now at ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 16-23** The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy, that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such haste, no...
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Saul's Rash Oath

And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the men of Israel were distressed that day: for Saul had adjured the people, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies. So none of the people tasted any food.</strong><br><br>Saul's oath - 'Cursed be the man that eateth any food until evening, that I may be avenged on mine enemies' - represents characteristic overreach. The phra...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **And the men of Israel were distressed that day.**—The LXX., between the 23rd and 24th verses, has a somewhat long addition: “And the whole people was with Saul, about ten thousand men; and the battle spread in the whole city, in the mountains of Ephraim; and Saul committed a great error.” The number 10,000 is not an improbable one, as the original small force which had kept with Saul and Jo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey upon the ground.</strong><br><br>The narrative describes abundant provision - 'there was honey upon the ground' - that Saul's oath forbade the troops to enjoy. Honey dripping in the forest pictures God's blessing available but prohibited by human decree. The irony deepens: God provides strength for battle, but the king's command ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **And all they of the land came to a wood.**—In the wilder parts of the land the old woods were not yet cleared. There seems to have been once in that favoured land an abundance of woods. **And there was honey . . .**—The wild bees, as has been often seen in the American forests, fill the hollow trees with honey, till the combs, breaking with the weight, let the honey run down upon the ground...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when the people were come into the wood, behold, the honey dropped; but no man put his hand to his mouth: for the people feared the oath.</strong><br><br>The people's fear of Saul's curse overpowers their physical need: they see 'the honey dropped' but 'no man put his hand to his mouth.' The Hebrew emphasizes restraint despite extreme temptation - honey literally dripping before exhaus...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Behold, the honey dropped.**—Literally,. *Behold, a stream of honey.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb , and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people with the oath: wherefore he put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand, and dipped it in an honeycomb, and put his hand to his mouth; and his eyes were enlightened.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's ignorance of the oath - 'Jonathan heard not when his father charged the people' - creates dramatic tension. He takes honey freely, and ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **He put forth the end of the rod.**—Most likely, with the point of his staff took up a piece of the honeycomb. Jonathan in that hurried battle and pursuit had heard nothing of his father’s rash oath, and was, no doubt, owing to his exertions in the earlier part of that eventful day, worn out with fatigue and hunger. **And his eyes were enlightened.**—This simply means that the natural dimnes...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint. faint: or, weary

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then answered one of the people, and said, Thy father straitly charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed be the man that eateth any food this day. And the people were faint.</strong><br><br>A soldier informs Jonathan of the oath and curse, adding 'the people were faint.' This addition indicts Saul - his command for religious discipline has weakened rather than strengthened his army. ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(28) **Then answered one of the people.**—Most probably, in reply to Jonathan’s pointing out the plentiful supply of honey, and inviting the soldiers near him to refresh themselves with it. The words “and the people were faint,” at the close of the verse, should be rendered, *and the people are faint; *they were part of the speech of the soldier who was telling Jonathan of his father’s rash oath.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: see, I pray you, how mine eyes have been enlightened, because I tasted a little of this honey.</strong><br><br>Jonathan's response - 'My father hath troubled the land' - directly challenges royal authority. The Hebrew <em>akar</em> ('troubled') is the same word used for Achan's sin (Joshua 7:25), suggesting the oath brings corporate har...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **My father hath troubled the land.**—In other words, “My father’s ill-considered vow has done-grave harm to us in Israel. Had he not weakened the people, by hindering them from taking the needful refreshment, our victory would have been far more complete. Utter exhaustion has prevented us from following up our victory.”

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies which they found? for had there not been now a much greater slaughter among the Philistines?</strong><br><br>Jonathan extends his critique: 'How much more, if haply the people had eaten freely to day of the spoil of their enemies?' He argues that the oath not only harmed the army but limited the victor...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon: and the people were very faint.</strong><br><br>Despite their faint condition, the Israelites 'smote the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon.' The distance - approximately 15 miles of difficult terrain - demonstrates significant victory despite Saul's interference. However, at the end 'the people were very faint,' ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **From Michmash to Aijalon.**—The battle and pursuit had then extended some twenty miles of country. Again the extreme weariness of the Israelites is mentioned. Aijalon, the modern Yälo, is some eighteen or twenty miles from Michmash, where the main body of the Philistine army had been encamped.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the people flew upon the spoil, and took sheep, and oxen, and calves, and slew them on the ground: and the people did eat them with the blood.</strong><br><br>The consequence of Saul's oath: 'the people flew upon the spoil' and ate animals 'with the blood.' Extreme hunger from enforced fasting drives the people to violate Levitical law (Leviticus 17:10-14). Saul's attempt at extraordin...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(32) **And the people flew upon the spoil . . . **—No doubt, had the men of Israel not been so faint for want of food, and utterly weary, many more of the Philistine host would have fallen: as it was, vast spoil was left behind in the hurried flight; but it was the beasts that the conquerors greedily seized, their hunger was so great. “The moment that the day, with its enforced fast, was over, the...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day. transgressed: or, dealt treacherously

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then they told Saul, saying, Behold, the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood. And he said, Ye have transgressed: roll a great stone unto me this day.</strong><br><br>Saul receives report that 'the people sin against the LORD, in that they eat with the blood.' His response - 'Ye have transgressed' - blames the people without acknowledging his oath's role in their de...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(33) **Roll a great stone unto me this day.**—The object of this was that the people should kill their beasts upon the stone, and the blood could run off upon the ground. It was a rough expedient, but it showed the wild soldiers that their king and general determined that the Law of Moses should be kept and honoured, even under circumstances of the direst necessity. This scrupulous care for the “L...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there. with him: Heb. in his hand

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul said, Disperse yourselves among the people, and say unto them, Bring me hither every man his ox, and every man his sheep, and slay them here, and eat; and sin not against the LORD in eating with the blood. And all the people brought every man his ox with him that night, and slew them there.</strong><br><br>Saul's instruction to 'Disperse yourselves among the people' and ensure pro...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD. the same: Heb. that altar he began to build unto the LORD

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD.</strong><br><br>The notation that Saul 'built an altar unto the LORD: the same was the first altar that he built unto the LORD' suggests religious sincerity coexisting with spiritual failure. Building an altar represents worship, thanksgiving, and covenant recognition. Yet this is Saul's 'first...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(35) **The same was the first altar that he built . . .**—More accurately, as in margin, *the same he began to build as an altar. *The great Jewish commentators are divided as to the precise meaning of the old Hebrew language of this verse. *Abarbanel *interprets the words, “that King Saul began to build, but did not finish.” The Midrash prefers to understand the statement as telling how “Saul beg...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 24-35** Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time, it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread, which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when he was deny...
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And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul said, Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light, and let us not leave a man of them. And they said, Do whatsoever seemeth good unto thee. Then said the priest, Let us draw near hither unto God.</strong><br><br>Saul proposes night attack: 'Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil them until the morning light.' The military...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **Let us go down after the Philistines by night.**—In the depth of the night, when the rough feasting on the captured beasts was over, King Saul would have had the bloody work begun afresh, and would have hurried after the flying Philistines, and with a wild butchery have completed the great and signal victory. With the implicit obedience which his soldiers seem ever to have shown him—whether...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-18. he ran unto Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou calledst me--**It is evident that his sleeping chamber was close to that of the aged high priest and that he was accustomed to be called during the night. The three successive calls addressed to the boy convinced Eli of the divine character of the speaker, and he therefore exhorted the child to give a reverential attention to the message. The ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul asked counsel of God, Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel? But he answered him not that day.</strong><br><br>Saul's inquiry - 'Shall I go down after the Philistines? wilt thou deliver them into the hand of Israel?' - receives no answer. Divine silence functions as divine communication. The notation 'he answered him not that day' in...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(37) **And Saul asked counsel of God.**—The same phrase is always used in the many passages in the Books of Judges, 1 Sam., 2 Sam., 1 Chron., Hosea, &c. when God was inquired of by the Urim and Thummim. It may be styled the technical term of inquiry of the Oracle of the Most High; there are, however, slight. variations in the English translations of this phrase. **But he answered him not . . .**—W...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day. chief: Heb. corners

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul said, Draw ye near hither, all the chief of the people: and know and see wherein this sin hath been this day.</strong><br><br>Saul summons 'all the chief of the people' to 'know and see wherein this sin hath been this day.' He assumes sin exists and determines to find the sinner. His process is correct (involving leadership, seeking identification of sin), but his self-examination...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(38) **Draw ye near hither.**—Round that rough unfinished altar, in the dark night, King Saul hastily summoned his leading officers and the prominent chiefs of the Israelites who had joined him in the late battle. The word rendered “chief of the people” (*pinnoth*) is literally, *corner stones *(as in Judges 20:2). He would ask God’s help in the casting of lots, to discover who of these was the tr...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For, as the LORD liveth, which saveth Israel, though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die. But there was not a man among all the people that answered him.</strong><br><br>Saul's oath intensifies the tragedy: 'though it be in Jonathan my son, he shall surely die.' The Hebrew <em>moth yamuth</em> ('he shall surely die') is emphatic. Saul commits to execute even his own son without k...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(39) **Though it be in Jonathan my son.**—“Were Jonathan himself the transgressor, he [Saul] would not spare his life; and so, feeling inwardly bound by his oath, presses for decision by means of the sacred lot, amid the ominous silence of the horror-stricken people.”—*Ewald.*

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said he unto all Israel, Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side. And the people said unto Saul, Do what seemeth good unto thee.</strong><br><br>Saul's division of the assembly - 'Be ye on one side, and I and Jonathan my son will be on the other side' - places himself and Jonathan together, opposite Israel. This arrangement suggests Saul considers royal ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped. Give: or, Shew the innocent escaped: Heb. went forth

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Therefore Saul said unto the LORD God of Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan were taken: but the people escaped.</strong><br><br>Saul's prayer for 'a perfect lot' (<em>thummim</em>, connected to the Urim and Thummim) requests divine identification of the guilty party. The lot eliminates the people and 'Saul and Jonathan were taken.' God's answer implicates the royal house. Th...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(41) **Give a perfect lot.**—The rendering in the margin, “show the innocent,” is a better and more accurate rendering of the Hebrew. “Give a perfect lot” is the translation given by Rabbi D. Kimchi. Dean Payne Smith observes that “there are few mistakes of the English Version which have not some good authority for them, as King James’ translators were singularly well versed in Jewish literature, ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 4 1Sa 4:1-11. Israel Overcome by the Philistines. **1. the word of Samuel came to all Israel--**The character of Samuel as a prophet was now fully established. The want of an "open vision" was supplied by him, for "none of his words were let fall to the ground" (1Sa 3:19); and to his residence in Shiloh all the people of Israel repaired to consult him as an oracle, who, as the medium o...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul said, Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken.</strong><br><br>The lot between Saul and Jonathan identifies Jonathan. The spare narrative - 'Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son. And Jonathan was taken' - heightens tension. What should have been unthinkable becomes reality: the hero of the battle stands condemned by his father's oath. The lot functions...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what thou hast done. And Jonathan told him, and said, I did but taste a little honey with the end of the rod that was in mine hand, and, lo, I must die.</strong><br><br>Saul's question 'Tell me what thou hast done' demands confession despite the lot's verdict already establishing guilt. Jonathan's response is remarkably restrained: 'I did but taste a lit...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(43, 44) **Lo, I must die.**—These wild and thoughtless vows are peculiarly characteristic of this half-barbaric period. We have already observed that the age now closing had been peculiarly the age of vows. A similar terrible oath, equalling Saul’s in its rashness, had been taken by Jephthah. It is noticeable that not only Saul, who vowed the vow, but Jonathan, its victim, were convinced that the...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-9. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us--**Strange that they were so blind to the real cause of the disaster and that they did not discern, in the great and general corruption of religion and morals (1Sa 2:22-25; 7:3; Psa 78:58), the reason why the presence and aid of God were not extended to them. Their first measure for restoring the national spirit and ener...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul answered, God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan.</strong><br><br>Saul's verdict - 'God do so and more also: for thou shalt surely die, Jonathan' - invokes divine sanction for executing his own son. The oath formula 'God do so and more also' was a self-curse promising divine punishment if the speaker failed to fulfill his vow. Saul compounds original folly wi...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-9. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us--**Strange that they were so blind to the real cause of the disaster and that they did not discern, in the great and general corruption of religion and morals (1Sa 2:22-25; 7:3; Psa 78:58), the reason why the presence and aid of God were not extended to them. Their first measure for restoring the national spirit and ener...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the people said unto Saul, Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel? God forbid: as the LORD liveth, there shall not one hair of his head fall to the ground; for he hath wrought with God this day. So the people rescued Jonathan, that he died not.</strong><br><br>The people's intervention - 'Shall Jonathan die, who hath wrought this great salvation in Israel?'...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-9. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us--**Strange that they were so blind to the real cause of the disaster and that they did not discern, in the great and general corruption of religion and morals (1Sa 2:22-25; 7:3; Psa 78:58), the reason why the presence and aid of God were not extended to them. Their first measure for restoring the national spirit and ener...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
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Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place.</strong><br><br>The anticlimactic conclusion - 'Then Saul went up from following the Philistines: and the Philistines went to their own place' - reveals the cost of the day's chaos. Despite God's great deliverance through Jonathan, the complete destruction of Philistine power that Jonathan envisi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(46) **Then Saul went up from following the Philistines.**—Saul recognised now that the fault which caused the oracle of the Urim and Thummim to keep silence was his, and not Jonathan’s. He seems quietly to have acquiesced with Ahijah’s evident reluctance to countenance a public pursuit; he drew off his forces then from the direction of the enemy, and went up, no doubt, to Gibeah; but the power of...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-9. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us--**Strange that they were so blind to the real cause of the disaster and that they did not discern, in the great and general corruption of religion and morals (1Sa 2:22-25; 7:3; Psa 78:58), the reason why the presence and aid of God were not extended to them. Their first measure for restoring the national spirit and ener...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 36-46** If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered to be the...
Read full commentary →

Summary of Saul's Reign

So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and fought against all his enemies on every side, against Moab, and against the children of Ammon, and against Edom, and against the kings of Zobah, and against the Philistines: and whithersoever he turned himself, he vexed them.</strong><br><br>The summary of Saul's military campaigns - against Moab, Ammon, Edom, Zobah, the Philistines, and Amalek - d...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(47) **So Saul took the kingdom over Israel.**—Some expositors closely connect this verse with the successful termination of the Philistine war, considering that it was through this great victory over the nation which had so long harassed and impoverished Israel that Saul really acquired for the first time the regal authority over all Israel, and that previously his rule had only been acknowledged...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-9. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us--**Strange that they were so blind to the real cause of the disaster and that they did not discern, in the great and general corruption of religion and morals (1Sa 2:22-25; 7:3; Psa 78:58), the reason why the presence and aid of God were not extended to them. Their first measure for restoring the national spirit and ener...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 47-52** Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly glory makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.

And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them. gathered: or, wrought mightily

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites, and delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them.</strong><br><br>The specific mention of Amalek - 'he gathered an host, and smote the Amalekites' - prepares for chapter 15's fatal failure. The note that he 'delivered Israel out of the hands of them that spoiled them' uses salvation language (<em>natsal</em>) typically reser...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(48) **Smote the Amalekites.**—Out of the many wars the king waged, this war with Amalek is singled out, for in the new development of Hebrew power by which Saul’s reign was marked this campaign or series of campaigns was especially prominent. This war is related with some detail in the next chapter, but it is there introduced on account of other considerations. The English translators in their re...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-9. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us--**Strange that they were so blind to the real cause of the disaster and that they did not discern, in the great and general corruption of religion and morals (1Sa 2:22-25; 7:3; Psa 78:58), the reason why the presence and aid of God were not extended to them. Their first measure for restoring the national spirit and ener...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 47-52** Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly glory makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.

Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchishua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now the sons of Saul were Jonathan, and Ishui, and Melchi-shua: and the names of his two daughters were these; the name of the firstborn Merab, and the name of the younger Michal:</strong><br><br>The genealogical information introduces Saul's family: sons Jonathan, Ishui (also called Ishbosheth), and Malchi-shua; daughters Merab and Michal. Jonathan's prominence in this chapter makes his l...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(49) **The sons of Saul.**—The three brave sons who perished with their father in the battle on Mount Gilboa are apparently mentioned here, the only difficulty being the middle name, “Ishui,” which occurs nowhere else, save in two genealogies as that of a son of Asher (Genesis 46:17; 1Chronicles 7:30). It is supposed to be the same as the Abinadab mentioned in that battle. His two daughters, Merab...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3-9. Let us fetch the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of Shiloh unto us--**Strange that they were so blind to the real cause of the disaster and that they did not discern, in the great and general corruption of religion and morals (1Sa 2:22-25; 7:3; Psa 78:58), the reason why the presence and aid of God were not extended to them. Their first measure for restoring the national spirit and ener...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 47-52** Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly glory makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.

And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle. Abner: Heb. Abiner

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle.</strong><br><br>Saul's wife Ahinoam and his military commander Abner are introduced. Abner, 'the son of Ner, Saul's uncle,' held the crucial position of army commander. This family appointment kept military power within Saul's clan but would cre...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(50) **Saul’s wife.**—In accordance with a usual practice, the name of the most prominent of the family and royal household of the king are given. We know nothing of Saul’s queen besides her name. It has been surmised that she was of the family of Eli, the high priest, owing to the *Ah *(brother) entering into her name and that of her father, Ahimaaz, as this compound was apparently the favourite ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 47-52** Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly glory makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.

And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel.</strong><br><br>The genealogical connection - 'Kish was the father of Saul; and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel' - clarifies family relationships that will prove important. Saul and Abner were cousins, explaining both their close alliance and Abner's later capacity to act independently in suppor...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(51) **The son of Abiel.**—For “son” the commentators mostly agree we must read *sons. *Kish and Ner, we know, were both sons of Abiel. (See 1Chronicles 9:35-36, where, however, the father’s name is given as Jehiel.)

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 47-52** Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly glory makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.

And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul: and when Saul saw any strong man, or any valiant man, he took him unto him.</strong><br><br>The chapter's final verse - 'there was sore war against the Philistines all the days of Saul' - provides sober summary. Despite the day's victory, Philistine pressure continued throughout Saul's reign. The note that Saul recruited ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(52) **All the days of Saul.**—Although after the rout of Michmash the Philistines were driven out of their fastnesses in the land of Israel back into their own coast districts, yet all through the reign of Saul they continued to be powerful, and were a constant source of danger and trouble to the people. We know that in the end Saul lost his life in an engagement with this warlike and restless ra...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 47-52** Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly glory makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and woe comes on them.

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