About Exodus

Exodus tells the story of Israel's deliverance from Egyptian slavery, the giving of the Law at Sinai, and the establishment of the tabernacle as the center of worship.

Author: MosesWritten: c. 1445-1405 BCReading time: ~3 minVerses: 27
DeliveranceRedemptionCovenantLawWorshipGod's Presence

King James Version

Exodus 18

27 verses with commentary

Jethro Visits Moses

When Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father in law, heard of all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel his people, and that the LORD had brought Israel out of Egypt;

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>When Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father in law, heard of all that God had done for Moses</strong>—Jethro's arrival introduces wisdom from outside Israel's covenant community. His title 'priest of Midian' (כֹּהֵן מִדְיָן, kohen midyan) indicates he served God (likely as descendant of Abraham through Keturah, Gen 25:2) though not within Israel's priesthood. The phrase 'heard of all ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

XVIII. THE VISIT OF JETHRO. (1) **Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses’ father in law.**—On Jethro’s probable relationship to Moses, see the second Note on Exodus 3:1. On the priesthood of Reuel, which Jethro seems to have inherited, see Note on Exodus 2:16. It has been very unnecessarily supposed that the chronological order of the narrative is here deranged, Jethro’s visit having been really paid...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 18 Chapter Outline Jethro brings to Moses his wife and two sons.(1-6) Moses entertains Jethro.(7-12) Jethro's counsel to Moses.(13-27) **Verses 1-6** Jethro came to rejoice with Moses in the happiness of Israel, and to bring his wife and children to him. Moses must have his family with him, that while he ruled the church of God, he might set a good example in family g...
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Then Jethro, Moses' father in law, took Zipporah, Moses' wife, after he had sent her back,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Jethro, Moses' father in law, took Zipporah, Moses' wife, after he had sent her back</strong>—The phrase 'after he had sent her back' (אַחַר שִׁלּוּחֶיהָ, achar shilucheha) indicates Moses had sent Zipporah and sons to Midian, probably after the dangerous circumcision incident (Ex 4:24-26). This separation shows the cost of Moses' calling—family sacrificed for leadership. Jethro's tim...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2)**After he had sent her back.**—Heb., *after her dismissal. *The fact had not been previously stated, but is in harmony with the general narrative, which has been absolutely silent concerning Zipporah since Exodus 4:26. Moses had sent Zipporah back to her own relations, either in anger, on account of the scene described in Exodus 4:24-26, or simply that he might not be encumbered with wife and ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 18 Chapter Outline Jethro brings to Moses his wife and two sons.(1-6) Moses entertains Jethro.(7-12) Jethro's counsel to Moses.(13-27) **Verses 1-6** Jethro came to rejoice with Moses in the happiness of Israel, and to bring his wife and children to him. Moses must have his family with him, that while he ruled the church of God, he might set a good example in family g...
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And her two sons; of which the name of the one was Gershom; for he said, I have been an alien in a strange land: Gershom: that is A stranger there

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And her two sons; of which the name of the one was Gershom; for he said, I have been an alien in a strange land</strong>—Gershom's name (גֵּרְשֹׁם, 'stranger there') memorializes Moses' exile identity in Midian. The naming statement 'I have been an alien' (גֵּר הָיִיתִי, ger hayiti) shows Moses felt displaced in Midian despite marriage and family. This alien identity prepares Moses to lead...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3)**Gershom.**—See Note on Exodus 2:22.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 18 Chapter Outline Jethro brings to Moses his wife and two sons.(1-6) Moses entertains Jethro.(7-12) Jethro's counsel to Moses.(13-27) **Verses 1-6** Jethro came to rejoice with Moses in the happiness of Israel, and to bring his wife and children to him. Moses must have his family with him, that while he ruled the church of God, he might set a good example in family g...
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And the name of the other was Eliezer; for the God of my father, said he, was mine help, and delivered me from the sword of Pharaoh: Eliezer: that is, My God is an help

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the name of the other was Eliezer; for the God of my father, said he, was mine help, and delivered me from the sword of Pharaoh</strong>—Eliezer's name (אֱלִיעֶזֶר, 'God is help') contrasts with Gershom's alienation theme—though stranger, Moses found divine help. The naming reference 'God of my father' invokes patriarchal covenant (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob), showing Moses' connection to I...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Eliezer.**—Eliezer is supposed to have been the boy whom Zipporah circumcised in the wilderness (Exodus 4:25). He grew to manhood, and had a son, Rehabiah (1Chronicles 23:17), whose descendants were in the time of David very numerous (1Chronicles 23:17; and comp. 1Chronicles 26:25-26). It is uncertain whether Moses gave him his name before parting from him, in allusion to his escape from the...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 18 Chapter Outline Jethro brings to Moses his wife and two sons.(1-6) Moses entertains Jethro.(7-12) Jethro's counsel to Moses.(13-27) **Verses 1-6** Jethro came to rejoice with Moses in the happiness of Israel, and to bring his wife and children to him. Moses must have his family with him, that while he ruled the church of God, he might set a good example in family g...
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And Jethro, Moses' father in law, came with his sons and his wife unto Moses into the wilderness, where he encamped at the mount of God:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jethro, Moses' father in law, came with his sons and his wife unto Moses into the wilderness, where he encamped at the mount of God</strong>—Jethro's pilgrimage to 'the mount of God' (הַר הָאֱלֹהִים, har ha'elohim, Sinai/Horeb) demonstrates that he seeks not merely family reunion but divine encounter. The 'mount of God' designation before the law-giving shows this mountain's sacred cha...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **Where he encamped at the mount of God.**—It is quite possible that “the mount of God” may be here used, in a broad sense, of the entire Sinaitic mountain-region, as “wilderness” is just before used in the broad sense of the infertile region between Egypt and Palestine. Or the movement described in Exodus 19:1-2 may have taken place before Jethro’s arrival, though not related until after it. ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 18 Chapter Outline Jethro brings to Moses his wife and two sons.(1-6) Moses entertains Jethro.(7-12) Jethro's counsel to Moses.(13-27) **Verses 1-6** Jethro came to rejoice with Moses in the happiness of Israel, and to bring his wife and children to him. Moses must have his family with him, that while he ruled the church of God, he might set a good example in family g...
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And he said unto Moses, I thy father in law Jethro am come unto thee, and thy wife, and her two sons with her.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he said unto Moses, I thy father in law Jethro am come unto thee, and thy wife, and her two sons with her</strong>—Jethro's announcement emphasizes relational structure: he identifies himself as father-in-law, then lists family members coming. This formal announcement shows respect for Moses' leadership position—Jethro doesn't presume on relationship but identifies himself properly. Th...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

Chapter 18 Chapter Outline Jethro brings to Moses his wife and two sons.(1-6) Moses entertains Jethro.(7-12) Jethro's counsel to Moses.(13-27) **Verses 1-6** Jethro came to rejoice with Moses in the happiness of Israel, and to bring his wife and children to him. Moses must have his family with him, that while he ruled the church of God, he might set a good example in family g...
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And Moses went out to meet his father in law, and did obeisance, and kissed him; and they asked each other of their welfare; and they came into the tent. welfare: Heb. peace

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Moses went out to meet his father in law, and did obeisance, and kissed him</strong>—Moses' going out to meet Jethro demonstrates honor toward father-in-law despite Moses' superior position as Israel's leader. The verb 'did obeisance' (וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ, vayishtachu, 'bowed down, worshipped') shows deep respect—Moses, who speaks with God face-to-face, bows to his father-in-law. This humil...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Moses went out . . . And did obeisance.**—Oriental etiquette required the going forth to meet an honoured guest (Genesis 18:2; Genesis 19:1, &c). The obeisance was wholly voluntary, and marks the humility of Moses, who, now that he was the prince of his nation, might well have required Jethro to bow down to him. **And kissed him.**—Kissing is a common form of salutation in the East, even bet...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-12** Conversation concerning God's wondrous works is good, and edifies. Jethro not only rejoiced in the honour done to his son-in-law, but in all the goodness done to Israel. Standers-by were more affected with the favours God had showed to Israel, than many were who received them. Jethro gave the glory to Israel's God. Whatever we have the joy of, God must have the praise. They joi...
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And Moses told his father in law all that the LORD had done unto Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel's sake, and all the travail that had come upon them by the way, and how the LORD delivered them. come: Heb. found them

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Moses told his father in law all that the LORD had done unto Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel's sake</strong>—Moses' testimony focuses on what 'the LORD had done'—attributing glory to God, not himself. The comprehensive scope ('all that the LORD had done') and specific elements (Pharaoh, Egyptians, 'for Israel's sake') shows detailed recounting of redemptive history. The phrase ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **Moses told **. . . **All.**—Jethro had only heard previously a very imperfect account of the transactions. (See Note 2 on Exodus 18:1.) Moses now told him all the particulars.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-12** Conversation concerning God's wondrous works is good, and edifies. Jethro not only rejoiced in the honour done to his son-in-law, but in all the goodness done to Israel. Standers-by were more affected with the favours God had showed to Israel, than many were who received them. Jethro gave the glory to Israel's God. Whatever we have the joy of, God must have the praise. They joi...
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And Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which the LORD had done to Israel, whom he had delivered out of the hand of the Egyptians.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which the LORD had done to Israel</strong>—Jethro's response to hearing God's works is joy (וַיִּחַדְּ, vayichad, 'rejoiced, was glad'). The phrase 'all the goodness which the LORD had done' (כָּל־הַטּוֹבָה אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה יְהוָה, kol-hatovah asher-asah YHWH) shows he recognizes Israel's deliverance as divine goodness, not merely political liberation....
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-12** Conversation concerning God's wondrous works is good, and edifies. Jethro not only rejoiced in the honour done to his son-in-law, but in all the goodness done to Israel. Standers-by were more affected with the favours God had showed to Israel, than many were who received them. Jethro gave the glory to Israel's God. Whatever we have the joy of, God must have the praise. They joi...
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And Jethro said, Blessed be the LORD, who hath delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh, who hath delivered the people from under the hand of the Egyptians.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jethro said, Blessed be the LORD, who hath delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians</strong>—Jethro's blessing formula 'Blessed be the LORD' (בָּרוּךְ יְהוָה, barukh YHWH) is first use of this liturgical phrase in Scripture, setting pattern for worship. His blessing specifically names YHWH, not generic deity, showing he worships Israel's covenant God. The dual deliverance—'out of...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10, 11) **Jethro said, Blessed be the Lord.**—Heb., *Jehovah. *The Midianites, descendants of Abraham by Keturah, acknowledged the true God, and the Israelites could rightfully join with them in acts of worship. But it is scarcely likely that they knew God among themselves as “Jehovah.” Jethro, however, understanding Moses to speak of the supreme God under that designation, adopted it from him, b...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20. Miriam the prophetess--**so called from her receiving divine revelations (Nu 12:1; Mi 6:4), but in this instance principally from her being eminently skilled in music, and in this sense the word "prophecy" is sometimes used in Scripture (1Ch 25:1; 1Co 11:5). **took a timbrel--**or "tabret"--a musical instrument in the form of a hoop, edged round with rings or pieces of brass to make a jing...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-12** Conversation concerning God's wondrous works is good, and edifies. Jethro not only rejoiced in the honour done to his son-in-law, but in all the goodness done to Israel. Standers-by were more affected with the favours God had showed to Israel, than many were who received them. Jethro gave the glory to Israel's God. Whatever we have the joy of, God must have the praise. They joi...
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Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods: for in the thing wherein they dealt proudly he was above them.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods: for in the thing wherein they dealt proudly he was above them</strong>—Jethro's confession 'Now I know' (עַתָּה יָדַעְתִּי, attah yada'ti) indicates experiential knowledge gained through witnessing God's works. The declaration that 'the LORD is greater than all gods' (כִּי־גָדוֹל יְהוָה מִכָּל־הָאֱלֹהִים, ki-gadol YHWH mikol-ha'elohim) is ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) F**or in the thing . . . —**Heb., *even in the matter in which they dealt proudly against them. *Jehovah’s superior power had been shown especially in the matter in which the Egyptians had dealt most proudly—viz., in pursuing the Israelites with an army when they had given them leave to depart, and attempting to re-capture or destroy them.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**21. Miriam answered them--**"them" in the Hebrew is masculine, so that Moses probably led the men and Miriam the women--the two bands responding alternately, and singing the first verse as a chorus.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-12** Conversation concerning God's wondrous works is good, and edifies. Jethro not only rejoiced in the honour done to his son-in-law, but in all the goodness done to Israel. Standers-by were more affected with the favours God had showed to Israel, than many were who received them. Jethro gave the glory to Israel's God. Whatever we have the joy of, God must have the praise. They joi...
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And Jethro, Moses' father in law, took a burnt offering and sacrifices for God: and Aaron came, and all the elders of Israel, to eat bread with Moses' father in law before God.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Jethro, Moses' father in law, took a burnt offering and sacrifices for God</strong>—Jethro's worship through sacrifice demonstrates genuine conversion. The 'burnt offering' (עֹלָה, olah, completely consumed) and 'sacrifices' (זְבָחִים, z'vachim, peace offerings) show comprehensive worship combining atonement and fellowship. The phrase 'for God' (לֵאלֹהִים, l'Elohim) indicates these are...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **Jethro . . . took a burnt offering and sacrifices for God.**—Jethro had brought sacrifices with him, and now offered them in token of his thankfulness for God’s mercies towards himself and towards his kinsman. He occupied a position similar to that of Melchizedek (Genesis 14:18), holding a priesthood of the most primitive character, probably as patriarch of his tribe, its head by right of p...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**22. wilderness of Shur--**comprehending all the western part of Arabia-Petræa. The desert of Etham was a part of it, extending round the northern portion of the Red Sea, and a considerable distance along its eastern shore; whereas the "wilderness of Shur" (now Sudhr) was the designation of all the desert region of Arabia-Petræa that lay next to Palestine.

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 7-12** Conversation concerning God's wondrous works is good, and edifies. Jethro not only rejoiced in the honour done to his son-in-law, but in all the goodness done to Israel. Standers-by were more affected with the favours God had showed to Israel, than many were who received them. Jethro gave the glory to Israel's God. Whatever we have the joy of, God must have the praise. They joi...
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Jethro's Advice on Leadership

And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses sat to judge the people: and the people stood by Moses from the morning unto the evening.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And it came to pass on the morrow, that Moses sat to judge the people</strong>—The transition from worship (v.12) to governance shows proper priority: worship before work. Moses' judging role fulfills God's commission to speak His words to people (Ex 4:15-16). The phrase 'the people stood by Moses from the morning unto the evening' indicates overwhelming demand—cases queued all day. This e...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **On the morrow.**—The day following Jethro’s arrival. **Moses sat to judge the people.**—The office of prince, or ruler, was in early times regarded as including within it that of judge. Rulers in these ages were sometimes even called “judges,” as were those of Israel from Joshua to Samuel, and those of Carthage at a later date (*suffetes*)*. *Ability to judge was thought to mark out a perso...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**23. when they came to Marah, they could not drink of the waters--**Following the general route of all travellers southward, between the sea and the tableland of the Tih ("valley of wandering"), Marah is almost universally believed to be what is now called Howarah, in Wady Amarah, about thirty miles from the place where the Israelites landed on the eastern shore of the Red Sea--a distance quite s...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And when Moses' father in law saw all that he did to the people, he said, What is this thing that thou doest to the people? why sittest thou thyself alone, and all the people stand by thee from morning unto even?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And when Moses' father in law saw all that he did to the people, he said, What is this thing that thou doest to the people?</strong>—Jethro's question 'What is this thing?' shows his concern at the unsustainable system. His observation 'thou sittest thyself alone, and all the people stand by thee' identifies the problem: centralized leadership without delegation. The phrase 'from morning u...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Why sittest thou thyself alone?**—The emphatic word is “alone.” Why dost thou not, Jethro means, devolve a part of the duty upon others?

Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And Moses said unto his father in law, Because the people come unto me to enquire of God:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Moses said unto his father in law, Because the people come unto me to enquire of God</strong>—Moses' defense shows his heart: people seek divine guidance, and Moses provides it. The verb 'enquire' (לִדְרֹשׁ, lidrosh, 'to seek, consult') indicates serious spiritual seeking, not trivial matters. Moses sees himself as mediator between God and people, a role God has given him (Ex 4:15-16)....
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15, 16) Moses assigns two reasons for his conduct.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**25. the Lord showed him a tree, which when he had cast into the waters, the waters were made sweet--**Some travellers have pronounced this to be the Elvah of the Arabs--a shrub in form and flower resembling our hawthorn; others, the berries of the Ghurkhud--a bush found growing around all brackish fountains. But neither of these shrubs are known by the natives to possess such natural virtues. It...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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When they have a matter, they come unto me; and I judge between one and another, and I do make them know the statutes of God, and his laws. one: Heb. a man and his fellow

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>When they have a matter, they come unto me; and I judge between one and another, and I do make them know the statutes of God, and his laws</strong>—Moses reiterates his comprehensive role: judging disputes and teaching divine law. The phrase 'judge between one and another' (וְשָׁפַטְתִּי בֵּין אִישׁ וּבֵין רֵעֵהוּ, v'shafat'ti bein ish uvein re'ehu) shows conflict resolution. The distincti...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And Moses' father in law said unto him, The thing that thou doest is not good.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Moses' father in law said unto him, The thing that thou doest is not good</strong>—Jethro's blunt assessment 'not good' (לֹא־טוֹב, lo-tov) uses the same phrase God used at creation: 'not good that man should be alone' (Gen 2:18). Both situations require help. Jethro's directness shows that true counsel speaks honestly, not merely affirmingly. His reasoning 'Thou wilt surely wear away, ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **The thing that thou doest is not good**.—Weighty as the arguments were, they failed to convince Jethro. He brought forward counter-arguments. By continuing to act as hitherto, Moses would, in the first place, exhaust his own strength, and, secondly exhaust the patience of the people. His practice was un advisable, both on his own account and on theirs. To keep suitors waiting all day, and p...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**27. they came to Elim, where were twelve wells of water--**supposed to be what is now called Wady-Ghurandel, the most extensive watercourse in the western desert--an oasis, adorned with a great variety of trees, among which the palm is still conspicuous, and fertilized by a copious stream. It is estimated to be a mile in breadth, but stretching out far to the northeast. After the weary travel th...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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Thou wilt surely wear away, both thou, and this people that is with thee: for this thing is too heavy for thee; thou art not able to perform it thyself alone. Thou wilt: Heb. Fading thou wilt fade

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Thou art not able to perform it thyself alone</strong>—Jethro's direct statement 'not able' (לֹא־תוּכַל, lo-tukhal) contradicts Moses' implicit assumption that he must handle everything. The addition 'thyself alone' identifies isolation as the problem. This wisdom applies to all leadership: solo ministry breeds burnout and limits effectiveness. Jethro's next phrase 'Hearken now unto my voi...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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Hearken now unto my voice, I will give thee counsel, and God shall be with thee: Be thou for the people to God-ward , that thou mayest bring the causes unto God:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Be thou for the people to God-ward, that thou mayest bring the causes unto God</strong>—Jethro identifies Moses' irreplaceable role: mediator between people and God. The phrase 'for the people to God-ward' (לָעָם מוּל הָאֱלֹהִים, la'am mul ha'Elohim, literally 'for the people opposite God') pictures Moses standing before God on Israel's behalf. This unique mediatorial function cannot be de...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **God shall be with thee.**—Rather, *may Go be with thee. *May He give thee wisdom to direct the course aright. **Be thou for the people to God-ward.**—Be the person, *i.e., *to bring before God whatever needs to be brought before Him. Continue both to act as representative of the people towards God, and as representative of God towards the people. Take all difficult causes to Him, and pronou...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 16 Ex 16:1-36. Murmurs for Want of Bread. **1. they took their journey from Elim--**where they had remained several days. **came unto the wilderness of Sin--**It appears from Nu 32:1-42, that several stations are omitted in this historical notice of the journey. This passage represents the Israelites as advanced into the great plain, which, beginning near El-Murkah, extends with a great...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And thou shalt teach them ordinances and laws, and shalt shew them the way wherein they must walk, and the work that they must do.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And thou shalt teach them ordinances and laws, and shalt shew them the way wherein they must walk</strong>—Jethro outlines Moses' teaching role: 'teach' (הִזְהַרְתָּה, hizhartah, 'warn, instruct') the 'ordinances' (חֻקִּים, chuqqim) and 'laws' (תּוֹרוֹת, torot). The phrase 'shew them the way' (וְהוֹדַעְתָּ לָהֶם אֶת־הַדֶּרֶךְ, v'hoda'ta lahem et-haderekh) uses metaphorical language—law as ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. the whole congregation ... murmured against Moses and Aaron--**Modern travellers through the desert of Sinai are accustomed to take as much as is sufficient for the sustenance of men and beasts during forty days. The Israelites having been rather more than a month on their journey, their store of corn or other provisions was altogether or nearly exhausted; and there being no prospect of procu...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, and rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness</strong>—Jethro's criteria for judges establishes qualifications for spiritual leadership. 'Able men' (אַנְשֵׁי־חַיִל, anshei-chayil) means capable, strong, competent. 'Such as fear God' (יִרְאֵי אֱלֹהִים, yirei Elohim) prioritizes spiritual qualification—reverence for God preced...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **Provide out of all the people able men.**—This was the gist of Jethro’s advice. It seems somewhat surprising that it should have been needed. In Egypt, as in all other settled governments, while the king was the fountain of justice, it was customary for him to delegate the duty of hearing causes to officials of different ranks, who decided in this or that class of complaints. In Arabia a si...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. Would to God we had died by the hand of the Lord in the land of Egypt--**How unreasonable and absurd the charge against Moses and Aaron! **how ungrateful and impious against God! After all their experience of the divine wisdom, goodness, and power, we pause and wonder over the sacred narrative of their hardness and unbelief. But the expression of feeling is contagious in so vast a multitude, ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And let them judge the people at all seasons: and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge: so shall it be easier for thyself, and they shall bear the burden with thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And let them judge the people at all seasons: and it shall be, that every great matter they shall bring unto thee, but every small matter they shall judge</strong>—Jethro's organizational plan establishes distributed justice: routine cases handled locally, exceptional cases escalated to Moses. The phrase 'at all seasons' (בְּכָל־עֵת, b'khol-et) means continuous availability—justice isn't o...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **At all seasons.**—Not on occasional court days, as had been the custom of Moses, but day by day continually. **Every great matter they shall bring unto thee.**—It must have been left to the judges themselves to decide what were “great” and what were “small matters.” Under ordinary circumstances, courts would be inclined to extend their jurisdiction, and take enlarged views of their competen...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. Then said the Lord unto Moses--**Though the outbreak was immediately against the human leaders, it was indirectly against God: yet mark His patience, and how graciously He promised to redress the grievance. **I will rain bread from heaven--**Israel, a type of the Church which is from above, and being under the conduct, government, and laws of heaven, received their food from heaven also (Ps...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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If thou shalt do this thing, and God command thee so, then thou shalt be able to endure, and all this people shall also go to their place in peace.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>If thou shalt do this thing, and God command thee so, then thou shalt be able to endure</strong>—Jethro's conditional 'if...God command thee so' (וְצִוְּךָ אֱלֹהִים, v'tzivv'kha Elohim) shows wisdom: he offers counsel but defers to divine confirmation. This humility models that human advice, however sound, requires divine validation. The promise 'thou shalt be able to endure' (וְיָכָלְתָּ ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **If thou shalt do this thing, and God command thee so.**—A reference of the entire matter to God, before any final decision was made, is plainly indicated. Moses must have already had some mode of consulting God on any point which required to be settled, and obtaining an answer. Was it by the “Urim and Thummim”? **Thou shalt be able to endure.**—Comp. Exodus 18:18, where the inability of Mos...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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So Moses hearkened to the voice of his father in law, and did all that he had said.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>So Moses hearkened to the voice of his father in law, and did all that he had said</strong>—Moses' immediate obedience demonstrates humility—he accepts correction from father-in-law without defensiveness. The phrase 'hearkened to the voice' (וַיִּשְׁמַע מֹשֶׁה לְקוֹל, vayishma Moshe l'qol) indicates attentive listening and obedient response. 'Did all that he had said' shows complete implem...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24, 25) **Moses hearkened.**—The appointment of judges, according to Jethro’s advice, was not made until after the giving of the Law and the setting up of the Tabernacle. (See Deuteronomy 1:9-15.) In one particular Moses departed from the counsel given to him. Instead of directly choosing the “able men” himself, he left the selection to the people (Deuteronomy 1:13). And contented himself with in...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And Moses chose able men out of all Israel, and made them heads over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Moses chose able men out of all Israel, and made them heads over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens</strong>—Moses' implementation follows Jethro's qualifications precisely. The verb 'chose' (וַיִּבְחַר, vayivchar) indicates careful selection based on the criteria in verse 21. The hierarchical structure—thousands, hundreds, fiftie...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And they judged the people at all seasons: the hard causes they brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they judged the people at all seasons: the hard causes they brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves</strong>—The system works as designed: routine cases handled locally, difficult cases escalated. The phrase 'at all seasons' (בְּכָל־עֵת, b'khol-et) confirms continuous justice, not periodic hearings. 'Hard causes' (הַדָּבָר הַקָּשֶׁה, hadavar haqasheh) require ...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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And Moses let his father in law depart; and he went his way into his own land.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Moses let his father in law depart; and he went his way into his own land</strong>—Jethro's departure after giving counsel shows he came to help, not control. The verb 'let depart' (וַיְשַׁלַּח, vay'shalach, 'sent away') indicates Moses' releasing Jethro with honor. The phrase 'he went his way into his own land' shows Jethro returns to Midian—his mission complete. Numbers 10:29-32 reco...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **Moses let his father in law depart.**—Heb. *Moses dismissed his connection. *The supposed identity of Hobab (Numbers 10:29; Judges 4:11) with Jethro seems precluded by this statement, for Hobab clearly remained with Moses till the close of the stay at Sinai, and Moses, instead of “dismissing” him, was most unwilling that he should depart. **Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Co...
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Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

**Verses 13-27** Here is the great zeal and the toil of Moses as a magistrate. Having been employed to redeem Israel out of the house of bondage, he is a further type of Christ, that he is employed as a lawgiver and a judge among them. If the people were as quarrelsome one with another as they were with God, no doubt Moses had many causes brought before him. This business Moses was called to; ...
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