King James Version

What Does Romans 5:21 Mean?

Romans 5:21 in the King James Version says “That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ o... — study this verse from Romans chapter 5 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord.

Romans 5:21 · KJV


Context

19

For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made righteous.

20

Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound:

21

That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord—Paul concludes the Adam-Christ typology with paired reigns. Sin ἐβασίλευσεν (ebasileusen, 'reigned') ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ (en tō thanatō, 'in/through death'), exercising tyrannical dominion through humanity's mortality and condemnation.

But grace βασιλεύσῃ (basileusē, aorist subjunctive, 'might reign') διὰ δικαιοσύνης (dia dikaiosynēs, 'through righteousness') unto ζωὴν αἰώνιον (zōēn aiōnion, 'eternal life'). Grace doesn't reign through overlooking sin but through providing righteousness—Christ's imputed righteousness securing justification. The goal is not temporary reprieve but eternal life, διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν (through Jesus Christ our Lord)—the full title emphasizing His person (Jesus—Savior), work (Christ—Messiah), and authority (Lord—κύριος). All salvation is through Him, from first to last.

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Historical & Cultural Context

This verse's majestic conclusion summarizes Romans 5's argument: two humanities under two heads experiencing two destinies. Adam's headship results in sin's reign unto death; Christ's headship results in grace's reign unto eternal life. The church fathers saw this as cosmic warfare—sin and death defeated, grace and life enthroned. The verse anticipates Paul's fuller development in chapter 6 (dead to sin, alive to God) and chapter 8 (no condemnation, eternal life secure in Christ).

Reflection Questions

  1. How does grace reigning 'through righteousness' differ from grace that ignores sin or merely shows pity?
  2. What does it mean practically that grace 'reigns' in your life—how would your daily decisions differ if grace is truly king?
  3. How does the phrase 'by/through Jesus Christ our Lord' emphasize that He is not merely helper but the exclusive source and channel of grace?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 24 words
ἵνα1 of 24

That

G2443

in order that (denoting the purpose or the result)

ὥσπερ2 of 24

as

G5618

just as, i.e., exactly like

βασιλεύσῃ3 of 24

hath reigned

G936

to rule (literally or figuratively)

4 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ἁμαρτία5 of 24

sin

G266

a sin (properly abstract)

ἐν6 of 24

unto

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

τῷ7 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

θανάτῳ8 of 24

death

G2288

(properly, an adjective used as a noun) death (literally or figuratively)

οὕτως9 of 24

so

G3779

in this way (referring to what precedes or follows)

καὶ10 of 24

even

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

11 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

χάρις12 of 24

grace

G5485

graciousness (as gratifying), of manner or act (abstract or concrete; literal, figurative or spiritual; especially the divine influence upon the heart

βασιλεύσῃ13 of 24

hath reigned

G936

to rule (literally or figuratively)

διὰ14 of 24

by

G1223

through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)

δικαιοσύνης15 of 24

righteousness

G1343

equity (of character or act); specially (christian) justification

εἰς16 of 24

unto

G1519

to or into (indicating the point reached or entered), of place, time, or (figuratively) purpose (result, etc.); also in adverbial phrases

ζωὴν17 of 24

life

G2222

life (literally or figuratively)

αἰώνιον18 of 24

eternal

G166

perpetual (also used of past time, or past and future as well)

διὰ19 of 24

by

G1223

through (in very wide applications, local, causal, or occasional)

Ἰησοῦ20 of 24

Jesus

G2424

jesus (i.e., jehoshua), the name of our lord and two (three) other israelites

Χριστοῦ21 of 24

Christ

G5547

anointed, i.e., the messiah, an epithet of jesus

τοῦ22 of 24
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

κυρίου23 of 24

Lord

G2962

supreme in authority, i.e., (as noun) controller; by implication, master (as a respectful title)

ἡμῶν24 of 24

our

G2257

of (or from) us


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Romans. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Romans 5:21 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Romans 5:21 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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