About 1 Samuel

1 Samuel records the transition from judges to monarchy, including Samuel's ministry, Saul's rise and fall, and David's anointing.

Author: Samuel, Nathan, GadWritten: c. 1050-900 BCReading time: ~4 minVerses: 31
TransitionKingshipObedienceRejectionGod's SovereigntyHeart

King James Version

1 Samuel 30

31 verses with commentary

David Defeats the Amalekites

And it came to pass, when David and his men were come to Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the south, and Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire;

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KJV Study Commentary

David's arrival at Ziklag on 'the third day' places him away from both armies when Gilboa's battle decides Saul's fate. The discovery of Amalekite destruction creates personal crisis amid national transition. The Hebrew 'pashetu' (invaded) and 'wayyakku' (smote) describe military assault, while 'wayyisrefu-ha ba'esh' (burned it with fire) indicates total destruction. David, having avoided one disa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **On the third day**—That is, on the third day after King Achish, in consequence of the remonstrances of the Philistine chieftains, had dismissed David and his contingent from the ranks of the Philistine army. This dismissal could hardly have taken place at Shunem, in the Esdraelon (Jezreel) Vale, for Shunem is some ninety miles distant from Ziklag. The division of Achish had marched from Gath...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4-7. Jonathan spake good of David--**He told his father he was committing a great sin to plot against the life of a man who had rendered the most invaluable services to his country and whose loyalty had been uniformly steady and devoted. The strong remonstrances of Jonathan produced an effect on the impulsive mind of his father. As he was still susceptible of good and honest impressions, he boun...
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And had taken the women captives, that were therein: they slew not any, either great or small, but carried them away, and went on their way.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Amalekites' unusual restraint in taking captives rather than killing presents a theological puzzle. The Hebrew 'lo hemitu' (they did not kill) indicates deliberate decision. This mercy may reflect slave-trade economics (living captives were valuable) or divine providence preserving lives for rescue. The phrase 'carried them away' (Hebrew: 'wayyinhagu') suggests forced march with captives, incl...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **They slew not any.**—There was no one in the hapless city to resist the attack of the fierce sons of the desert. David—never dreaming of the sudden invasion—had marched with Achish, accompanied by his whole force. The Amalekites slew none of their captives; they were, we read, women and children. These possessed a marketable value, and were carried off to be sold into slavery, probably in Eg...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8-10. David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter--**A brilliant victory was gained over the public enemy. But these fresh laurels of David reawakened in the moody breast of Saul the former spirit of envy and melancholy. On David's return to court, the temper of Saul became more fiendish than ever; the melodious strains of the harp had lost all their pow...
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So David and his men came to the city, and, behold, it was burned with fire; and their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, were taken captives.

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KJV Study Commentary

The scene of David and his men encountering the burning ruins of their home emphasizes complete devastation. The Hebrew construction 'hineh seruphah ba'esh' (behold, burned with fire) captures the visual shock. The threefold loss, 'wives, sons, and daughters,' encompasses the entire domestic sphere. For ancient warriors, whose purpose centered on protecting family, this represented total failure. ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **And behold, it was burned with fire.**—A terrible reception for David and his free lances, on their return from their ill-omened expedition with the great Philistine army, to find only the charred and smoking ruins of their homes; not one of all their dear ones, whom they had left behind—as they thought in security—left to tell the story of the disaster. It was the Egyptian slave who had fal...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8-10. David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter--**A brilliant victory was gained over the public enemy. But these fresh laurels of David reawakened in the moody breast of Saul the former spirit of envy and melancholy. On David's return to court, the temper of Saul became more fiendish than ever; the melodious strains of the harp had lost all their pow...
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Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep.

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KJV Study Commentary

The description of collective grief, 'lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep,' expresses exhaustion through mourning. The Hebrew 'ad asher en bahem koach livekot' (until there was no strength in them to weep) captures the physical depletion of intense grief. David shares this mourning equally with his men, not standing apart as leader but participating in the communit...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **Then David and the people.**—1Samuel 30:1-4 form one period, which is expanded by the introduction of several circumstantial clauses. The apodosis to “it came to pass when,” &c., 1Samuel 30:1, does not follow till 1Samuel 30:4, “Then David and the people,” &c.; but this is formally attached to 1Samuel 30:3. The statement, “So David and his men came,” with which the protasis commenced in 1Sam...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8-10. David went out, and fought with the Philistines, and slew them with a great slaughter--**A brilliant victory was gained over the public enemy. But these fresh laurels of David reawakened in the moody breast of Saul the former spirit of envy and melancholy. On David's return to court, the temper of Saul became more fiendish than ever; the melodious strains of the harp had lost all their pow...
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And David's two wives were taken captives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite.

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KJV Study Commentary

The personal detail that David's own two wives were among the captives connects the leader to his followers' suffering. Ahinoam and Abigail, named specifically, represent David's own stake in the disaster. He does not stand above his men's loss but shares it personally. This shared experience positions David to lead from common suffering rather than detached command. The repetition of names emphas...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11-12. Saul sent messengers unto David's house, to watch him, and to slay him--**The fear of causing a commotion in the town, or favoring his escape in the darkness, seemed to have influenced the king in ordering them to patrol till the morning. This infatuation was overruled by Providence to favor David's escape; for his wife, secretly apprised by Jonathan, who was aware of the design, or by sp...
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And David was greatly distressed; for the people spake of stoning him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his sons and for his daughters: but David encouraged himself in the LORD his God. grieved: Heb. bitter

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KJV Study Commentary

The crisis intensifies as David's men contemplate stoning him, blaming his leadership for their disaster. The Hebrew 'kiy-mar nephesh kol-ha'am' (because the soul of all the people was bitter) explains the danger through the vocabulary of bitterness. David is 'greatly distressed' (Hebrew: 'tsarar... me'od'), using language suggesting constriction and anguish. Yet in this darkest moment comes the p...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **For the people spake of stoning him.**—Probably the discontent and anger of the people had been previously aroused by David’s close connection with Achish, which had entailed upon these valiant Israelites the bitter degradation of having had to march against their own countrymen under the banner *of the *Philistine King of Gath; and now, finding that David had neglected to provide against th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11-12. Saul sent messengers unto David's house, to watch him, and to slay him--**The fear of causing a commotion in the town, or favoring his escape in the darkness, seemed to have influenced the king in ordering them to patrol till the morning. This infatuation was overruled by Providence to favor David's escape; for his wife, secretly apprised by Jonathan, who was aware of the design, or by sp...
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And David said to Abiathar the priest, Ahimelech's son, I pray thee, bring me hither the ephod. And Abiathar brought thither the ephod to David.

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KJV Study Commentary

David's immediate request for the ephod demonstrates his spiritual instinct under pressure. Rather than reacting in anger, fear, or self-defense, he seeks divine guidance. The ephod, which Abiathar had brought when fleeing Saul's massacre at Nob (23:6-9), contained the Urim and Thummim for divine consultation. David's first response to crisis is inquiry of the LORD, contrasting sharply with Saul's...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Abiathar.**—Abiathar had doubtless been with David, and he had joined him at Keilah. Through all his wanderings we hear, however, nothing of prayer and of consultation of the Urim. As regards the unfortunate Philistine sojourn, David seems to have determined upon that step entirely of himself; distrustful and despairing, he had fled the country, and taken refuge with the enemies of his peopl...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-14. And Michal took an image, and laid it in the bed--**"an image," literally, "the teraphim," and laid, not in the bed, but literally on the "divan"; and "the pillows," that is, the cushion, which usually lay at the back of the divan and was stuffed with "goat's hair," she took from its bolster or heading at the upper part of the divan. This she placed lower down, and covered with a mantle, ...
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And David enquired at the LORD, saying, Shall I pursue after this troop? shall I overtake them? And he answered him, Pursue: for thou shalt surely overtake them, and without fail recover all.

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KJV Study Commentary

David's inquiry and God's response model the prayer-and-guidance pattern Scripture commends. The questions are practical: 'Shall I pursue? Shall I overtake?' The answers are specific and encouraging: 'Pursue: for thou shalt surely overtake them, and without fail recover all.' The Hebrew emphatic construction 'haseg tasig wehatsel tatsil' (surely overtake, surely recover) guarantees success. This d...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13-14. And Michal took an image, and laid it in the bed--**"an image," literally, "the teraphim," and laid, not in the bed, but literally on the "divan"; and "the pillows," that is, the cushion, which usually lay at the back of the divan and was stuffed with "goat's hair," she took from its bolster or heading at the upper part of the divan. This she placed lower down, and covered with a mantle, ...
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So David went, he and the six hundred men that were with him, and came to the brook Besor, where those that were left behind stayed.

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KJV Study Commentary

The pursuit begins with all six hundred men, demonstrating David's ability to rally grieving, bitter men for immediate military action. The brook Besor, marking the southern boundary of settled territory, becomes a dividing point in the narrative. The phrase 'those that were left behind stayed' introduces the issue of exhausted soldiers that will create later conflict. David's leadership must now ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **So David went.**—Immediately on receiving the answer of the Urim, David started in rapid pursuit. The “six hundred” by no means represented his present force; but these were probably the old band of veteran soldiers, whose speed and endurance he could depend upon—men tried, no doubt, by many a weary night march, by many a rough, wild piece of work. A large contingent even of these veterans c...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**15. Bring him to me in the bed--**a portable couch or mattress. 1Sa 19:18-23. David Flees to Samuel.

But David pursued, he and four hundred men: for two hundred abode behind, which were so faint that they could not go over the brook Besor.

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KJV Study Commentary

The division of forces, four hundred pursuing while two hundred remain, raises questions David will address later. The Hebrew 'piggeru' (too faint, exhausted) describes men beyond physical capacity to continue. The three-day return march from Aphek plus emotional devastation had depleted these men completely. David neither condemns their weakness nor delays the pursuit; he assigns them guard duty ...
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And they found an Egyptian in the field, and brought him to David, and gave him bread, and he did eat; and they made him drink water;

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KJV Study Commentary

The discovery of the Egyptian servant introduces providential guidance through unexpected means. Finding a starving foreigner 'in the field' (Hebrew: 'basadeh') and providing bread and water demonstrates the humanitarian impulse that will later characterize David's reign. The care shown to this abandoned slave contrasts with the Amalekites' cruelty that left him to die. David's compassion will pro...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **An Egyptian.**—The Amalekites, as above stated, were a nomad race; their wanderings would have taken them to the frontiers of Egypt, hence the probability of their having Egyptian slaves in their tribe. The savage nature of these untamed sons of the desert has been already commented upon when the war of extermination with Amalek was discussed. They seem to have been a ruthless, cruel race, ...
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And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two clusters of raisins: and when he had eaten, his spirit came again to him: for he had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days and three nights.

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KJV Study Commentary

The detailed provisions, 'cake of figs, two clusters of raisins,' and restored hydration, bring the dying man back to life. The phrase 'his spirit came again to him' (Hebrew: 'watashav rucho elav') describes physical revival through nourishment. The three days without food or water paralleled the time David traveled from Aphek to Ziklag, suggesting the raid occurred just as David departed. Divine ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **Three days and three nights.**—This was a note of time as to the amount of start the Amalekite leader with the plunder had. It may well be conceived there was no time to lose. The cruelty of the Amalekites to their slaves was the cause of their ultimate discomfiture, for with the very considerable start they already had, if David had not been quite certain, through the information of the Eg...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18-23. David fled, ... and came to Samuel to Ramah--**Samuel was living in great retirement, superintending the school of the prophets, established in the little hamlet of Naioth, in the neighborhood of Ramah. It was a retreat congenial to the mind of David; but Saul, having found out his asylum, sent three successive bodies of men to apprehend him. The character of the place and the influence o...
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And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou? and whence art thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite ; and my master left me, because three days agone I fell sick.

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KJV Study Commentary

The interrogation reveals essential intelligence: the man was Egyptian, servant to an Amalekite, abandoned when ill. His nationality connects to Israel's historic experience of Egyptian bondage, creating subtle ironic resonance. The master's cruelty in abandoning him ('my master left me') mirrors Pharaoh's cruel treatment of Israel's sick and weak. This discarded servant holds the key to David's r...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18-23. David fled, ... and came to Samuel to Ramah--**Samuel was living in great retirement, superintending the school of the prophets, established in the little hamlet of Naioth, in the neighborhood of Ramah. It was a retreat congenial to the mind of David; but Saul, having found out his asylum, sent three successive bodies of men to apprehend him. The character of the place and the influence o...
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We made an invasion upon the south of the Cherethites, and upon the coast which belongeth to Judah, and upon the south of Caleb; and we burned Ziklag with fire.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Egyptian's report catalogues the Amalekite raid's extent: the Cherethites (Philistine mercenaries), Judah's territory, and Caleb's portion. The burning of Ziklag is mentioned specifically. This comprehensive raiding indicates a major Amalekite expedition, not a small band. The geographic scope shows they exploited the Philistine army's absence to raid widely. David now understands the full ext...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **We made an invasion. . . .**—The Egyptian, who apparently was a man of education, accurately describes to David the nature and scope of the Amalekite raid, which had closed with so signal a disaster to the inhabitants of his city of Ziklag. Taking advantage of the war between Israel and Philistia, and of the northerly march of the troops of both countries, Amalek made a swift and sudden des...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18-23. David fled, ... and came to Samuel to Ramah--**Samuel was living in great retirement, superintending the school of the prophets, established in the little hamlet of Naioth, in the neighborhood of Ramah. It was a retreat congenial to the mind of David; but Saul, having found out his asylum, sent three successive bodies of men to apprehend him. The character of the place and the influence o...
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And David said to him, Canst thou bring me down to this company? And he said, Swear unto me by God, that thou wilt neither kill me, nor deliver me into the hands of my master, and I will bring thee down to this company.

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KJV Study Commentary

David's request for guidance and the Egyptian's condition for compliance reveal mutual vulnerability. The slave, having been abandoned to die, fears being returned to his master or killed. His demand for an oath 'by God' shows he understood the binding nature of Israelite religious commitment. David's willingness to swear demonstrates his integrity; he will not exploit this vulnerable person even ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **By God.**—The oath was to be by “Elohim,” not by Jehovah, of whom the Egyptian knew nothing. **And I will bring thee down.**—His accurate knowledge of the route taken by the Amalekites, and his clear account of the late raid, show that he was a person of no ordinary ability; he was probably an Egyptian merchant or wealthy trader captured in some border fray.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18-23. David fled, ... and came to Samuel to Ramah--**Samuel was living in great retirement, superintending the school of the prophets, established in the little hamlet of Naioth, in the neighborhood of Ramah. It was a retreat congenial to the mind of David; but Saul, having found out his asylum, sent three successive bodies of men to apprehend him. The character of the place and the influence o...
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And when he had brought him down, behold, they were spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, and out of the land of Judah.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Egyptian guides David to a scene of overconfident celebration: the Amalekites 'spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing.' The Hebrew 'chogegim' (celebrating, making festival) suggests religious feasting, possibly thanking their gods for successful plunder. Their security 'because of all the great spoil' creates vulnerability. The victory celebration becomes the contex...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking and dancing.**—We have here a vivid picture of the wild license which these barbarians allowed themselves, now that they were secure, as they thought, from all pursuit. When the picked warriors of David’s troops looked on the scene of revelry and debauch, and thought *who *were among the captives in that disorderly encampment, and rememb...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18-23. David fled, ... and came to Samuel to Ramah--**Samuel was living in great retirement, superintending the school of the prophets, established in the little hamlet of Naioth, in the neighborhood of Ramah. It was a retreat congenial to the mind of David; but Saul, having found out his asylum, sent three successive bodies of men to apprehend him. The character of the place and the influence o...
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And David smote them from the twilight even unto the evening of the next day: and there escaped not a man of them, save four hundred young men, which rode upon camels, and fled. the next: Heb. their morrow

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KJV Study Commentary

David's attack 'from the twilight even unto the evening of the next day' indicates sustained combat lasting approximately twenty-four hours. The devastating results, 'there escaped not a man of them, save four hundred young men,' represent nearly complete destruction. Those who escaped, 'which rode upon camels,' had both the mounts and youth necessary for flight. The completeness of victory fulfil...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **From twilight even unto the evening of the next day.**—Keil thinks the fighting went on from the evening twilight till the evening of the next day. Bishop Hervey, in the *Speaker’s Commentary, *with greater probability, supposes that “the twilight is the morning twilight, as the contrast between twilight and evening rather suggests.” David thus arrived at night, and finding his enemies eati...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18-23. David fled, ... and came to Samuel to Ramah--**Samuel was living in great retirement, superintending the school of the prophets, established in the little hamlet of Naioth, in the neighborhood of Ramah. It was a retreat congenial to the mind of David; but Saul, having found out his asylum, sent three successive bodies of men to apprehend him. The character of the place and the influence o...
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And David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away: and David rescued his two wives.

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KJV Study Commentary

The brief statement 'David recovered all' fulfills the divine promise exactly. The specific mention that 'David rescued his two wives' personalizes the victory. The Hebrew 'wayyatsel' (delivered, rescued) uses the same verb God employed in His promise. What David received through inquiry of the LORD, he now sees accomplished through military action. The correspondence between promise and fulfillme...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**24. lay down naked--**that is, divested of his armor and outer robes--in a state of trance. Thus God, in making the wrath of man to praise Him, preserved the lives of all the prophets, frustrated all the purposes of Saul, and preserved the life of His servant.

And there was nothing lacking to them, neither small nor great, neither sons nor daughters, neither spoil, nor any thing that they had taken to them: David recovered all.

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KJV Study Commentary

The emphatic repetition 'there was nothing lacking... David recovered all' emphasizes total restoration. The Hebrew construction 'lo ne'edar lahem... hakkol heshiv David' (nothing was missing... everything David brought back) stresses completeness. Not merely lives but possessions, relationships, and honor were restored. The categories, 'small nor great, neither sons nor daughters, neither spoil,'...
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And David took all the flocks and the herds, which they drave before those other cattle, and said, This is David's spoil.

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KJV Study Commentary

The additional spoil beyond what the Amalekites had stolen represents the increase from David's victory. The phrase 'This is David's spoil' may indicate his men's acclaim or an official distribution designation. This surplus, plundered from the Amalekites themselves, provided resources David would strategically distribute. What began as devastating loss concludes with net gain. God's restoration n...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **The flocks and the herds, which they drave.**—In the English translation the word “which,” inserted in italics, obscures the sense; the literal reading is, “And David took all the flocks and the herds; they drove them before their cattle, and said, this is David’s spoil.” David took, no doubt, by popular acclamation as *his *share of the plunder, all the flocks and herds belonging to the Am...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 20 1Sa 20:1-10. David Consults with Jonathan for His Safety. **1-3. David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan--**He could not remain in Naioth, for he had strong reason to fear that when the religious fit, if we may so call it, was over, Saul would relapse into his usual fell and sanguinary temper. It may be thought that David acted imprudently in directing his...
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And David came to the two hundred men, which were so faint that they could not follow David, whom they had made also to abide at the brook Besor: and they went forth to meet David, and to meet the people that were with him: and when David came near to the people, he saluted them. saluted: or, asked them how they did

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KJV Study Commentary

David's return to the two hundred who stayed at Besor receives initial hostility from a portion of his forces. Yet David 'saluted them' (Hebrew: 'wayyish'al lahem leshalom'), asking about their welfare with genuine concern. His greeting precedes any discussion of spoil distribution, establishing that relationships matter more than material concerns. David's character shows in how he treats those w...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 20 1Sa 20:1-10. David Consults with Jonathan for His Safety. **1-3. David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan--**He could not remain in Naioth, for he had strong reason to fear that when the religious fit, if we may so call it, was over, Saul would relapse into his usual fell and sanguinary temper. It may be thought that David acted imprudently in directing his...
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Then answered all the wicked men and men of Belial, of those that went with David, and said, Because they went not with us, we will not give them ought of the spoil that we have recovered, save to every man his wife and his children, that they may lead them away, and depart. those: Heb. men

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KJV Study Commentary

The 'wicked men and men of Belial' (Hebrew: 'ish-ra' uveli-ya'al') among David's forces reveal the moral diversity within his band. Their refusal to share spoil with those who stayed behind reflects a meritocratic principle: only those who fought deserve reward. The grudging allowance that each man may take 'his wife and his children' without additional spoil treats the exhausted men as charity ca...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **Then answered all the wicked men and men of Belial.**—The scene here related chronicles an act of greed and of heartless covetousness—an act that has been many times repeated in the world’s history. The wise compiler of the book chose it as part of the memoirs of David, which were to be preserved in the sacred volume, because it was another authoritative declaration on the part of the belov...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 20 1Sa 20:1-10. David Consults with Jonathan for His Safety. **1-3. David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan--**He could not remain in Naioth, for he had strong reason to fear that when the religious fit, if we may so call it, was over, Saul would relapse into his usual fell and sanguinary temper. It may be thought that David acted imprudently in directing his...
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Then said David, Ye shall not do so, my brethren, with that which the LORD hath given us, who hath preserved us, and delivered the company that came against us into our hand.

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KJV Study Commentary

David's correction grounds spoil distribution in theology, not merit: 'that which the LORD hath given us.' The Hebrew 'asher natan YHWH lanu' (which the LORD gave to us) reframes the victory as divine gift, not human achievement. By invoking God's preservation and deliverance, David reminds the warriors that they are recipients, not earners, of victory. This theological foundation removes grounds ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **Ye shall not do so my brethren.**—Translate “Do not so my brethren with that which the Lord hath given us,” that is, “in respect to that which the Lord,” &c. Ewald prefers to render the phrase as an ejaculatory oath, “By that which the Lord,” &c. Some commentators here quote a passage from Polybius, where a similar scene is depicted as having taken place after the capture of Nova Carthago, ...
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For who will hearken unto you in this matter? but as his part is that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff: they shall part alike.

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KJV Study Commentary

David establishes an enduring principle: 'as his part is that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff.' The Hebrew uses identical terminology ('chelqo... kechelqo') to emphasize equality. Those who guard supplies serve the same cause as those who fight. This statute recognizes that complex operations require varied roles, all essential to success. David's ruling b...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

5. David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to-morrow the new moon, and I **should not fail to sit with the king at meat--**The beginning of a new month or moon was always celebrated by special sacrifices, followed by feasting, at which the head of a family expected all its members to be present. David, both as the king's son-in-law and a distinguished courtier, dined on such occasions at the royal table...
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And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day. forward: Heb. and forward

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KJV Study Commentary

The narrative notes that David's ruling became permanent policy: 'a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.' The Hebrew 'choq umishpat' (statute and ordinance) uses legal terminology for binding regulations. David's wisdom in this moment established precedent extending beyond the immediate situation. Future generations inherited this principle of equal sharing. Leadership decisions in c...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **A statute and an ordinance for Israel.**—The decree that they, who for good reasons tarry with the stuff, shall share alike with those who go down to the battle, which became a received ordinance in Israel, is not without its meaning. In the *Heavenly Church of God* “ His state Is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed, And post o’er land and ocean without rest: They also serve who only sta...
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And when David came to Ziklag, he sent of the spoil unto the elders of Judah, even to his friends, saying, Behold a present for you of the spoil of the enemies of the LORD; present: Heb. blessing

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KJV Study Commentary

David's distribution of spoil to 'the elders of Judah' reveals strategic thinking during national transition. The phrase 'even to his friends' (Hebrew: 'lere'ehu') indicates these were allies who had supported him during his wilderness years. The framing, 'a present for you of the spoil of the enemies of the LORD,' connects the gift to Israel's ancient conflict with Amalek. David positions himself...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **He sent of the spoil.**—To have made it worth while to have sent presents to all the places enumerated below, the spoil of the Amalekites captured on this occasion must have been enormous. One special circumstance connected with the history besides leads us to this conclusion. Although these desert Arabs were surprised and attacked at a terrible disadvantage after a debauch, they seem (so g...
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To them which were in Bethel, and to them which were in south Ramoth, and to them which were in Jattir,

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KJV Study Commentary

The list of recipient cities begins with Beth-el, south Ramoth, and Jattir. These southern Judean locations had provided refuge during David's fugitive years. The specific naming of these towns preserves historical memory of David's network of support. Each name represents a community that risked Saul's anger by protecting David. His gifts now reward their loyalty and strengthen future alliance.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(27) **Bethel . . . South Ramoth . . . Yattir.**—Here follows an enumeration of the cities of Judah to whom David sent, most of which have been identified. Bethel—evidently not the well known place of that name, but Bethuel or Bethul in the tribe of Simeon. The LXX. read here Baithsour. South Ramoth, *i.e., *Ramah of the South. Shimei, who was over David’s vineyards, was most likely a native of th...
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And to them which were in Aroer, and to them which were in Siphmoth, and to them which were in Eshtemoa,

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KJV Study Commentary

The list continues with Aroer, Siphmoth, and Eshtemoa, further demonstrating David's extensive network throughout Judah. These communities in the Negev region had apparently provided supplies, information, or refuge during David's wilderness years. David's generosity now extends beyond simple gratitude to political consolidation of future support.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(28) **Aroer . . . Siphmoth and . . . Eshtemoa.**—*Aroer, *a city, with colossal ruins of foundation walls, south of Hebron. Of Siphmoth nothing is known. Zabdi, the Shiphmite (1Chronicles 27:27), who was over King David’s cellars, clearly comes from Siphmoth. Bishop Hervey well calls attention to a remarkable proof of the grateful nature of David and his fidelity to his early friendships, “that w...
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And to them which were in Rachal, and to them which were in the cities of the Jerahmeelites, and to them which were in the cities of the Kenites,

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KJV Study Commentary

Rachal, the cities of the Jerahmeelites, and the cities of the Kenites receive gifts, extending David's reach to tribal groups allied with Judah. The Jerahmeelites, descendants of Jerahmeel son of Hezron (1 Chronicles 2:9), were a Judean clan. The Kenites, descendants of Jethro's family, had allied with Israel since Moses' time. David's gifts strengthen ties with these associated peoples who would...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **Rachal.**—The name Rachal never occurs again, and is quite unknown. Here the LXX., instead of Rachal, have five different names—*Ged, Kimath, Saphek, Themath, Karmel. *No satisfactory explanation has been suggested for this strange addition; three of them are unknown, and the other two—Gad (Gath) and Carmel—places we should certainly not expect to meet in this catalogue. **The cities of the...
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And to them which were in Hormah, and to them which were in Chorashan, and to them which were in Athach,

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KJV Study Commentary

Hormah, Chorashan, and Athach continue the list of gift recipients. These towns in the Negev region complete the geographic sweep of David's generosity through southern Judah. The comprehensive distribution ensures no community that supported David feels forgotten. Each gift strengthens David's political position while genuinely honoring those who risked helping him.

Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **Hormah . . . Chor-ashan . . . Athach.**—Hormah, called by the Canaanites Zephath, still exists in the modern village of Zep-ata. Chor-ashan is probably the same as Ashan (Joshua 15:30): it has not been discovered in modern times. Athach is quite unknown.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11. Jonathan said to David, Come, let us go into the field--**The private dialogue, which is here detailed at full length, presents a most beautiful exhibition of these two amiable and noble-minded friends. Jonathan was led, in the circumstances, to be the chief speaker. The strength of his attachment, his pure disinterestedness, his warm piety, his invocation to God (consisting of a prayer and ...
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And to them which were in Hebron, and to all the places where David himself and his men were wont to haunt.

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KJV Study Commentary

The list culminates with Hebron, soon to become David's first capital, and 'all the places where David himself and his men were wont to haunt.' The Hebrew 'hithhalekh-sham' (walked about there) indicates regular movement through these regions. Hebron's prominent mention anticipates its role in David's imminent ascension. This distribution of spoil represents the final preparation before David's wi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **Hebron.**—Hebron is one of the most ancient known cities in the world. It is now called El-Khalil (“friend of God”), owing to Abraham’s residence there. During the early years of David’s rule, which followed the death of Saul, Hebron was the residence and royal city of David. Beneath the building of the present Mosque of Hebron is the famous Cave of Machpelah, where Abraham and Sarah and th...
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