King James Version

What Does Romans 5:12 Mean?

Romans 5:12 in the King James Version says “Wherefore , as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all h... — study this verse from Romans chapter 5 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

Wherefore , as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned: for that: or, in whom

Romans 5:12 · KJV


Context

10

For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life.

11

And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement. atonement: or, reconciliation

12

Wherefore , as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned: for that: or, in whom

13

(For until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when there is no law.

14

Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin—Paul begins the crucial Adam-Christ typology extending through verse 21. The διὰ τοῦτο (dia touto, 'wherefore/therefore') connects to preceding arguments about justification and introduces comparison: as one man (Adam) brought condemnation, one Man (Christ) brings justification. The historical entrance of ἁμαρτία (hamartia, 'sin') through Adam establishes universal human guilt; death (θάνατος, thanatos) follows as sin's penalty (Genesis 2:17, 3:19).

And so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned (καὶ οὕτως εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν, ἐφ' ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον)—the phrase ἐφ' ᾧ (eph' hō) is debated: 'because/in that/in whom all sinned.' Whether in Adam (federal headship) or by personal sin ratifying Adamic guilt, Paul's point stands: death's universality proves sin's universality. This verse grounds the doctrine of original sin—humanity's solidarity in Adam's transgression and consequent corruption.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Paul assumes Genesis 1-3 as literal history—Adam as historical first man whose fall had cosmic consequences. This was Jewish theological consensus but would challenge Greco-Roman philosophical notions of humanity's innate goodness or cyclic history without decisive historical turning points. The doctrine of the Fall explained humanity's universal moral failure and misery, providing the necessary backdrop for understanding salvation through the Second Adam.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does federal headship under Adam (being represented by him and affected by his sin) help you understand representation under Christ?
  2. What contemporary ideologies deny original sin—and how does that denial affect views of human nature and salvation?
  3. If death proves universal human sinfulness, what does Christ's resurrection prove about those united to Him?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 30 words
διὰ1 of 30

Wherefore

G1223

through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)

τοῦτο2 of 30
G5124

that thing

ὥσπερ3 of 30

as

G5618

just as, i.e., exactly like

διὰ4 of 30

Wherefore

G1223

through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)

ἑνὸς5 of 30

one

G1520

one

ἀνθρώπους6 of 30

man

G444

man-faced, i.e., a human being

7 of 30
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ἁμαρτίας8 of 30

sin

G266

a sin (properly abstract)

εἰς9 of 30

into

G1519

to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases

τὸν10 of 30
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

κόσμον11 of 30

the world

G2889

orderly arrangement, i.e., decoration; by implication, the world (including its inhabitants, literally or figuratively (morally))

εἰσῆλθεν12 of 30

entered

G1525

to enter (literally or figuratively)

καὶ13 of 30

and

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

διὰ14 of 30

Wherefore

G1223

through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)

τῆς15 of 30
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ἁμαρτίας16 of 30

sin

G266

a sin (properly abstract)

17 of 30
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

θάνατος18 of 30

death

G2288

(properly, an adjective used as a noun) death (literally or figuratively)

καὶ19 of 30

and

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

οὕτως20 of 30

so

G3779

in this way (referring to what precedes or follows)

εἰς21 of 30

into

G1519

to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases

πάντες22 of 30

all

G3956

all, any, every, the whole

ἀνθρώπους23 of 30

man

G444

man-faced, i.e., a human being

24 of 30
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

θάνατος25 of 30

death

G2288

(properly, an adjective used as a noun) death (literally or figuratively)

διῆλθεν26 of 30

passed

G1330

to traverse (literally)

ἐφ'27 of 30

for

G1909

properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e., over, upon, etc.; of re

28 of 30

that

G3739

the relatively (sometimes demonstrative) pronoun, who, which, what, that

πάντες29 of 30

all

G3956

all, any, every, the whole

ἥμαρτον·30 of 30

have sinned

G264

properly, to miss the mark (and so not share in the prize), i.e., (figuratively) to err, especially (morally) to sin


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Romans. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Romans 5:12 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Romans 5:12 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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