About Numbers

Numbers records Israel's forty years of wandering in the wilderness due to unbelief, yet shows God's faithfulness in preserving the nation.

Author: MosesWritten: c. 1445-1405 BCReading time: ~7 minVerses: 56
FaithfulnessRebellionWanderingGod's PatienceJudgmentPromise

King James Version

Numbers 33

56 verses with commentary

The Stages of Israel's Journey

These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron.</strong> This verse introduces the detailed itinerary of Israel's wilderness wanderings from Egypt to the plains of Moab. The Hebrew word for "journeys" (<em>mas'ei</em>, מַסְעֵי) comes from the root <em>nasa</em> (נָסַע), meaning to pull up tent ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

**XXXIII**. (1) **These are the journeys of the children of Israel . . . —**The word which is rendered *journey *appears to denote primarily *the breaking up *of the encampments, which lasted for very different periods, and which, during the protracted wanderings in the wilderness, may have been of the average duration of a twelvemonth. The list of the encampments is expressly said to have been wr...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 29 Nu 29:1-40. The Offering at the Feast of Trumpets. **1. in the seventh month--**of the ecclesiastical year, but the first month of the civil year, corresponding to our September. It was, in fact, the New Year's Day, which had been celebrated among the Hebrews and other contemporary nations with great festivity and joy and ushered in by a flourish of trumpets. This ordinance was designe...
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And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the LORD: and these are their journeys according to their goings out.

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KJV Study Commentary

Moses wrote down Israel's journeys 'according to the commandment of the LORD,' establishing the historical reliability and divine authority of the wilderness itinerary. The phrase 'Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys' emphasizes written documentation of the actual route traveled. This wasn't later legendary embellishment but contemporary recording by eyewitness Moses under div...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **By the commandment of the Lord.—**It does not clearly appear whether these words should be understood of the record of the journeys of the Israelites as being made by Moses in obedience to a Divine command, or whether they should be understood of the journeys themselves as being taken in obedience to the Divine command.

And they departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians.

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KJV Study Commentary

The departure from Rameses 'in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month' marks Passover morning, the day after the lamb was slain and eaten. The exodus began 'with an high hand' (boldly, openly, defiantly) demonstrating that God's deliverance was public and unmistakable. The phrase 'in the sight of all the Egyptians' emphasizes that this was witnessed redemption, not secret escape....
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3-5) **And they departed . . . —**In these verses the departure from Rameses, at which place the Israelites seem to have been gathered together previously to the exodus, is related as in Exodus 12:37. The places of encampment from Succoth to the wilderness of Sinai (Numbers 33:6-15) agree with those which are recorded in Exodus 13:20 (Succoth and Etham), 14:2 (Pi-hahiroth and Migdol), 15:22 (the ...
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For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the LORD had smitten among them: upon their gods also the LORD executed judgments.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Egyptians burying their firstborn 'whom the LORD had smitten' while Israel departed demonstrates that God's judgment and redemption occur simultaneously. While Egypt mourned, Israel celebrated. The additional note that God 'executed judgments also upon their gods' teaches that the plagues were not just natural disasters but theological judgments against Egypt's false deities. The Reformed unde...
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And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in Succoth.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The children of Israel removed from Rameses</strong> (וַיִּסְעוּ מֵרַעְמְסֵס, <em>vayis'u me-Ra'meses</em>)—The verb <em>nasa'</em> (pulled up tent pegs, broke camp) begins the Exodus itinerary. Rameses was the staging ground for Israel's departure (Exodus 12:37), a royal store-city built by Hebrew slave labor (Exodus 1:11). This first leg to <strong>Succoth</strong> (סֻכֹּת, meaning "boot...
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And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in the edge of the wilderness.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham</strong>—Etham (אֵתָם, possibly from Egyptian <em>khetam</em>, "fortress") was <strong>in the edge of the wilderness</strong> (בִּקְצֵה הַמִּדְבָּר, <em>biqtseh ha-midbar</em>), marking the boundary between Egyptian cultivation and Sinai wilderness. Exodus 13:20 notes this was where the pillar of cloud by day and fire by night appeared, prov...
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And they removed from Etham, and turned again unto Pihahiroth, which is before Baalzephon: and they pitched before Migdol.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Turned again unto Pi-hahiroth</strong> (וַיָּשֻׁבוּ עַל־פִּי הַחִירֹת, <em>vayashuvu al-Pi ha-Chiroth</em>)—The verb <em>shuv</em> (turned back) indicates a reversal. After leaving Etham, God commanded Moses to "turn back" (Exodus 14:2), appearing to trap Israel between the Red Sea and approaching Egyptian army. Pi-hahiroth means "mouth of the gorges," a narrow pass. <strong>Which is befor...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation--**This was the great day of atonement. Its institution, together with the observance to which that day was devoted, was described (Le 16:29, 30). But additional offerings seem to be noticed, namely, the large animal sacrifice for a general expiation, which was a sweet savor unto the Lord, and the sin offering to aton...
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And they departed from before Pihahiroth, and passed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days' journey in the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Passed through the midst of the sea</strong> (וַיַּעַבְרוּ בְּתוֹךְ־הַיָּם, <em>vaya'avru b'tokh ha-yam</em>)—The verb <em>avar</em> (to cross over, pass through) is the same root as <em>Hebrew</em> (עִבְרִי, <em>'Ivri</em>, "one who crosses over"). This crossing defined Israel's identity as God's redeemed people. The dry ground through water walls (Exodus 14:21-22) typologically foreshado...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation--**This was the great day of atonement. Its institution, together with the observance to which that day was devoted, was described (Le 16:29, 30). But additional offerings seem to be noticed, namely, the large animal sacrifice for a general expiation, which was a sweet savor unto the Lord, and the sin offering to aton...
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And they removed from Marah, and came unto Elim: and in Elim were twelve fountains of water, and threescore and ten palm trees; and they pitched there.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>From Bitterness to Abundance</strong><br><br>This verse records Israel's movement from Marah to Elim during the wilderness wanderings—a journey from bitter disappointment to abundant provision. The name Marah (<em>marah</em>, מָרָה) means "bitter," commemorating the bitter waters Israel encountered there (Exodus 15:23). The Lord miraculously sweetened those waters, providing a crucial less...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation--**This was the great day of atonement. Its institution, together with the observance to which that day was devoted, was described (Le 16:29, 30). But additional offerings seem to be noticed, namely, the large animal sacrifice for a general expiation, which was a sweet savor unto the Lord, and the sin offering to aton...
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And they removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red sea.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red sea</strong>—After Marah's bitter water (33:8-9), Israel found Elim with its 12 springs and 70 palm trees (Exodus 15:27), an oasis providing refreshment. Yet they didn't stay long; God led them back toward <strong>the Red sea</strong> (יַם־סוּף, <em>Yam Suph</em>). This return to the sea that witnessed their deliverance seems geographically p...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation--**This was the great day of atonement. Its institution, together with the observance to which that day was devoted, was described (Le 16:29, 30). But additional offerings seem to be noticed, namely, the large animal sacrifice for a general expiation, which was a sweet savor unto the Lord, and the sin offering to aton...
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And they removed from the Red sea, and encamped in the wilderness of Sin.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Removed from the Red sea, and encamped in the wilderness of Sin</strong>—The <em>Wilderness of Sin</em> (מִדְבַּר־סִין, <em>Midbar-Sin</em>, probably from Akkadian <em>Sinu</em>, the moon god) was a coastal plain along the western Sinai. This location became the site of Israel's first major complaint about food: "Would to God we had died in Egypt... where we did eat bread to the full" (Exo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7-11. ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation--**This was the great day of atonement. Its institution, together with the observance to which that day was devoted, was described (Le 16:29, 30). But additional offerings seem to be noticed, namely, the large animal sacrifice for a general expiation, which was a sweet savor unto the Lord, and the sin offering to aton...
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And they took their journey out of the wilderness of Sin, and encamped in Dophkah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Took their journey out of the wilderness of Sin, and encamped in Dophkah</strong>—Dophkah (דָּפְקָה, possibly from <em>daphaq</em>, "to knock/beat") is mentioned only here, with no narrative details in Exodus. Some scholars associate the name with copper smelting ("to beat metal"), suggesting this may have been a mining area. The lack of recorded events doesn't mean nothing significant hap...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Dophkah, and encamped in Alush.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They departed from Dophkah, and encamped in Alush</strong>—Like Dophkah, Alush (אָלוּשׁ, meaning uncertain, possibly "kneading" or "crowd") appears only in this itinerary with no accompanying narrative. The brevity underscores that Numbers 33 functions as geographical testimony, not exhaustive chronicle. Moses compiled this list (33:2) to preserve the historical route, creating memorial ma...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from Alush, and encamped at Rephidim, where was no water for the people to drink.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Removed from Alush, and encamped at Rephidim</strong>—Rephidim (רְפִידִם, possibly "rests" or "supports") became one of Israel's most significant pre-Sinai encampments. The defining detail: <strong>where was no water for the people to drink</strong> (אֵין מַיִם לָעָם לִשְׁתּוֹת, <em>ein mayim la'am lishtot</em>). This water crisis (Exodus 17:1-7) provoked Israel to quarrel with Moses, aski...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Rephidim, and pitched in the wilderness of Sinai.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they departed from Rephidim, and pitched in the wilderness of Sinai.</strong> Rephidim (רְפִידִים, <em>Rephidim</em>—"rests" or "supports") was the crucial encampment where Israel received water from the rock (Exodus 17:1-7) and defeated Amalek through Moses's intercession (Exodus 17:8-16). Their return to Sinai's wilderness marks a theological homecoming to the place of covenant-makin...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from the desert of Sinai, and pitched at Kibrothhattaavah. Kibrothhattaavah: that is, the graves of lust

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they removed from the desert of Sinai, and pitched at Kibroth-hattaavah.</strong> The departure from Sinai marks the end of Israel's formative year of divine instruction and the beginning of their journey toward Canaan. Leaving the place of God's visible presence on the mountain required faith to trust that His presence would accompany them in the tabernacle cloud.<br><br><strong>Kibro...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Kibrothhattaavah, and encamped at Hazeroth.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they departed from Kibroth-hattaavah, and encamped at Hazeroth.</strong> Moving from the "graves of craving" to Hazeroth marks transition from judgment to continued journey, demonstrating God's faithfulness despite Israel's rebellion. Though thousands died at Kibroth-hattaavah, God did not abandon His covenant people but led them onward toward the Promised Land.<br><br><strong>Hazeroth...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Hazeroth, and pitched in Rithmah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they departed from Hazeroth, and pitched in Rithmah.</strong> The journey from Hazeroth to Rithmah moves Israel closer to Canaan's borders and the fateful spy mission that would determine their wilderness duration. Each encampment represents both geographical progression and spiritual testing—God leading His people while proving their hearts.<br><br><strong>Rithmah</strong> (רִתְמָה, <...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Rithmah, and pitched at Rimmonparez.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they departed from Rithmah, and pitched at Rimmon-parez.</strong> Leaving Rithmah marks the beginning of decades of wilderness wandering resulting from Israel's rebellion at Kadesh. What should have been direct journey to conquest became circular wandering in judgment. Yet even judgment didn't sever God's covenant commitment—He continued leading, providing, and preserving His people.<b...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Rimmonparez, and pitched in Libnah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they departed from Rimmon-parez, and pitched in Libnah.</strong> The continued movement from encampment to encampment during the wilderness years demonstrates God's ongoing direction despite the judgment of wandering. Even when His people walk in circles due to disobedience, God orders their steps and preserves them for His purposes.<br><br><strong>Libnah</strong> (לִבְנָה, <em>Livnah<...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from Libnah, and pitched at Rissah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they removed from Libnah, and pitched at Rissah.</strong> The relentless succession of encampments throughout Numbers 33 emphasizes the monotonous reality of wilderness wandering—moving, camping, moving again, without reaching the promised destination. This reflects the consequence of unbelief: purposeless repetition instead of purposeful progress toward God's promises.<br><br><strong>...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they journeyed from Rissah, and pitched in Kehelathah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they journeyed from Rissah, and pitched in Kehelathah.</strong> The verb shifts from "departed/removed" to <strong>journeyed</strong> (נָסַע, <em>nasa</em>), though all mean essentially the same—Israel's constant movement during the wandering years. The variety of verbs perhaps prevents complete monotony in this itinerary list, yet the effect remains: traveling without arriving, moving...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they went from Kehelathah, and pitched in mount Shapher.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they went from Kehelathah, and pitched in mount Shapher.</strong> The shift from assembly (Kehelathah) to a mountain location suggests Israel's journey took them through varied terrain—valleys, plateaus, and mountainous regions. Even wilderness wandering included geographical diversity, though without the goal of Canaan's conquest.<br><br><strong>Mount Shapher</strong> (הַר־שָׁפֶר, <em...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from mount Shapher, and encamped in Haradah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they removed from mount Shapher, and encamped in Haradah.</strong> The movement from beauty (Shapher) to what may indicate terror or trembling demonstrates wilderness life's varied experiences—Israel encountered both pleasant and difficult circumstances during their forty-year discipline.<br><br><strong>Haradah</strong> (חֲרָדָה, <em>Charadah</em>—"trembling" or "fear") suggests either...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from Haradah, and pitched in Makheloth.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they removed from Haradah, and pitched in Makheloth.</strong> Leaving the place of trembling for a new encampment continues Israel's pattern of continual movement through the wilderness. No single difficulty defined their experience—they moved through seasons of beauty, fear, provision, and testing.<br><br><strong>Makheloth</strong> (מַקְהֵלֹת, <em>Maqheloth</em>—"assemblies" or "congr...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from Makheloth, and encamped at Tahath.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they removed from Makheloth, and encamped at Tahath.</strong> The journey continues through the wilderness years with another movement to a new location. The steady progression of encampments demonstrates God's continual guidance even when the overall trajectory was circular wandering rather than forward conquest.<br><br><strong>Tahath</strong> (תָּחַת, <em>Tachath</em>—"beneath" or "i...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Tahath, and pitched at Tarah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they departed from Tahath, and pitched at Tarah.</strong> The similarity of names (Tahath/Tarah) in successive encampments may reflect their geographical proximity or simply coincidental Hebrew roots. The ongoing journey demonstrates that wilderness discipline didn't mean stagnation—Israel kept moving, kept following the cloud, kept maintaining camp structure and worship.<br><br><stron...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from Tarah, and pitched in Mithcah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they removed from Tarah, and pitched in Mithcah.</strong> This final verse in the requested section continues the pattern of wilderness wandering encampments. Israel moved from Tarah (delay/station) to Mithcah (sweetness), suggesting that even delays in God's plan can lead to experiences of His sweetness and provision.<br><br><strong>Mithcah</strong> (מִתְקָה, <em>Mithqah</em>—"sweetne...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they went from Mithcah, and pitched in Hashmonah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They went from Mithcah, and pitched in Hashmonah</strong>—The Hebrew מִתְקָה (<em>Mithqah</em>, 'sweetness') to חַשְׁמֹנָה (<em>Hashmōnāh</em>, possibly 'fruitful'). These wilderness stations between Sinai and Kadesh represent the interim period of Israel's wandering, when they were neither at the mountain of God nor yet approaching Canaan.<br><br>The bare recitation of movement verbs—<str...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Hashmonah, and encamped at Moseroth.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Departed from Hashmonah, and encamped at Moseroth</strong> (מֹסֵרוֹת, <em>Mōsērōth</em>, 'bonds' or 'discipline'). Deuteronomy 10:6 identifies Mosera (singular form) as Aaron's burial site in some textual traditions, though verse 38 here places his death at Mount Hor.<br><br>The name 'bonds' may reflect the binding discipline of wilderness life—Israel was constrained to follow the cloud by...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Moseroth, and pitched in Benejaakan.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Departed from Moseroth, and pitched in Bene-jaakan</strong>—בְּנֵי יַעֲקָן (<em>Benē Ya'ăqān</em>, 'sons of Jaakan'). This station preserves the name of an Edomite clan (Genesis 36:27), indicating Israel's proximity to kinsmen-turned-enemies. Edom refused Israel passage (20:14-21), forcing the circuitous desert route.<br><br>The presence of Edomite settlements along Israel's path illustrat...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from Benejaakan, and encamped at Horhagidgad.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Removed from Bene-jaakan, and encamped at Hor-hagidgad</strong>—חֹר הַגִּדְגָּד (<em>Ḥōr haggidgād</em>, 'cavern of Gidgad' or 'hole of clefts'). Deuteronomy 10:7 calls this Gudgodah, possibly referring to rocky gorges or wadis in the desert terrain.<br><br>The geographic precision—<strong>cavern</strong> (חֹר, <em>ḥōr</em>) suggests a particular gorge—demonstrates that God cares about the...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they went from Horhagidgad, and pitched in Jotbathah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Went from Hor-hagidgad, and pitched in Jotbathah</strong>—יָטְבָתָה (<em>Yoṭbāthāh</em>, 'pleasantness' or 'goodness'). Deuteronomy 10:7 describes this location as 'a land of rivers of waters,' suggesting an oasis or wadi with seasonal streams—a welcome relief after barren terrain.<br><br>The oscillation between harsh encampments (Hor-hagidgad, 'clefts') and pleasant ones (Jotbathah, 'good...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they removed from Jotbathah, and encamped at Ebronah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Removed from Jotbathah, and encamped at Ebronah</strong>—עַבְרֹנָה (<em>'Abrōnāh</em>, perhaps from עֶבְרָה, 'crossing' or 'ford'). The root suggests a passage or transition point, though the exact location remains unidentified.<br><br>Israel's journey consisted of constant removal and encampment—never settling, always moving. This enforced nomadism trained them to trust God's timing rathe...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12-34. on the fifteenth day--**was to be held the feast of booths or tabernacles. (See Le 23:34, 35). The feast was to last seven days, the first and last of which were to be kept as Sabbaths, and a particular offering was prescribed for each day, the details of which are given with a minuteness suited to the infant state of the church. Two things are deserving of notice: First, that this feast ...
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And they departed from Ebronah, and encamped at Eziongaber.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Departed from Ebronah, and encamped at Ezion-gaber</strong>—עֶצְיוֹן גָּבֶר (<em>'Eṣyōn Gāber</em>, 'backbone of a man' or 'mighty tree'). This major port city at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba (modern Eilat region) was later developed by Solomon (1 Kings 9:26). Its strategic location connected Israel to Red Sea maritime trade.<br><br>The mention of Ezion-gaber signals Israel's sout...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**35-40. On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly--**The feast of tabernacles was brought to a close on the eighth day, which was the great day (Joh 7:37). Besides the common routine sacrifices, there were special offerings appointed for that day though these were fewer than on any of the preceding days; and there were also, as was natural on that occasion when vast multitudes were conven...
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And they removed from Eziongaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Removed from Ezion-gaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh</strong>—מִדְבַּר צִן (<em>midbar Ṣin</em>) at קָדֵשׁ (<em>Qādēsh</em>, 'holy' or 'sanctuary'). This verse records Israel's return to Kadesh-barnea, where they had rebelled 38 years earlier (13:26-14:45). The second generation now stood where their fathers fell into unbelief.<br><br>Kadesh was both judgment sit...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**35-40. On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly--**The feast of tabernacles was brought to a close on the eighth day, which was the great day (Joh 7:37). Besides the common routine sacrifices, there were special offerings appointed for that day though these were fewer than on any of the preceding days; and there were also, as was natural on that occasion when vast multitudes were conven...
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And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom</strong>—הֹר הָהָר (<em>Ḥōr hāhār</em>, 'Mount Hor' or 'mountain of the mountain'). Positioned on Edom's border, this elevation would become Aaron's burial site, marking a major transition in Israel's leadership.<br><br>The geographic notation—<strong>in the edge of the land of Edom</strong>—underscores Israel's...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(37, 38) **And they removed from Kadesh . . . —**See Numbers 20:22-29, and Notes.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**35-40. On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly--**The feast of tabernacles was brought to a close on the eighth day, which was the great day (Joh 7:37). Besides the common routine sacrifices, there were special offerings appointed for that day though these were fewer than on any of the preceding days; and there were also, as was natural on that occasion when vast multitudes were conven...
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And Aaron the priest went up into mount Hor at the commandment of the LORD, and died there, in the fortieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the first day of the fifth month.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Aaron the priest went up into mount Hor at the commandment of the LORD, and died there</strong>—Aaron's death was divinely ordained, not accidental. The phrase <strong>at the commandment of the LORD</strong> (עַל־פִּי יְהוָה, <em>'al-pî YHWH</em>, literally 'upon the mouth of Yahweh') indicates sovereign appointment. Aaron's time was complete.<br><br>The chronological marker—<strong>in the...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**35-40. On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly--**The feast of tabernacles was brought to a close on the eighth day, which was the great day (Joh 7:37). Besides the common routine sacrifices, there were special offerings appointed for that day though these were fewer than on any of the preceding days; and there were also, as was natural on that occasion when vast multitudes were conven...
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And Aaron was an hundred and twenty and three years old when he died in mount Hor.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Aaron was an hundred and twenty and three years old when he died in mount Hor</strong>—The specific age (123) emphasizes the completion of Aaron's life and ministry. He had lived long enough to see God's faithfulness through the Exodus, Sinai covenant, tabernacle construction, and wilderness trials, yet not long enough to enter rest.<br><br>The number resonates with symbolism: Aaron was th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**35-40. On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly--**The feast of tabernacles was brought to a close on the eighth day, which was the great day (Joh 7:37). Besides the common routine sacrifices, there were special offerings appointed for that day though these were fewer than on any of the preceding days; and there were also, as was natural on that occasion when vast multitudes were conven...
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And king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>King Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel</strong>—This verse references the conflict recorded in 21:1-3, where the Canaanite king attacked Israel and was utterly destroyed. The parenthetical notice here shows that Israel's approach did not go unnoticed by Canaan's inhabitants.<br><br>The verb <strong>heard</stron...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(40) **And King Arad . . . —**See Numbers 21:1, and Note.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**35-40. On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly--**The feast of tabernacles was brought to a close on the eighth day, which was the great day (Joh 7:37). Besides the common routine sacrifices, there were special offerings appointed for that day though these were fewer than on any of the preceding days; and there were also, as was natural on that occasion when vast multitudes were conven...
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And they departed from mount Hor, and pitched in Zalmonah.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Departed from mount Hor, and pitched in Zalmonah</strong>—צַלְמֹנָה (<em>Ṣalmōnāh</em>, 'shade' or 'shady place'). After Aaron's death and the victory over Arad, Israel resumed the march. The move from Mount Hor (death site) to Zalmonah ('shade') may suggest divine comfort after bereavement—God provides shelter and relief.<br><br>The wilderness journey continued despite leadership loss. Aa...
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And they departed from Zalmonah, and pitched in Punon.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Departed from Zalmonah, and pitched in Punon</strong>—פוּנֹן (<em>Pūnōn</em>, possibly 'darkness' or related to copper mining). This site is likely Feinan in Jordan, a region rich in copper deposits exploited from ancient times. Archaeological evidence confirms extensive Bronze Age mining operations there.<br><br>The journey from 'shade' (Zalmonah) to 'darkness' or metalworking (Punon) ref...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 30 Nu 30:1-16. Vows Are Not to Be Broken. **1. This is the thing which the Lord hath commanded--**The subject of this chapter relates to vowing, which seems to have been an ancient usage, allowed by the law to remain, and by which some people declared their intention of offering some gift on the altar or abstaining from particular articles of meat or drink, of observing a private fast, or...
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And they departed from Punon, and pitched in Oboth.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They departed from Punon, and pitched in Oboth</strong> (וַיִּסְעוּ מִפֻּנֹן וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּאֹבֹת)—The journey from Punon (perhaps meaning "darkness" or "perplexity") to Oboth ("water-skins" or "spiritists") marks a transition toward the final approach to Canaan. The Hebrew verb <em>nasa</em> (נָסַע, "to pull up," "to journey") appears throughout this itinerary, emphasizing the constant for...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(43, 44) **And pitched in Oboth . . . —**See Numbers 21:10-11.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. If a man vow a vow unto the Lord--**A mere secret purpose of the mind was not enough to constitute a vow; it had to be actually expressed in words; and though a purely voluntary act, yet when once the vow was made, the performance of it, like that of every other promise, became an indispensable duty--all the more because, referring to a sacred thing, it could not be neglected without the guil...
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And they departed from Oboth, and pitched in Ijeabarim, in the border of Moab. Ijeabarim: or, heaps of Abarim

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They departed from Oboth, and pitched in Ije-abarim, in the border of Moab</strong> (וַיִּסְעוּ מֵאֹבֹת וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּעִיֵּי הָעֲבָרִים בִּגְבוּל מוֹאָב)—<em>Iye ha-Abarim</em> means "ruins of the regions beyond" or "heaps of the passages," marking Israel's arrival at Moab's eastern frontier. The term <em>gevul</em> (גְּבוּל, "border," "boundary") is theologically loaded: Israel has reache...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. If a woman also vow a vow unto the Lord, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father's house in her youth--**Girls only are specified; but minors of the other sex, who resided under the parental roof, were included, according to Jewish writers, who also consider the name "father" as comprehending all guardians of youth. We are also told that the age at which young people were deemed capab...
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And they departed from Iim, and pitched in Dibongad.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They departed from Iim, and pitched in Dibon-gad</strong> (וַיִּסְעוּ מֵעִיִּם וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּדִיבֹן גָּד)—<em>Iim</em> is the shortened form of Ije-abarim (v. 44). <em>Dibon-gad</em> combines the Moabite city name Dibon ("wasting" or "pining") with the Israelite tribe Gad, suggesting this territory would soon belong to Gad's inheritance (Numbers 32:34). The name-pairing reveals prophetic c...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(45) **From Iim.—**Instead of the seven intermediate stations between Ijim, or Iie-abarim, and the plains of Moab, which are mentioned in Numbers 21:11-20, we find only three mentioned in this chapter: viz., Dibon of Gad, Almon-diblathaim, and Mount Abarim before Nebo, none of which agree in name with the stations mentioned in Numbers 21. In regard to the number of stations, the diversity may prob...
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And they removed from Dibongad, and encamped in Almondiblathaim.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They removed from Dibon-gad, and encamped in Almon-diblathaim</strong> (וַיִּסְעוּ מִדִּיבֹן גָּד וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּעַלְמֹן דִּבְלָתָיְמָה)—<em>Almon-diblathaim</em> means "hiding place of the two fig cakes" or "concealment of the double cake." The Hebrew <em>almôn</em> (עַלְמֹן) from <em>alam</em> (עָלַם, "to hide," "to conceal") suggests a hidden or secluded location. The "double fig cakes" ...
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And they removed from Almondiblathaim, and pitched in the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They removed from Almon-diblathaim, and pitched in the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo</strong> (וַיִּסְעוּ מֵעַלְמֹן דִּבְלָתָיְמָה וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּהָרֵי הָעֲבָרִים לִפְנֵי נְבוֹ)—The <em>Abarim</em> range (הָעֲבָרִים, "regions beyond" or "passages") represents the final physical barrier before Jordan. Mount Nebo (נְבוֹ, possibly meaning "prophet" or from Babylonian god Nabu) is where Mose...
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And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.</strong><br><br>This seemingly simple geographical notation carries profound significance as Israel's final encampment before entering the Promised Land. The <em>mountains of Abarim</em> (meaning "regions beyond" or "passages") include Mount Nebo, where Moses would soon view Canaan bef...
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And they pitched by Jordan, from Bethjesimoth even unto Abelshittim in the plains of Moab. Abelshittim: or, the plains of Shittim

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>They pitched by Jordan, from Beth-jesimoth even unto Abel-shittim in the plains of Moab</strong> (וַיַּחֲנוּ עַל־הַיַּרְדֵּן מִבֵּית הַיְשִׁמֹת עַד אָבֵל הַשִּׁטִּים בְּעַרְבֹת מוֹאָב)—This describes Israel's final, extended encampment before crossing Jordan. The Hebrew <em>Yarden</em> (יַרְדֵּן, "descender") separates wilderness wandering from Canaan conquest. <em>Beth-jeshimoth</em> (בֵּ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(49) **Beth-jesimoth even unto Abel-shittim . . . —**See Numbers 22:1, and Note, and Numbers 25:1, where Abel-shittim is mentioned as Shittim.

Instructions for Canaan

And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying</strong> (וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בְּעַרְבֹת מוֹאָב עַל־יַרְדֵּן יְרֵחוֹ לֵאמֹר)—The divine name <em>YHWH</em> (יְהוָה, the covenant LORD) appears with the verb <em>dabar</em> (דִּבֵּר, "spoke"), introducing Moses's final legislative instructions. The geographical precision—<em>arvot Moav al-Yarden Yericho<...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9. every vow of a widow--**In the case of a married woman, who, in the event of a separation from her husband, or of his death, returned, as was not uncommon, to her father's house, a doubt might have been entertained whether she was not, as before, subject to paternal jurisdiction and obliged to act with the paternal consent. The law ordained that the vow was binding if it had been made in her ...
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Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye are passed over Jordan into the land of Canaan;

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KJV Study Commentary

The command to 'drive out all the inhabitants of the land' and 'destroy all their pictures, molten images, and high places' demonstrates that total eradication of idolatry was required for Israel to possess the land safely. Coexistence with Canaanite religion was impossible; it would inevitably corrupt Israel. This teaches that compromising with sin leads to spiritual disaster. The Reformed doctri...
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Then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, and destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places:

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KJV Study Commentary

The command to 'drive out all the inhabitants of the land' and destroy their religious objects ('destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places') required comprehensive removal of idolatry's enticements. This demonstrates that partial obedience in removing sin's sources leads to future compromise. The thoroughness demanded—pictures, imag...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(52) **And destroy all their pictures.—**The word which is here rendered “pictures” denotes “imagery,” or “engraved figures.” In Leviticus 26:1 the material named is stone—“a stone of imagery,” i.e., a stone which has been formed into an idol. (Comp. Exodus 34:13, where, however, a different word is used for “ images.”) **All their high places.—**Hebrew, *bamoth. *The reference here is probably to...
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And ye shall dispossess the inhabitants of the land, and dwell therein: for I have given you the land to possess it.

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KJV Study Commentary

The instruction that land be divided by lot 'according to the families' combines divine sovereignty (lot) with providential distribution (family size). God determines inheritance through ordained means, not arbitrary chance. The balance between what God ordains (the lot's outcome) and natural factors (family needs) teaches that providence works through means. The Reformed doctrine of divine concur...
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And ye shall divide the land by lot for an inheritance among your families: and to the more ye shall give the more inheritance, and to the fewer ye shall give the less inheritance: every man's inheritance shall be in the place where his lot falleth; according to the tribes of your fathers ye shall inherit. give the more: Heb. multiply his inheritance give the less: Heb. diminish his inheritance

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KJV Study Commentary

The repetition of proportional distribution principles—'to more ye shall give the more inheritance, to fewer ye shall give the less'—emphasizes God's commitment to equity. Larger families needed more land; smaller families needed less. This wasn't equality (everyone receiving the same) but equity (everyone receiving according to need). This teaches that biblical justice considers circumstances whi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(54) **And ye shall divide the land by lot . . . —**See Numbers 26:53-56, and Note.

But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from before you; then it shall come to pass, that those which ye let remain of them shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and shall vex you in the land wherein ye dwell.

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KJV Study Commentary

God warns: if Israel fails to drive out Canaan's inhabitants, 'those which ye let remain of them shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and shall vex you in the land.' The vivid metaphors - pricks, thorns, vexation - describe constant irritation and eventual suffering. This prophecy proved accurate: Israel's incomplete obedience led to centuries of idolatry, intermarriage, and war...
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Moreover it shall come to pass, that I shall do unto you, as I thought to do unto them.

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KJV Study Commentary

The warning that remaining Canaanites 'shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and shall vex you in the land wherein ye dwell' uses vivid imagery to describe the constant irritation and danger of compromising with sin. Pricks and thorns cause ongoing pain and damage. This teaches that tolerating sin creates perpetual problems, not peaceful coexistence. The Reformed understanding th...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(56) **Moreover it shall come to pass . . . —**Better, *And it shall come to pass that, as I have thought *(or, *determined*)* to do unto them, so will I do unto you. *It must be borne in mind that the idolatrous inhabitants of Canaan were never wholly exterminated, and the pernicious influence which they exercised was felt throughout the whole of the history of the Israelites until the judgments ...
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