About Judges

Judges describes the dark period between Joshua and Samuel, showing repeated cycles of sin, oppression, crying out, and deliverance.

Author: Samuel (traditionally)Written: c. 1050-1000 BCReading time: ~5 minVerses: 40
Cycle of SinDeliveranceApostasyGod's GraceHuman FailureLeadership

King James Version

Judges 6

40 verses with commentary

Midian Oppresses Israel

And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD: and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.</strong><br><br>This verse initiates the fourth major cycle in Judges: sin, servitude, supplication, salvation. The phrase 'did evil in the sight of the LORD' (<em>vaya'asu benei-Yisrael hara be'einei Yahweh</em>, וַיַּעֲשׂוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **Did evil.**—Judges 2:11; Judges 3:12; Judges 4:1. Midian.—Midian was the son of Adraham and Keturah (Genesis 25:2), and from him descended the numerous and wealthy nomadic tribes which occupied the plains east of Moab (Numbers 31:32-39). The name belongs, properly, to the tribes on the south-east of the Gulf of Akabah (1Kings 11:18). Moses himself had lived for forty years among them (Exodus...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 6 Chapter Outline Israel oppressed by Midianites.(1-6) Israel rebuked by a prophet.(7-10) Gideon set to deliver Israel.(11-24) Gideon destroys Baal's altar.(25-32) Signs given him.(33-40) **Verses 1-6** Israel's sin was renewed, and Israel's troubles were repeated. Let all that sin expect to suffer. The Israelites hid themselves in dens and caves; such was the...
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And the hand of Midian prevailed against Israel: and because of the Midianites the children of Israel made them the dens which are in the mountains, and caves, and strong holds. prevailed: Heb. was strong

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the hand of Midian prevailed against Israel: and because of the Midianites the children of Israel made them the dens which are in the mountains, and caves, and strong holds.</strong><br><br>The phrase 'hand of Midian prevailed' (<em>vattaoz yad-Midyan</em>, וַתָּעָז יַד־מִדְיָן) uses <em>azaz</em> (עָזַז, 'to be strong, prevail, fierce'), indicating overwhelming force. Israel's reducti...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **The hand of Midian prevailed.**—See Judges 3:10. This oppression is wholly different from that with which we have been dealing in the last chapter. That was the last great attempt of the old inhabitants to recover their lost country; this is a foreign invasion. **The dens which are in the mountains.**—The word *mineharoth, *rendered *dens *(LXX., *mandrai*)*, *occurs here only. Rashi and Kim...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 6 Chapter Outline Israel oppressed by Midianites.(1-6) Israel rebuked by a prophet.(7-10) Gideon set to deliver Israel.(11-24) Gideon destroys Baal's altar.(25-32) Signs given him.(33-40) **Verses 1-6** Israel's sin was renewed, and Israel's troubles were repeated. Let all that sin expect to suffer. The Israelites hid themselves in dens and caves; such was the...
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And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against them;

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against them;</strong><br><br>This verse describes the raiders' calculated timing—'when Israel had sown' (<em>im-zara Yisrael</em>, אִם־זָרַע יִשְׂרָאֵל) indicates they attacked at harvest, maximizing economic devastation. The verb <em>zara</em> (זָרַע, 'to ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **When Israel had sown.**—The invasions of these Arab tribes were of the most crushing and irritating kind. Living in idleness and marauding expeditions, they let the Israelites sow their corn, and came themselves to reap and carry it away. They said, “Let us take to ourselves the pastures of God”—*i.e., *the rich, blessed pastures—“in possession” (Psalm 83:12). Alyattes, king of Lydia, treate...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 6 Chapter Outline Israel oppressed by Midianites.(1-6) Israel rebuked by a prophet.(7-10) Gideon set to deliver Israel.(11-24) Gideon destroys Baal's altar.(25-32) Signs given him.(33-40) **Verses 1-6** Israel's sin was renewed, and Israel's troubles were repeated. Let all that sin expect to suffer. The Israelites hid themselves in dens and caves; such was the...
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And they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, till thou come unto Gaza, and left no sustenance for Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor ass. sheep: or goat

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, till thou come unto Gaza, and left no sustenance for Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor ass.</strong><br><br>The Midianite-Amalekite coalition's agricultural devastation represents economic warfare—systematically destroying Israel's crops and livestock to create famine and dependence. The phrase 'destroyed the increas...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **They encamped against them.**—It is not implied that there were any battles. The Israelites were too wretched and helpless to offer any resistance. These Arabs would swarm over the Jordan, at the fords of Bethshean, about harvest-time, and would sweep away the produce of the rich plain of Jezreel and the whole Shephelah, even as far south as Gaza. (Comp. the Scythian invasion, alluded to in ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 6 Chapter Outline Israel oppressed by Midianites.(1-6) Israel rebuked by a prophet.(7-10) Gideon set to deliver Israel.(11-24) Gideon destroys Baal's altar.(25-32) Signs given him.(33-40) **Verses 1-6** Israel's sin was renewed, and Israel's troubles were repeated. Let all that sin expect to suffer. The Israelites hid themselves in dens and caves; such was the...
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For they came up with their cattle and their tents, and they came as grasshoppers for multitude; for both they and their camels were without number: and they entered into the land to destroy it.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For they came up with their cattle and their tents, and they came as grasshoppers for multitude; for both they and their camels were without number: and they entered into the land to destroy it.</strong><br><br>This verse emphasizes the raiders' overwhelming numbers and mobility. Coming 'with their cattle and their tents' indicates these weren't mere military raids but mobile populations—f...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **As grasshoppers.**—See Judges 7:12. Rather, *as locusts. *The magnificent imagery of Joel 2:2-11 enables us to realise the force of the metaphor, and Exodus 10:4-6 the number of locusts, which are a common metaphor for countless hordes. Aristophanes (*Ach. *150) speaks of an army so numerous that the Athenians will cry out, “What a mass of locusts is coming!” The Bedouin call the locusts *Gu...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 6 Chapter Outline Israel oppressed by Midianites.(1-6) Israel rebuked by a prophet.(7-10) Gideon set to deliver Israel.(11-24) Gideon destroys Baal's altar.(25-32) Signs given him.(33-40) **Verses 1-6** Israel's sin was renewed, and Israel's troubles were repeated. Let all that sin expect to suffer. The Israelites hid themselves in dens and caves; such was the...
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And Israel was greatly impoverished because of the Midianites; and the children of Israel cried unto the LORD.

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KJV Study Commentary

The continued cry unto the LORD demonstrates Israel's pattern of crisis-driven prayer. The Hebrew <em>vayiz'aku</em> (וַיִּזְעֲקוּ, 'they cried out') denotes desperate, urgent petition born from oppression's intensity. This cry differs from repentance—it's the plea of suffering people seeking relief rather than transformed people seeking God's face. Yet God's grace meets even imperfect prayers. Th...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **Impoverished.**—The LXX. render it, “was reduced to pauperism.” The word implies flaccidity and helplessness, “as of a door hanging loose on its hinges, or a sere leaf shaking on a tree.” **Cried unto the Lord.**—See Judges 3:9; Judges 3:15; Judges 4:3; Psalm 107:13; Hosea 5:15.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
Read full commentary →

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 6 Chapter Outline Israel oppressed by Midianites.(1-6) Israel rebuked by a prophet.(7-10) Gideon set to deliver Israel.(11-24) Gideon destroys Baal's altar.(25-32) Signs given him.(33-40) **Verses 1-6** Israel's sin was renewed, and Israel's troubles were repeated. Let all that sin expect to suffer. The Israelites hid themselves in dens and caves; such was the...
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And it came to pass, when the children of Israel cried unto the LORD because of the Midianites,

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KJV Study Commentary

God's response to Israel's cry begins not with immediate deliverance but with prophetic confrontation through an unnamed prophet (<em>ish navi</em>, אִישׁ נָבִיא). This pattern recurs throughout Scripture—before God acts in salvation, He exposes sin requiring repentance. The prophet's message recalls God's redemptive history: deliverance from Egypt, provision through the wilderness, conquest of Ca...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-10** They cried to God for a deliverer, and he sent them a prophet to teach them. When God furnishes a land with faithful ministers, it is a token that he has mercy in store for it. He charges them with rebellion against the Lord; he intends to bring them to repentance. Repentance is real when the sinfulness of sin, as disobedience to God, is chiefly lamented.

That the LORD sent a prophet unto the children of Israel, which said unto them, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, I brought you up from Egypt, and brought you forth out of the house of bondage; a prophet: Heb. a man a prophet

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KJV Study Commentary

The prophet recounts God's historical interventions: bringing Israel from Egypt, delivering from bondage, driving out enemies, and giving them the land. The comprehensive scope—'all that oppressed you'—emphasizes God's total faithfulness. The verb 'drove them out' (<em>agaresh</em>, אֲגָרֵשׁ) uses the same word as the original conquest promises (Exodus 23:28-31), highlighting continuity between Go...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **A prophet.**—He is here left nameless, but Jewish legend says that he was Phinehas, the son of Eleazar. Their *Hagadah *(legendary information) generally enables them to name these nameless prophets. Thus they say that the prophet who came to Bethel was Iddo (1 Kings 13), and that the young man who anointed Jehu was Jonah. **Unto the children of Israel.**—Perhaps assembled at some solemn fea...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-10** They cried to God for a deliverer, and he sent them a prophet to teach them. When God furnishes a land with faithful ministers, it is a token that he has mercy in store for it. He charges them with rebellion against the Lord; he intends to bring them to repentance. Repentance is real when the sinfulness of sin, as disobedience to God, is chiefly lamented.

And I delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all that oppressed you, and drave them out from before you, and gave you their land;

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KJV Study Commentary

God's deliverance extended beyond military conquest to psychological victory—'I delivered you out of the hand of all your oppressors.' The phrase 'drave them out from before you' emphasizes God's active agency; Israel didn't conquer through superior strategy but through divine power. The land gift—'gave you their land'—wasn't earned but graciously bestowed according to Abrahamic covenant promises....
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-10** They cried to God for a deliverer, and he sent them a prophet to teach them. When God furnishes a land with faithful ministers, it is a token that he has mercy in store for it. He charges them with rebellion against the Lord; he intends to bring them to repentance. Repentance is real when the sinfulness of sin, as disobedience to God, is chiefly lamented.

And I said unto you, I am the LORD your God; fear not the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but ye have not obeyed my voice.

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KJV Study Commentary

The prophetic indictment climaxes: 'I said unto you, I am the LORD your God; fear not the gods of the Amorites.' The command combines positive and negative: worship Yahweh exclusively (first commandment) and refuse all idolatry (second commandment). The name Yahweh (<em>Yahweh Eloheikhem</em>, יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם, 'the LORD your God') emphasizes covenant relationship. The prohibition against fearing...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **The gods of the Amorites.**—See Joshua 24:15; 1Kings 21:26. As the Amorites seem to have been the highlanders of Palestine, and the most powerful of all the Canaanitish tribes, their name is sometimes used for that of all the Canaanites (Joshua 24:15). Thus Heber says:— “As when five monarchs led to Gibeon’s fight In rude array the harnessed Amorite.” No deliverance can be promised till rep...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-10** They cried to God for a deliverer, and he sent them a prophet to teach them. When God furnishes a land with faithful ministers, it is a token that he has mercy in store for it. He charges them with rebellion against the Lord; he intends to bring them to repentance. Repentance is real when the sinfulness of sin, as disobedience to God, is chiefly lamented.

The Call of Gideon

And there came an angel of the LORD, and sat under an oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash the Abiezrite: and his son Gideon threshed wheat by the winepress, to hide it from the Midianites. Gideon: Gr. Gedeon to hide: Heb. to cause it to flee

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KJV Study Commentary

After the prophet's rebuke, the narrative shifts to Gideon's introduction through an angelic visitation. The Angel of the LORD (<em>mal'ak Yahweh</em>, מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה) is a divine theophany—God Himself appearing in visible form (verse 14 identifies Him as Yahweh directly). He sits under the oak in Ophrah belonging to Joash the Abiezrite, Gideon's father. The detail about the oak (<em>elah</em>, א...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **There came an angel of the Lord.**—It is obviously absurd to suppose, as some have done, that a prophet is intended, like the one in Judges 6:8. There the word is *Nabi, *here it is *Maleak-Jehovah, *as in Judges 2:1. Josephus, when he says that “a phantasm stood by him in the shape of a youth,” is merely actuated by his usual desire to give the story as classical an aspect as possible for ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him, and said unto him, The LORD is with thee, thou mighty man of valour.

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KJV Study Commentary

The angel of the LORD's greeting to Gideon is laden with irony and prophetic insight. The salutation "The LORD is with thee" (<em>Yahweh immeka</em>, יְהוָה עִמְּךָ) echoes God's promise to Moses (Exodus 3:12), Joshua (Joshua 1:5), and anticipates the Messiah's name Immanuel (Isaiah 7:14). This assurance of divine presence forms the foundation for the impossible task ahead. The designation "thou m...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **The Lord is with thee, thou mighty man of valour.**—Three words in the Hebrew: *Jehovah immekā, Gibbor. *It was once a salutation and a blessing. (Comp. Joshua 1:5; Luke 1:28). The address seems to show that Gideon had already distinguished himself by bravery in war; it can hardly refer to the vigour with which he was wielding the flail. Only the second and third of the three epochs of his ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And Gideon said unto him, Oh my Lord, if the LORD be with us, why then is all this befallen us? and where be all his miracles which our fathers told us of, saying, Did not the LORD bring us up from Egypt? but now the LORD hath forsaken us, and delivered us into the hands of the Midianites.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the angel of the LORD appeared unto him, and said unto him, The LORD is with thee, thou mighty man of valour.</strong><br><br>The Angel of the LORD's appearance marks divine intervention initiating deliverance. The phrase 'angel of the LORD' (<em>mal'ak Yahweh</em>, מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה) with definite article typically indicates the Angel—not merely an angel but theophany, pre-incarnate app...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **Oh my Lord.**—The title is here only one of courtesy (*adoni, *like *kurie; *“sir” in John 20:19, &c.),for Gideon only saw in the angel a stranger seated beneath the terebinth which overshadowed the rock-hewn wine-vat in which he was working. **Why then is all this befallen us?**—See Deuteronomy 31:17 : “Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us?” The words “all this...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And the LORD looked upon him, and said, Go in this thy might, and thou shalt save Israel from the hand of the Midianites: have not I sent thee?

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KJV Study Commentary

The LORD's direct commission to Gideon reveals divine calling's paradoxical nature. The phrase 'the LORD looked upon him' (<em>vayifen elav Yahweh</em>, וַיִּפֶן אֵלָיו יְהוָה) indicates God's personal attention and favor—the same verb <em>panah</em> (פָּנָה) describes God turning His face toward someone in blessing. The command 'Go in this thy might' (<em>lekh bekoḥaka zeh</em>, לֵךְ בְּכֹחֲךָ זֶ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **The Lord looked upon him.**—Here, as in Genesis 18:13; Genesis 18:17; Genesis 18:20, the angel speaks as the Lord, and it has been hence inferred that this angel was no created angel, but “the angel of the covenant,” “the captain of the Lord’s host.” The only other possible conclusion is to say that the angel only speaks as the mouth of God (comp. Revelation 21:15; Revelation 22:6-7). No do...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And he said unto him, Oh my Lord, wherewith shall I save Israel? behold, my family is poor in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house. my family: Heb. my thousand is the meanest

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said unto him, Oh my Lord, wherewith shall I save Israel? behold, my family is poor in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house.</strong><br><br>Gideon's protest mirrors Moses' reluctance (Exodus 3:11, 4:10) and Jeremiah's youth objection (Jeremiah 1:6). His reasoning emphasizes double inadequacy: family-level ('my family is poor') and personal-level ('I am the least'). The...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **Oh my Lord.**—Here our version deliberately adopts the reading *adonî, as *in Judges 6:13, and the reason for this reading is that Gideon does not appear *to *have fully recognised the angel till his disappearance (Judges 6:22). The reading of the Hebrew MSS., however, is *Adonai, *“Lord;” and if it be correct, we must suppose that Gideon addresses God as recognising that the message came f...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And the LORD said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou shalt smite the Midianites as one man.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the LORD said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou shalt smite the Midianites as one man.</strong><br><br>God's response addresses Gideon's protest not by disputing his inadequacy but by emphasizing divine presence: 'Surely I will be with thee' (<em>ki eh'yeh immakh</em>, כִּי אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ). The phrase 'I will be' (<em>eh'yeh</em>, אֶהְיֶה) echoes God's self-revelation to ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **I will be with thee.**—See Exodus 3:12; Joshua 1:5. **Smite the Midianites as one man.**—See Chap’ 19 1:8; Numbers 14:15.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And he said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, then shew me a sign that thou talkest with me.

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon requests a sign to confirm this is truly divine revelation: 'Show me a sign that thou talkest with me.' The Hebrew <em>ot</em> (אוֹת, 'sign') denotes authenticating evidence, not faithless demand for proof. Like Moses requesting credentials (Exodus 3:12, 4:1-9), Gideon seeks assurance for the extraordinary calling. This distinguishes legitimate seeking of confirmation from presumptuous test...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **I have found grace in thy sight.**—A phrase found both in the Old and New Testament. (See Genesis 6:8; Esther 5:8.) **Shew me a sign that thou talkest with me.**—Give me some clear proof that this is no mere vision, and that thy message is really from God, and portends me favour. (See Psalm 86:17; Isaiah 7:11.) **Depart not hence.**—Comp. 1Kings 13:15. **My present.**—My *minchah. *The word...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come unto thee, and bring forth my present, and set it before thee. And he said, I will tarry until thou come again. present: or, meat offering

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon asks the Angel to wait while he prepares an offering: 'Depart not hence, I pray thee, until I come unto thee, and bring forth my present.' The term 'present' (<em>minchah</em>, מִנְחָה) denotes both offerings to God and gifts to honored persons, showing Gideon's growing recognition of his visitor's significance. His request demonstrates hospitality customs and worship instincts—encountering...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:11-29. Contention Thereupon. **11-29. and the children of Israel heard say--**Fame speedily spread intelligence of what the trans-jordanic tribes had done. The act being suspected of some idolatrous design, the tribes rose in a mass, and repairing to the tabernacle at Shiloh, resolved to declare war against the two tribes and a half as apostates from God. On calmer and more mature consider...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And Gideon went in, and made ready a kid , and unleavened cakes of an ephah of flour: the flesh he put in a basket, and he put the broth in a pot, and brought it out unto him under the oak, and presented it. a kid: Heb. a kid of the goats

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon prepares substantial provisions: a kid (young goat), unleavened cakes from an ephah of flour, and broth. An ephah equals approximately 22 liters or half a bushel—generous provision demonstrating Gideon's honor for his visitor. Unleavened bread (<em>matzot</em>, מַצּוֹת) suggests either haste (no time for leavening) or ritual purity. The meat in a basket and broth in a pot show careful prepa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **Unleavened cakes.**—Because these were most quickly made, as by Lot for the angels, and by the Witch of Endor for Saul (Genesis 19:3; 1Samuel 28:24). **Of an ephah of flour.**—About 22½ lbs. A homer would have been sufficient, as we see from Exodus 16:16. An ephah is *ten *homers; but Eastern hospitality considers nothing to be too lavish. **Presented it.**—See Judges 13:19. The Vatican MS....
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And the angel of God said unto him, Take the flesh and the unleavened cakes, and lay them upon this rock, and pour out the broth. And he did so.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Angel of God instructs Gideon to place the meat and unleavened cakes on a rock and pour out the broth. This transformation from meal to sacrifice reveals the Angel's divine nature and purpose. The rock (<em>sela</em>, סֶלַע) becomes an altar, and the food becomes an offering. Gideon's obedience—'he did so'—demonstrates growing faith despite confusion about the encounter's meaning. The rock alt...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **The angel of God.**—Here alone in the chapter called “the angel of Elohim” and not “of Jehovah.” **Upon this rock.**—Rather, *upon yonder crag. *The living rock (Exodus 20:22) served well as an altar. **Pour out the broth.**—Comp. Genesis 35:14; Exodus 30:9; 1Kings 18:34. In the first of these instances the “drink offering” is used as a libation; in the last Elijah pours the sea-water on th...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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Then the angel of the LORD put forth the end of the staff that was in his hand, and touched the flesh and the unleavened cakes; and there rose up fire out of the rock, and consumed the flesh and the unleavened cakes. Then the angel of the LORD departed out of his sight.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Angel extends His staff tip to touch the meat and unleavened cakes, causing fire to rise from the rock and consume the offering. The miraculous fire authenticates divine presence, paralleling fire consuming Elijah's sacrifice (1 Kings 18:38), Aaron's first offerings (Leviticus 9:24), and Solomon's temple dedication (2 Chronicles 7:1). The complete consumption signifies God's acceptance. The An...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **The staff that was in his hand.**—The ordinary accompaniment of an Eastern traveller (Genesis 32:10; Matthew 10:10). **There rose up fire.**—The common sign of God’s presence and of His acceptance of an offering. (See Leviticus 9:24; 1Kings 18:24; 1Chronicles 21:26; 2Chronicles 7:1.) Water is brought out of the rock for the blessing of man, and fire to show the presence of God. **Departed.*...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And when Gideon perceived that he was an angel of the LORD, Gideon said, Alas, O Lord GOD! for because I have seen an angel of the LORD face to face.

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon recognizes he has seen the Angel of the LORD face to face and fears death: 'Alas, O Lord GOD! for because I have seen an angel of the LORD face to face.' This terror reflects the consistent biblical teaching that sinful humans cannot see God and live (Exodus 33:20, Judges 13:22, Isaiah 6:5). The exclamation 'Alas!' (<em>ahai</em>, אֲהָהּ) expresses profound distress. Gideon's fear demonstra...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **When Gideon perceived.**—The last sign gave him a deeper sense than before of the grandeur of the messenger who had come to him. **Alas !**—There is no need to supply “I shall die” at the end of the clause, but that this was the apprehension in Gideon’s mind is shown by his cry of alarm. **For because.**—Rather, *for to this end. *The belief that death or misfortune would be the result of l...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:30-34. The Deputies Satisfied. **33-34. the thing pleased the children of Israel--**The explanation not only gave perfect satisfaction to the deputies, but elicited from them expressions of unbounded joy and thankfulness. "This day we perceive that the Lord is among us" [Jos 22:31], that is, by His gracious presence and preventing goodness, which has kept you from falling into the suspecte...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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And the LORD said unto him, Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou shalt not die.

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KJV Study Commentary

The LORD speaks peace to Gideon's terror: 'Peace be unto thee; fear not: thou shalt not die.' The Hebrew <em>shalom</em> (שָׁלוֹם, 'peace') encompasses wholeness, well-being, and reconciliation—not merely absence of hostility. God's reassurance addresses both physical fear (death) and spiritual fear (guilt before holiness). This grace-filled promise prefigures Christ's post-resurrection words to t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **The Lord said unto him.**—How this intimation was given we are not told. The LXX. do not here change “the Lord” into “the angel of the Lord.” **Peace be unto thee; fear not.**—Comp. Daniel 10:7-9; Daniel 10:19; Ezekiel 1:28 to Ezekiel 2:1; Mark 16:8; Luke 1:13; Luke 2:10; Revelation 1:17, &c.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 22:30-34. The Deputies Satisfied. **33-34. the thing pleased the children of Israel--**The explanation not only gave perfect satisfaction to the deputies, but elicited from them expressions of unbounded joy and thankfulness. "This day we perceive that the Lord is among us" [Jos 22:31], that is, by His gracious presence and preventing goodness, which has kept you from falling into the suspecte...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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Then Gideon built an altar there unto the LORD, and called it Jehovahshalom: unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the Abiezrites. Jehovahshalom: that is, The LORD send peace

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KJV Study Commentary

In gratitude and worship, Gideon builds an altar and names it Jehovah-shalom ('The LORD is Peace'). The Hebrew <em>Yahweh-shalom</em> (יְהוָה שָׁלוֹם) commemorates God's gracious promise in verse 23. Building altars marked significant divine encounters throughout Scripture (Genesis 12:7, 13:18, 35:7), serving both as worship sites and memorial witnesses. The note 'unto this day' indicates the alta...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **Built an altar.**—Altars, like the altar Ed (Joshua 22:34), built by the Transjordanic tribes, were not always intended for purposes of sacrifices, but to witness some great event or Divine appearance (Genesis 31:48, Genesis 26:25; Exodus 17:15). **Jehovah-shalom.**—“The Lord is peace.” We find similar names in *Jehovah-jireh, *“the Lord will provide” (Genesis 22:14); *Jehovah-nissi, *“the ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 11-24** Gideon was a man of a brave, active spirit, yet in obscurity through the times: he is here stirred up to undertake something great. It was very sure that the Lord was with him, when his Angel was with him. Gideon was weak in faith, which made it hard to reconcile the assurances of the presence of God with the distress to which Israel was brought. The Angel answered his objecti...
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Gideon Destroys Baal's Altar

And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him, Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that thy father hath, and cut down the grove that is by it: even: or, and

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass the same night, that the LORD said unto him, Take thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that thy father hath, and cut down the grove that is by it:</strong><br><br>God's first command to Gideon addresses idolatry before military deliverance. 'The same night' (<em>balailah hahu</em>, בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא) a...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **The Lord said unto him.**—Luther rightly observes that by such expressions we are not at all meant to understand a voice in the air. It is useless, and therefore undesirable, to speculate as to the exact manner in which the Divine intimation came to him. When God speaks it is not possible for man to mistake His voice. It was distinctly revealed to Gideon that he must be an iconoclast before...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 23 Jos 23:1, 2. Joshua's Exhortation before His Death. **1. a long time after that the Lord had given rest unto Israel from all their enemies--**about fourteen years after the conquest of Canaan, and seven after the distribution of that country among the tribes.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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And build an altar unto the LORD thy God upon the top of this rock, in the ordered place, and take the second bullock, and offer a burnt sacrifice with the wood of the grove which thou shalt cut down. rock: Heb. strong place in the ordered: or, in an orderly manner

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KJV Study Commentary

God commands Gideon to take his father's bull ('thy father's young bullock, even the second bullock of seven years old') and destroy the altar of Baal and the Asherah pole beside it, then build a proper altar to Yahweh on the stronghold's top and offer the bull as burnt offering using wood from the cut-down Asherah. This complex instruction addresses multiple issues: (1) reforming family/clan wors...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Of this rock.**—The word is not *selah, *as in Judges 6:20, or *tsor, *as in Judges 6:21, but *malioz, *“stronghold,” probably the citadel of Ophrah. The LXX. render it as a proper name (*maoz*)*, *or in some MSS., *“*on the top of this mountain.” The word only occurs elsewhere in Hebrew poetry. **In the ordered place.**—The margin reads, “in an orderly manner;” but probably neither version...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. Joshua called for all Israel--**The clause which follows seems to restrict this general expression as applicable only to the officers and representatives of the people. The place of assembly was most probably Shiloh. The occasion of convening it was the extreme age and approaching death of the venerable leader; and the purport of this solemn address was to animate the chosen people and their ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as the LORD had said unto him: and so it was, because he feared his father's household, and the men of the city, that he could not do it by day, that he did it by night.

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon obeys but does so at night out of fear: 'because he feared his father's household, and the men of the city.' This qualified obedience reveals Gideon's ongoing weakness—faith sufficient to obey but not yet bold enough to do so publicly. Taking ten servants suggests both the work's magnitude and Gideon's need for support/protection. The narrative balances commending obedience with exposing we...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **Ten men of his servants.**—This shows Gideon’s independent position, and also that he had tried to keep his own household free from the guilt of idolatry amid the all but universal defection. **His father’s household.**—The Abi-ezrites. **The men of the city.**—Of whom many may have been of Canaanite race.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:3. By Former Benefits. **3. ye have seen all that the Lord your God hath done unto all these nations because of you--**The modesty and humility of Joshua are remarkably displayed at the commencement of this address. Dismissing all thoughts of his personal services, he ascribed the subjugation and occupation of Canaan entirely to the favoring presence and aid of God; and in doing so, he spo...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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And when the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold, the altar of Baal was cast down, and the grove was cut down that was by it, and the second bullock was offered upon the altar that was built.

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KJV Study Commentary

Morning reveals the night's work: Baal's altar destroyed, the Asherah cut down, and a new altar built with the burnt offering consumed. The passive construction 'was cast down... was cut down... was offered' emphasizes the completed facts rather than identifying actors. The town's discovery of these revolutionary acts will provoke the crisis of verses 29-32. That the burnt offering was already con...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(28) **Arose early in the morning.**—The habits of Orientals are early, and Baal-worship may well have involved some adoration of the rising sun. **Cast down.**—They observed three things: viz., the demolished altar of Baal; the stump of the destroyed Asherah; and a new altar, with the remains of a burnt offering smoking upon it. **The second bullock.**—It has been supposed that Gideon offered bot...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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And they said one to another, Who hath done this thing? And when they enquired and asked, they said, Gideon the son of Joash hath done this thing.

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KJV Study Commentary

The townspeople investigate: 'Who hath done this thing?' Their question seeks to identify and punish the perpetrator of what they view as sacrilege against Baal. After inquiring and searching (<em>vayidreshu vayevakshu</em>, וַיִּדְרְשׁוּ וַיְבַקְשׁוּ, 'they inquired and sought'), they conclude 'Gideon the son of Joash hath done this thing.' The verbs suggest thorough investigation—questioning wit...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **They said.**—We are not told that Gideon’s servants betrayed his secret, but suspicion would naturally fall on so brave and prominent a worshipper of Jehovah as Gideon was; and it is rarely that actions which require so much effort and so many coadjutors can be kept secret. Gideon had proved himself to be what his name signifies—“a hewer.” A man so brave and so patriotic must have stood alm...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:5-11. By Promises. **5-11. the Lord your God, he shall expel them from before you, as the Lord your God hath promised you, &amp;c.--**The actual possessions which God had given were a pledge of the complete fulfilment of His promise in giving them the parts of the country still unconquered. But the accomplishment of the divine promise depended on their inviolable fidelity to God's law--on ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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Then the men of the city said unto Joash, Bring out thy son, that he may die: because he hath cast down the altar of Baal, and because he hath cut down the grove that was by it.

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KJV Study Commentary

The townspeople demand Gideon's execution: 'Bring out thy son, that he may die: because he hath cast down the altar of Baal, and because he hath cut down the grove that was by it.' Their capital charge—desecrating Baal's sacred sites—shows how thoroughly Israel had abandoned Yahweh. No one appeals to Mosaic law forbidding idolatry; instead, destroying idolatry is treated as criminal. This inversio...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **The men of the city said unto Joash.**—It is difficult to conceive that these could have been Israelites (see on Judges 6:27). **Bring out thy son, that he may die.**—For the phrase, see Genesis 38:24; 1Kings 21:10; Luke 19:27.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:5-11. By Promises. **5-11. the Lord your God, he shall expel them from before you, as the Lord your God hath promised you, &amp;c.--**The actual possessions which God had given were a pledge of the complete fulfilment of His promise in giving them the parts of the country still unconquered. But the accomplishment of the divine promise depended on their inviolable fidelity to God's law--on ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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And Joash said unto all that stood against him, Will ye plead for Baal? will ye save him? he that will plead for him, let him be put to death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him plead for himself, because one hath cast down his altar.

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KJV Study Commentary

Joash's response demonstrates courage and theological clarity: 'Will ye plead for Baal? will ye save him? he that will plead for him, let him be put to death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him plead for himself.' This remarkable defense combines three arguments: (1) theological absurdity—why must humans defend an omnipotent god? (2) counter-threat—Baal's defenders deserve death for ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **Unto all that stood against him.**—The meaning of these words is very uncertain. They may mean, “to all that stood around.” **Will ye plead for Baal?**—The pronoun *ye *is very emphatic, being twice expressed in the Hebrew. **He that will plead for him, let him be put to death.**—These words of Joash were extraordinarily bold and cunning. Possibly the brave act of his son may have roused hi...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:5-11. By Promises. **5-11. the Lord your God, he shall expel them from before you, as the Lord your God hath promised you, &amp;c.--**The actual possessions which God had given were a pledge of the complete fulfilment of His promise in giving them the parts of the country still unconquered. But the accomplishment of the divine promise depended on their inviolable fidelity to God's law--on ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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Therefore on that day he called him Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal plead against him, because he hath thrown down his altar. Jerubbaal: that is, Let Baal plead Jerubbesheth: that is, Let the shameful thing plead

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon receives a new name: Jerubbaal (<em>yerubba'al</em>, יְרֻבַּעַל), meaning 'let Baal plead' or 'Baal contends.' The name commemorates Joash's challenge: 'let him plead against him, because he hath thrown down his altar.' Like Abram becoming Abraham, Jacob becoming Israel, and Simon becoming Peter, this name change marks transformation. Jerubbaal declares Gideon's victory over Baal and mocks ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(32) **He called him.**—Rather, *people called him, he got the name of. *The phrase is impersonal. (*Vocatus est, *Vulg.; *hiess man ihn, *Luther.) **Jerubbaal.**—The name meant, “Let Baal strive;” but might also mean, “let it be striven with Baal,” or “Baal’s antagonist,” and this gave the name a more ready currency. It is possible that the name may have been yet more allusive, since from the Pal...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:5-11. By Promises. **5-11. the Lord your God, he shall expel them from before you, as the Lord your God hath promised you, &amp;c.--**The actual possessions which God had given were a pledge of the complete fulfilment of His promise in giving them the parts of the country still unconquered. But the accomplishment of the divine promise depended on their inviolable fidelity to God's law--on ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 25-32** See the power of God's grace, that he could raise up a reformer; and the kindness of his grace, that he would raise up a deliverer, out of the family of a leader in idolatry. Gideon must not think it enough not to worship at that altar; he must throw it down, and offer sacrifice on another. It was needful he should make peace with God, before he made war on Midian. Till sin be...
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The Sign of the Fleece

Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel.

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KJV Study Commentary

Following Gideon's reformation, Midian, Amalek, and 'children of the east' unite for another raid. The phrase 'gathered together' (<em>ne'esfu</em>, נֶאֶסְפוּ) suggests organized military coalition rather than opportunistic raid. Their crossing Jordan and camping in Jezreel Valley indicates major invasion threatening Israel's most fertile agricultural region. The timing 'then'—immediately after Ba...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(33) **Then all the Midianites.**—See Judges 6:3. They came down for their usual annual raid to get the wheat which, doubtless, thousands besides Gideon had been gathering in and threshing in secret places as soon as it was barely ripe. **In the valley of Jezreel.**—As the Philistines did afterwards (1Samuel 29:1; 1Samuel 29:11). Crossing the fords near Bethshean, they were probably encamped, not ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:5-11. By Promises. **5-11. the Lord your God, he shall expel them from before you, as the Lord your God hath promised you, &amp;c.--**The actual possessions which God had given were a pledge of the complete fulfilment of His promise in giving them the parts of the country still unconquered. But the accomplishment of the divine promise depended on their inviolable fidelity to God's law--on ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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But the Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon, and he blew a trumpet; and Abiezer was gathered after him. came: Heb. clothed gathered: Heb. called

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KJV Study Commentary

The Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon—literally, 'clothed itself with Gideon' (<em>ruach Yahweh lavsah et-Gideon</em>, רוּחַ יְהוָה לָבְשָׁה אֶת־גִּדְעוֹן). This unusual verb pictures the Spirit enveloping Gideon like a garment, empowering him for leadership and warfare. He blows the trumpet (<em>shofar</em>, שׁוֹפָר), summoning Abiezer clan to follow. The response—'they were gathered after him'...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(34) **Came upon Gideon.**—Literally, *clothed Gideon. *See Judges 3:10 (Othniel); Judges 11:29 (Jephthah); Judges 13:25 (Samson). This forcible figure is found also in 1Chronicles 12:18 ( Amasai); 2Chronicles 24:20 (Zechariah); Psalm 59:17; and in the New Testament, Luke 24:49 (*endusēsthe*)*; *Galatians 3:27 (*enedusasthe Christon*)*; *1Peter 5:5 (*enkombōsasthe*)*.* **Blew a trumpet.**—See Judg...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:5-11. By Promises. **5-11. the Lord your God, he shall expel them from before you, as the Lord your God hath promised you, &amp;c.--**The actual possessions which God had given were a pledge of the complete fulfilment of His promise in giving them the parts of the country still unconquered. But the accomplishment of the divine promise depended on their inviolable fidelity to God's law--on ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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And he sent messengers throughout all Manasseh; who also was gathered after him: and he sent messengers unto Asher, and unto Zebulun, and unto Naphtali; and they came up to meet them. gathered: Heb. called

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon sends messengers throughout Manasseh, summoning the tribe to battle. The phrase 'they also were gathered after him' suggests Manasseh responded as readily as Abiezer clan. He extends the call to Asher, Zebulun, and Naphtali—northern tribes most threatened by the Jezreel Valley invasion. Their response—'they came up to meet them'—indicates rapid mobilization. Gideon's expanding authority dem...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(35) **Throughout all Manasseh.**—The loyalty with which his own clan, the Abi-ezrites, rallied round him gave him a right to claim still wider support. **Asher.**—This tribe, by faithfulness on this occasion, partly redeemed its honour from the tarnish attached of its former defection. This time Asher did not linger on the sands of Accho or the rocks of the Tyrian Ladder. Issachar, however, as be...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:5-11. By Promises. **5-11. the Lord your God, he shall expel them from before you, as the Lord your God hath promised you, &amp;c.--**The actual possessions which God had given were a pledge of the complete fulfilment of His promise in giving them the parts of the country still unconquered. But the accomplishment of the divine promise depended on their inviolable fidelity to God's law--on ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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And Gideon said unto God, If thou wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast said,

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KJV Study Commentary

Gideon's request for a sign using the fleece has often been misunderstood and misapplied. The context is crucial: God had already clearly called Gideon (6:11-24), commissioned him (6:14), assured him of victory (6:16), and confirmed the message through miraculous fire (6:21) and the Holy Spirit's empowerment (6:34). The fleece test wasn't seeking God's will but requesting confirmation of a promise...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(36) **If thou wilt save Israel.**—This diffidence and hesitation show the seriousness of the crisis. Gideon saw that by human strength alone he would be utterly helpless to repel the countless hosts of the marauders. He had already shown his faith, but now he needed fresh encouragement in his dangerous task.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:12. By Threatenings in Case of Disobedience. **12-13. Else if ye do in any wise go back, and cleave unto the remnant of these nations--**As marriage connections with the idolatrous Canaanites would present many and strong temptations to transgress it, these were strictly prohibited (Ex 34:12-16; De 7:3). With his eye, as it were, upon those prohibitions, Joshua threatens them with the cert...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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Behold, I will put a fleece of wool in the floor; and if the dew be on the fleece only, and it be dry upon all the earth beside, then shall I know that thou wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast said.

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KJV Study Commentary

Despite Spirit-empowerment and successful mobilization, Gideon requests confirming signs: 'if thou wilt save Israel by mine hand, as thou hast said.' The fleece test—dew on the fleece but dry ground—seeks tangible confirmation of divine promise. This request reveals ongoing weakness—God already provided miraculous fire (verse 21), prophetic word, and Spirit-empowerment. Yet God graciously accommod...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(37) **A fleece of wool.**—In works of art this is sometimes represented as an entire sheepskin, probably from an erroneous explanation of the Vulgate, *Vellus lanae, *and from Luther’s rendering, *ein Fell mit der Wolle. *But the English version is correct. **In the floor.**—*i.e., *on the open threshing-floor. (See Note on Judges 6:11, and comp. Psalm 1:4; Hosea 13:3.) **If the dew be on the fle...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Jos 23:12. By Threatenings in Case of Disobedience. **12-13. Else if ye do in any wise go back, and cleave unto the remnant of these nations--**As marriage connections with the idolatrous Canaanites would present many and strong temptations to transgress it, these were strictly prohibited (Ex 34:12-16; De 7:3). With his eye, as it were, upon those prohibitions, Joshua threatens them with the cert...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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And it was so: for he rose up early on the morrow, and thrust the fleece together, and wringed the dew out of the fleece, a bowl full of water.

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KJV Study Commentary

God performs the requested sign: dew on the fleece only, while all the earth remained dry. Gideon rises early to check, wring out the fleece, and measure—'a bowl full of water.' The specific detail—wringing out enough water to fill a bowl—emphasizes the miracle's undeniability. This wasn't light morning dampness but substantial moisture saturation. The contrast between saturated fleece and dry gro...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(38) **A bowl full of water.**—The word used for bowl is *sêphel, *as in Judges 5:25.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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And Gideon said unto God, Let not thine anger be hot against me, and I will speak but this once: let me prove, I pray thee, but this once with the fleece; let it now be dry only upon the fleece, and upon all the ground let there be dew.

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KJV Study Commentary

Emboldened yet still uncertain, Gideon requests a second sign with reversed conditions: 'Let not thine anger be hot against me, and I will speak but this once: let me prove, I pray thee, but this once with the fleece; let it now be dry only upon the fleece, and upon all the ground let there be dew.' His apologetic tone—'Let not thine anger be hot' and repeated 'but this once'—shows awareness that ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(39) **Let not thine anger be hot against me, and I will speak but this once.**—The phrase is the same as in Genesis 18:32. The word rendered “anger” is literally *nose. *The Hebrew language is very picturesque in its metaphors, and “anger” is so often expressed by the dilatation of the nostrils, that “nose” became a graphic term for anger, as it is to this day in many Eastern languages. I have gi...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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And God did so that night: for it was dry upon the fleece only, and there was dew on all the ground.

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KJV Study Commentary

God graciously performs the second sign: the fleece remained dry while dew covered all the ground. This reverse miracle conclusively proved divine intervention—no natural process could explain moisture appearing everywhere except on the highly absorbent fleece. God's patience with Gideon's repeated requests demonstrates covenant faithfulness to weak believers. Yet the narrative includes these requ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(40) **It was dry upon the fleece only.**—Such a result as this—not being in accordance with natural circumstances—could only have arisen from direct interposition. Besides the simple narrative, which tells us of these results as a sign granted to Gideon in accordance with his prayer, it is of course possible to allegorise the dew as the sign of God’s grace, and to say that the first sign represen...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 33-40** These signs are truly miraculous, and very significant. Gideon and his men were going to fight the Midianites; could God distinguish between a small fleece of Israel, and the vast floor of Midian? Gideon is made to know that God could do so. Is Gideon desirous that the dew of Divine grace might come down upon himself in particular? He sees the fleece wet with dew to assure him...
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