King James Version

What Does Mark 12:36 Mean?

Mark 12:36 in the King James Version says “For David himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies... — study this verse from Mark chapter 12 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

For David himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool .

Mark 12:36 · KJV


Context

34

And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question.

35

And Jesus answered and said, while he taught in the temple, How say the scribes that Christ is the Son of David?

36

For David himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool .

37

David therefore himself calleth him Lord; and whence is he then his son? And the common people heard him gladly.

38

And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces,


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
David himself said by the Holy Ghost (αὐτὸς Δαυὶδ εἶπεν ἐν τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ)—Jesus grounds His argument in Psalm 110:1's divine inspiration. David spoke 'in' (ἐν, en = 'in,' 'by means of') the Holy Spirit, establishing Scripture's authority as God-breathed revelation. Peter later quoted this verse at Pentecost (Acts 2:34-35); the author of Hebrews used it extensively to demonstrate Christ's superiority to angels and priesthood (Hebrews 1:13; 10:12-13). It's the most frequently cited Old Testament verse in the New Testament.

The LORD said to my Lord presents two distinct Hebrew titles: YHWH (יְהוָה, the covenant name of God) said to Adonai (אֲדֹנָי, 'my Lord,' indicating a superior). David, Israel's greatest king, acknowledges someone he calls 'my Lord'—someone greater than himself. Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool describes enthronement and conquest. The right hand symbolizes power and honor (Psalm 110:5; 118:15-16); making enemies a footstool depicts complete victory (Joshua 10:24; 1 Kings 5:3). This messianic figure shares God's throne, exercising divine authority—an astonishing claim in Jewish monotheism. Jesus' resurrection and ascension fulfilled this prophecy (Acts 2:33; Ephesians 1:20; Hebrews 1:3).

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Historical & Cultural Context

Psalm 110, attributed to David (c. 1000 BC), was recognized as messianic by Jewish interpreters. The psalm combines royal imagery (enthronement, conquest) with priestly imagery (Melchizedek priesthood, v. 4). Jewish exegesis struggled with 'my Lord'—if Messiah is David's descendant, why does David call him Lord? Jesus resolves the paradox: Messiah is both David's son (human lineage) and David's Lord (divine nature). Early Christians saw Psalm 110 fulfilled in Jesus' resurrection and ascension. Stephen saw the risen Christ at God's right hand (Acts 7:55-56). Paul taught that Christ now reigns, awaiting final subjugation of all enemies (1 Corinthians 15:25). The 'footstool' imagery connects to God's promise that Christ will defeat Satan, sin, and death—the ultimate enemies.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does David's acknowledgment of Messiah as 'my Lord' challenge comfortable assumptions about Jesus being merely a good teacher or moral example?
  2. What does Christ's present session at God's right hand mean for believers facing hostility and opposition in this age?
  3. How should the certainty that Christ's enemies will become His footstool shape Christian hope and endurance?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 29 words
αὐτὸς1 of 29

himself

G846

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons

γὰρ2 of 29

For

G1063

properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often with other particles)

Δαβὶδ3 of 29

David

G1138

david, the israelite king

Εἶπεν4 of 29

said

G2036

to speak or say (by word or writing)

ἐν5 of 29

by

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

τῷ6 of 29
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

πνεύματι7 of 29

Ghost

G4151

a current of air, i.e., breath (blast) or a breeze; by analogy or figuratively, a spirit, i.e., (human) the rational soul, (by implication) vital prin

τῷ8 of 29
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ἁγίῳ9 of 29

the Holy

G40

sacred (physically, pure, morally blameless or religious, ceremonially, consecrated)

Εἶπεν10 of 29

said

G2036

to speak or say (by word or writing)

11 of 29
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

κυρίῳ12 of 29

Lord

G2962

supreme in authority, i.e., (as noun) controller; by implication, master (as a respectful title)

τῷ13 of 29
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

κυρίῳ14 of 29

Lord

G2962

supreme in authority, i.e., (as noun) controller; by implication, master (as a respectful title)

μου15 of 29

my

G3450

of me

Κάθου16 of 29

Sit thou

G2521

and ???? (to sit; akin to the base of g1476); to sit down; figuratively, to remain, reside

ἐκ17 of 29

on

G1537

a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause literal or figurative; direct

δεξιῶν18 of 29

right hand

G1188

the right side or (feminine) hand (as that which usually takes)

μου19 of 29

my

G3450

of me

ἕως20 of 29

till

G2193

a conjunction, preposition and adverb of continuance, until (of time and place)

ἂν21 of 29
G302

whatsoever

θῶ22 of 29

I make

G5087

to place (in the widest application, literally and figuratively; properly, in a passive or horizontal posture, and thus different from g2476, which pr

τοὺς23 of 29
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ἐχθρούς24 of 29

enemies

G2190

hateful (passively, odious, or actively, hostile); usually as a noun, an adversary (especially satan)

σου25 of 29

thine

G4675

of thee, thy

ὑποπόδιον26 of 29

footstool

G5286

something under the feet, i.e., a foot-rest (figuratively)

τῶν27 of 29
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ποδῶν28 of 29
G4228

a "foot" (figuratively or literally)

σου29 of 29

thine

G4675

of thee, thy


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Mark. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Mark 12:36 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Mark 12:36 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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