About Esther

Esther shows God's providence in protecting His people through a Jewish queen, though His name is never mentioned.

Author: UnknownWritten: c. 470-424 BCReading time: ~4 minVerses: 32
ProvidenceCourageDeliveranceIdentityReversalFaithfulness

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King James Version

Esther 9

32 verses with commentary

The Triumph of the Jews

Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the same, when the king's commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution, in the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have power over them, (though it was turned to the contrary, that the Jews had rule over them that hated them;)

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar, on the thirteenth day of the same, when the king's commandment and his decree drew near to be put in execution, in the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to have power over them, (though it was turned to the contrary, that the Jews had rule over them that hated them;)</strong> The appointed day arrived—Adar 13, when Haman's decree auth...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

IX. (1) **Drew** **near.**—Arrived, came, as in Esther 8:17.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17. Moreover there were at my table an hundred and fifty of the Jews--**In the East it has been always customary to calculate the expense of a king's or grandee's establishment, not by the amount of money disbursed, but by the quantity of provisions consumed (see 1Ki 4:22; 18:19; Ec 5:11).

The Jews gathered themselves together in their cities throughout all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, to lay hand on such as sought their hurt: and no man could withstand them; for the fear of them fell upon all people.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The Jews gathered themselves together in their cities throughout all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, to lay hand on such as sought their hurt: and no man could withstand them; for the fear of them fell upon all people.</strong> Jews throughout the empire organized for defense, gathering in their cities to resist attackers. The phrase "no man could withstand them" indicates decisive vi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **To lay hand on such as sought their hurt.**—How far the Jews acted according to the strict letter of the edict, and “stood for their lives” only when attacked, is perhaps to be doubted. They had on their side all the executive of the empire (Esther 9:3), and evidently to all intents and purposes the second edict was considered virtually to repeal the first. The Jews, therefore, being in favo...
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And all the rulers of the provinces, and the lieutenants, and the deputies, and officers of the king, helped the Jews; because the fear of Mordecai fell upon them. officers: Heb. those which did the business that belonged to the king

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And all the rulers of the provinces, and the lieutenants, and the deputies, and officers of the king, helped the Jews; because the fear of Mordecai fell upon them.</strong> Persian officials throughout the empire actively helped Jews defend themselves, motivated by "fear of Mordecai." This wasn't merely fear of punishment but awe recognizing divine favor and authority. Mordecai's position ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Helped.**—Literally, *lifted up.* The same Hebrew verb is rendered *furthered* (Ezra 8:36).

For Mordecai was great in the king's house, and his fame went out throughout all the provinces: for this man Mordecai waxed greater and greater.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For Mordecai was great in the king's house, and his fame went out throughout all the provinces: for this man Mordecai waxed greater and greater.</strong> Mordecai's growing fame and influence spread empire-wide. The phrase "waxed greater and greater" suggests continuous increase in power, respect, and effectiveness. This growth parallels Joseph's elevation in Egypt (Genesis 41:40-43) and D...
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Thus the Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the sword, and slaughter, and destruction, and did what they would unto those that hated them. what: Heb. according to their will

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Thus the Jews smote all their enemies with the stroke of the sword</strong> (וַיַּכּוּ הַיְּהוּדִים בְּכָל־אֹיְבֵיהֶם מַכַּת־חֶרֶב)—The Hebrew <em>makkāt-ḥereb</em> ('stroke of the sword') describes decisive military action. <strong>And did what they would unto those that hated them</strong> (שׂנְאֵיהֶם, <em>śōnĕ'êhem</em>)—this phrase emphasizes the complete reversal: those who plotted th...
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And in Shushan the palace the Jews slew and destroyed five hundred men.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>In Shushan the palace the Jews slew and destroyed five hundred men</strong> (בְּשׁוּשַׁן הַבִּירָה הָרְגוּ הַיְּהוּדִים וְאַבֵּד חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת אִישׁ)—The Hebrew <em>hārĕgū</em> (slew) and <em>abbēd</em> (destroyed) are legal terms for execution of judgment, not massacre. Shushan (שׁוּשַׁן), the capital fortress, had concentrated opposition—likely including many who had allied with Haman's ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **The palace.**—Doubtless the whole royal city, rather than the palace strictly so called. It is obvious that even Xerxes would hardly have allowed bloodshed, otherwise than by his direct orders, within the precincts of the palace.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 6 Ne 6:1-19. Sanballat Practises against Nehemiah by Insidious Attempts. **2-4. Then Sanballat and Geshem sent unto me--**The Samaritan leaders, convinced that they could not overcome Nehemiah by open arms, resolved to gain advantage over him by deceit and stratagem. With this in view, under pretext of terminating their differences in an amicable manner, they invited him to a conference. ...
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And Parshandatha, and Dalphon, and Aspatha,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Parshandatha, and Dalphon, and Aspatha</strong> (וְאֵת פַּרְשַׁנְדָּתָא וְאֵת דַּלְפוֹן וְאֵת אַסְפָּתָא)—These Persian names begin the list of Haman's ten sons, executed as co-conspirators in the genocide plot. The Hebrew text's unusual vertical arrangement (in traditional manuscripts) visually emphasizes that all ten died together, simultaneously.<br><br>This isn't arbitrary vengeanc...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7-9) The names of the ten sons of Haman are, except Adalia, all readily traceable to old Persian roots. It may be noted that in a Hebrew Bible the ten names are written vertically, one under the other, in a column; and the Targum or Chaldee paraphrase says that the ten sons were hanged one above the other at fixed distances.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 6 Ne 6:1-19. Sanballat Practises against Nehemiah by Insidious Attempts. **2-4. Then Sanballat and Geshem sent unto me--**The Samaritan leaders, convinced that they could not overcome Nehemiah by open arms, resolved to gain advantage over him by deceit and stratagem. With this in view, under pretext of terminating their differences in an amicable manner, they invited him to a conference. ...
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And Poratha, and Adalia, and Aridatha,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Poratha, and Adalia, and Aridatha</strong> (וְאֵת פּוֹרָתָא וְאֵת אֲדַלְיָא וְאֵת אֲרִידָתָא)—The list continues with three more sons. Adalia (אֲדַלְיָא) possibly means 'honor of god' in Persian. The repetition of the conjunction <em>wĕ-'ēt</em> ('and') before each name emphasizes individual accountability—each son bore responsibility for participating in the conspiracy.<br><br>Proverb...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 6 Ne 6:1-19. Sanballat Practises against Nehemiah by Insidious Attempts. **2-4. Then Sanballat and Geshem sent unto me--**The Samaritan leaders, convinced that they could not overcome Nehemiah by open arms, resolved to gain advantage over him by deceit and stratagem. With this in view, under pretext of terminating their differences in an amicable manner, they invited him to a conference. ...
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And Parmashta, and Arisai, and Aridai, and Vajezatha,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Parmashta, and Arisai, and Aridai, and Vajezatha</strong> (וְאֵת פַּרְמַשְׁתָּא וְאֵת אֲרִיסַי וְאֵת אֲרִדַי וְאֵת וַיְזָתָא)—The final four sons complete the list of ten. Vajezatha (וַיְזָתָא), the youngest, closes the genealogy. The Hebrew tradition counts these names carefully—ten sons matching the ten talents of silver Haman offered to fund the genocide (3:9).<br><br>The number ten...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-9. Then sent Sanballat his servant ... the fifth time with an open letter in his hand--**In Western Asia, letters, after being rolled up like a map, are flattened to the breadth of an inch; and instead of being sealed, they are pasted at the ends. In Eastern Asia, the Persians make up their letters in the form of a roll about six inches long, and a bit of paper is fastened round it with gum, a...
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The ten sons of Haman the son of Hammedatha, the enemy of the Jews, slew they; but on the spoil laid they not their hand.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The ten sons of Haman the son of Hammedatha, the enemy of the Jews, slew they; but on the spoil laid they not their hand.</strong> This verse marks the complete reversal of Haman's genocidal plot against the Jews. The execution of Haman's ten sons eliminates the possibility of blood vengeance continuing across generations—a common ancient Near Eastern practice. The repetition of "the enemy...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **On the spoil laid they not their hand.**—This they might have done, according to the edict (Esther 8:11).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-9. Then sent Sanballat his servant ... the fifth time with an open letter in his hand--**In Western Asia, letters, after being rolled up like a map, are flattened to the breadth of an inch; and instead of being sealed, they are pasted at the ends. In Eastern Asia, the Persians make up their letters in the form of a roll about six inches long, and a bit of paper is fastened round it with gum, a...
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On that day the number of those that were slain in Shushan the palace was brought before the king. was: Heb. came

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>On that day the number of those that were slain in Shushan the palace was brought before the king</strong> (בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא בָּא מִסְפַּר הַהֲרוּגִים בְּשׁוּשַׁן הַבִּירָה לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ)—The Hebrew <em>mispār</em> (number) emphasizes accountability and record-keeping. King Ahasuerus received an official report of the executions, demonstrating governmental oversight. This was not mob vi...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-9. Then sent Sanballat his servant ... the fifth time with an open letter in his hand--**In Western Asia, letters, after being rolled up like a map, are flattened to the breadth of an inch; and instead of being sealed, they are pasted at the ends. In Eastern Asia, the Persians make up their letters in the form of a roll about six inches long, and a bit of paper is fastened round it with gum, a...
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And the king said unto Esther the queen, The Jews have slain and destroyed five hundred men in Shushan the palace, and the ten sons of Haman; what have they done in the rest of the king's provinces? now what is thy petition? and it shall be granted thee: or what is thy request further? and it shall be done.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the king said unto Esther the queen, The Jews have slain and destroyed five hundred men in Shushan the palace, and the ten sons of Haman; what have they done in the rest of the king's provinces? now what is thy petition? and it shall be granted thee: or what is thy request further? and it shall be done.</strong> The king's report to Esther demonstrates his continued favor and his aston...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-9. Then sent Sanballat his servant ... the fifth time with an open letter in his hand--**In Western Asia, letters, after being rolled up like a map, are flattened to the breadth of an inch; and instead of being sealed, they are pasted at the ends. In Eastern Asia, the Persians make up their letters in the form of a roll about six inches long, and a bit of paper is fastened round it with gum, a...
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Then said Esther, If it please the king, let it be granted to the Jews which are in Shushan to do to morrow also according unto this day's decree, and let Haman's ten sons be hanged upon the gallows. let Haman's: Heb. let men hang, etc

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said Esther, If it please the king, let it be granted to the Jews which are in Shushan to do to morrow also according unto this day's decree, and let Haman's ten sons be hanged upon the gallows.</strong> Esther's request involves two elements: extending defensive authorization for an additional day in Shushan and publicly displaying Haman's executed sons. The phrase "if it please the ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **Then said Esther** **. . .**—In the terse words of the heading, “Ahasuerus, at the request of Esther, granteth another day of slaughter, and Hainan’s sons to be hanged.” It seems impossible here to acquit Esther of simple blood - thirstiness. Before the slaughter of the 13th of Adar was actually over, it is obvious that the Jews were no longer in any danger. It was known that the sympathies...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5-9. Then sent Sanballat his servant ... the fifth time with an open letter in his hand--**In Western Asia, letters, after being rolled up like a map, are flattened to the breadth of an inch; and instead of being sealed, they are pasted at the ends. In Eastern Asia, the Persians make up their letters in the form of a roll about six inches long, and a bit of paper is fastened round it with gum, a...
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And the king commanded it so to be done: and the decree was given at Shushan; and they hanged Haman's ten sons.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the king commanded it so to be done: and the decree was given at Shushan; and they hanged Haman's ten sons.</strong> The king's immediate compliance—"commanded it so to be done" (<em>vayomer hamelekh l'he'asot ken</em>, וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ לְהֵעָשׂוֹת כֵּן)—demonstrates Esther's complete influence over Ahasuerus. What began with Esther's fearful approach (4:11, 16) has resulted in the ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10-14. Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, &amp;c.--**This man was the son of a priest, who was an intimate and confidential friend of Nehemiah. The young man claimed to be endowed with the gift of prophecy. Having been secretly bribed by Sanballat, he, in his pretended capacity of prophet, told Nehemiah that his enemies were that night to make an attempt upon his life. He advised him, ...
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For the Jews that were in Shushan gathered themselves together on the fourteenth day also of the month Adar, and slew three hundred men at Shushan; but on the prey they laid not their hand.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For the Jews that were in Shushan gathered themselves together on the fourteenth day also of the month Adar, and slew three hundred men at Shushan; but on the prey they laid not their hand.</strong> Shushan's Jews received permission for a second day of defense (v. 13), slaying 300 more enemies on Adar 14. The repetition "but on the prey they laid not their hand" (echoing v. 10, 16) emphas...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **For the Jews** **. . .**—Translate, *And the Jews.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10-14. Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, &amp;c.--**This man was the son of a priest, who was an intimate and confidential friend of Nehemiah. The young man claimed to be endowed with the gift of prophecy. Having been secretly bribed by Sanballat, he, in his pretended capacity of prophet, told Nehemiah that his enemies were that night to make an attempt upon his life. He advised him, ...
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But the other Jews that were in the king's provinces gathered themselves together, and stood for their lives, and had rest from their enemies, and slew of their foes seventy and five thousand, but they laid not their hands on the prey,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But the other Jews that were in the king's provinces gathered themselves together, and stood for their lives, and had rest from their enemies, and slew of their foes seventy and five thousand, but they laid not their hands on the prey,</strong> Throughout the provinces (outside Shushan), Jews defended themselves, killing 75,000 enemies. The large number demonstrates both the extent of anti...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Seventy and five thousand.**—The number as given in the LXX. is fifteen thousand, perhaps a more probable number. On the whole history, Bishop Wordsworth well remarks, “It shows the recklessness of human life, even of their own subjects, which then prevailed among the sovereigns of the most celebrated nations of the Eastern world; and it displays the ruinous consequences which would have re...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10-14. Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, &amp;c.--**This man was the son of a priest, who was an intimate and confidential friend of Nehemiah. The young man claimed to be endowed with the gift of prophecy. Having been secretly bribed by Sanballat, he, in his pretended capacity of prophet, told Nehemiah that his enemies were that night to make an attempt upon his life. He advised him, ...
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On the thirteenth day of the month Adar; and on the fourteenth day of the same rested they, and made it a day of feasting and gladness. of the same: Heb. in it

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>On the thirteenth day of the month Adar; and on the fourteenth day of the same rested they, and made it a day of feasting and gladness.</strong> After defeating their enemies on Adar 13, provincial Jews rested on Adar 14 and celebrated. The transition from mortal danger to festive celebration happened overnight—the day appointed for their destruction became instead the day of rest and rejo...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10-14. Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, &amp;c.--**This man was the son of a priest, who was an intimate and confidential friend of Nehemiah. The young man claimed to be endowed with the gift of prophecy. Having been secretly bribed by Sanballat, he, in his pretended capacity of prophet, told Nehemiah that his enemies were that night to make an attempt upon his life. He advised him, ...
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But the Jews that were at Shushan assembled together on the thirteenth day thereof, and on the fourteenth thereof; and on the fifteenth day of the same they rested, and made it a day of feasting and gladness.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But the Jews that were at Shushan assembled together on the thirteenth day thereof, and on the fourteenth day thereof; and on the fifteenth day of the same they rested, and made it a day of feasting and gladness.</strong> Shushan's two-day battle (Adar 13-14) meant they rested and celebrated on Adar 15, one day later than provincial Jews (who fought only on Adar 13 and celebrated on Adar 1...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **On the fifteenth day . . . they rested.**—Both the fourteenth and fifteenth days are now kept as the festival of Purim, the former day being the chief.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10-14. Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, &amp;c.--**This man was the son of a priest, who was an intimate and confidential friend of Nehemiah. The young man claimed to be endowed with the gift of prophecy. Having been secretly bribed by Sanballat, he, in his pretended capacity of prophet, told Nehemiah that his enemies were that night to make an attempt upon his life. He advised him, ...
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Therefore the Jews of the villages, that dwelt in the unwalled towns, made the fourteenth day of the month Adar a day of gladness and feasting, and a good day, and of sending portions one to another.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Therefore the Jews of the villages, that dwelt in the unwalled towns, made the fourteenth day of the month Adar a day of gladness and feasting, and a good day, and of sending portions one to another.</strong> This verse establishes Purim observance for provincial Jews: Adar 14 as a day of celebration including feasting and "sending portions one to another" (sharing food gifts). The practic...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **The Jews of the villages . . . the unwalled towns.**—Virtually the same Hebrew word is used in both these cases (*perazim, perazoth*)*.* The meaning is that of country towns, undefended by bulwarks, or, at any rate, not in the sense in which the capital would be. We find the word used in contrast with “fenced cities” in Deuteronomy 3:5.

The Festival of Purim Instituted

And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both nigh and far,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus, both nigh and far,</strong> Mordecai formalized Purim observance by writing and distributing letters throughout the empire, ensuring all Jews would know to celebrate annually. The phrase "both nigh and far" emphasizes comprehensiveness—every Jewish community should part...
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To stablish this among them, that they should keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar, and the fifteenth day of the same, yearly ,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>To stablish this among them, that they should keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar, and the fifteenth day of the same, yearly,</strong> Mordecai's letters establish Purim as an annual festival, institutionalizing the remembrance of Jewish deliverance. The verb "to stablish" (<em>l'kayeim</em>, לְקַיֵּם) means "to establish," "to confirm," or "to make permanent." The root <em>qum</em> ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **And the fifteenth day of the same.**—The Jews in the provinces had already made the fourteenth day a day of gladness and feasting. Mordecai now bids that the fifteenth also be so kept.

As the days wherein the Jews rested from their enemies, and the month which was turned unto them from sorrow to joy, and from mourning into a good day: that they should make them days of feasting and joy, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor.

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KJV Study Commentary

Purim's perpetual significance: 'As the days wherein the Jews rested from their enemies, and the month which was turned unto them from sorrow to joy, and from mourning into a good day: that they should make them days of feasting and joy, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor.' The Hebrew emphasizes reversal: 'nehpak lahem' (it was turned/reversed for them) from 'me-yagon le...
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And the Jews undertook to do as they had begun, and as Mordecai had written unto them;

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the Jews undertook to do as they had begun, and as Mordecai had written unto them;</strong> The Jewish community accepted Mordecai's instruction, committing to observe Purim permanently. The phrase "as they had begun" acknowledges the spontaneous celebrations that followed victory (v. 17-19), now formalized into regular practice. The addition "as Mordecai had written" indicates obedien...
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Because Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, the enemy of all the Jews, had devised against the Jews to destroy them, and had cast Pur, that is, the lot, to consume them, and to destroy them; consume: Heb. crush

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Because Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, the enemy of all the Jews, had devised against the Jews to destroy them, and had cast Pur, that is, the lot, to consume them, and to destroy them;</strong> This verse provides the theological explanation for Purim, summarizing Haman's plot and its reversal. The full identification—"Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite" (<em>Haman ben-Ha...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **Pur.**—See above on Esther 3:7.

But when Esther came before the king, he commanded by letters that his wicked device, which he devised against the Jews, should return upon his own head, and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows. when: Heb. when she came

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>But when Esther came before the king, he commanded by letters that his wicked device, which he devised against the Jews, should return upon his own head, and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows.</strong> This summary verse recapitulates the reversal: Esther's intercession led to Haman's own plot destroying him and his sons. The phrase "his wicked device...should return upo...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **Esther.**—It will be seen that in the English Version this word is printed in italics. The Hebrew is literally, *and on her* (or *its*)* coming.* To make the pronoun refer to Esther seems harsh, seeing that she has not been mentioned for some time, and we therefore prefer to make it impersonal, “when *it* (*i.e.,* the matter) *came.”*

Wherefore they called these days Purim after the name of Pur. Therefore for all the words of this letter, and of that which they had seen concerning this matter, and which had come unto them, Pur: that is, Lot

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Wherefore they called these days Purim after the name of Pur. Therefore for all the words of this letter, and of that which they had seen concerning this matter, and which had come unto them,</strong> The festival's name "Purim" derives from "Pur" (the lot Haman cast to determine the Jews' destruction date, 3:7). Naming the celebration after the divination device that determined the attack...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(26) **Purim.**—As we have already stated, the festival of Purim is still observed by the Jews, on the 14th and 15th of Adar, the day preceding being kept as a fast. At Purim, the whole Book of Esther is read through in the service in the synagogues, a custom that can be traced back at any rate to the Christian era (2 Maccabees 15:36; Josephus, *Ant. xi.* 6. 13; Mishna, *Bosh ha-Shanah,* iii. 7).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

CHAPTER 7 Ne 7:1-4. Nehemiah Commits the Charge of Jerusalem to Hanani and Hananiah. **2. I gave my brother Hanani ... charge over Jerusalem--**If, as is commonly supposed, Nehemiah was now contemplating a return to Shushan according to his promise, it was natural that he should wish to entrust the custody of Jerusalem and the management of its civic affairs to men on whose ability, experience, a...
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The Jews ordained, and took upon them, and upon their seed, and upon all such as joined themselves unto them, so as it should not fail, that they would keep these two days according to their writing, and according to their appointed time every year ; fail: Heb. pass

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The Jews ordained, and took upon them, and upon their seed, and upon all such as joined themselves unto them, so as it should not fail, that they would keep these two days according to their writing, and according to their appointed time every year.</strong> This verse establishes Purim as perpetual covenant obligation for Jewish people and proselytes. The verb "ordained" (<em>qiymu</em>, ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. Let not the gates of Jerusalem be opened until the sun be hot, &amp;c.--**In the East it is customary to open the gates of a city at sunrise, and to bar them at sunset--a rule which is very rarely, and not except to persons of authority, infringed upon. Nehemiah recommended that the gates of Jerusalem should not be opened so early; a precaution necessary at a time when the enemy was practisin...
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And that these days should be remembered and kept throughout every generation, every family, every province, and every city; and that these days of Purim should not fail from among the Jews, nor the memorial of them perish from their seed. fail: Heb. pass perish: Heb. be ended

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And that these days should be remembered and kept throughout every generation, every family, every province, and every city; and that these days of Purim should not fail from among the Jews, nor the memorial of them perish from their seed.</strong> This verse emphasizes comprehensive, universal observance across all dimensions of Jewish life. The dual verbs "remembered" (<em>nizkarim</em>,...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. Now the city was large and great--**The walls being evidently built on the old foundations, the city covered a large extent of surface, as all Oriental towns do, the houses standing apart with gardens and orchards intervening. This extent, in the then state of Jerusalem, was the more observable as the population was comparatively small, and the habitations of the most rude and simple construc...
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Then Esther the queen, the daughter of Abihail, and Mordecai the Jew, wrote with all authority, to confirm this second letter of Purim. authority: Heb. strength

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Esther the queen, the daughter of Abihail, and Mordecai the Jew, wrote with all authority, to confirm this second letter of Purim.</strong> Esther and Mordecai jointly author a second letter establishing Purim with full royal and communal authority. The specific identification of Esther as "the daughter of Abihail" (her adoptive father, 2:15) rather than "queen" alone emphasizes her J...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(29) **This second letter.**—It seems to us that the first letter must be that extracted from the king by Esther (Esther 8:8), and consequently this “second letter “is Mordecai’s (Esther 9:20), which is now confirmed in a more authoritative way.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

Ne 7:5-38. Genealogy of Those Who Came at the First Out of Babylon. **5. my God put into mine heart to gather together the nobles, &amp;c.--**The arrangement about to be described, though dictated by mere common prudence, is, in accordance with the pious feelings of Nehemiah, ascribed not to his own prudence or reflection, but to the grace of God prompting and directing him. He resolved to prepar...
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And he sent the letters unto all the Jews, to the hundred twenty and seven provinces of the kingdom of Ahasuerus, with words of peace and truth,

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he sent the letters unto all the Jews, to the hundred twenty and seven provinces of the kingdom of Ahasuerus, with words of peace and truth.</strong> The pronoun "he" refers to Mordecai, who administered distribution of the co-authored letter (v. 29) through Persian imperial postal system. The phrase "sent the letters" (<em>vayishlach sefarim</em>, וַיִּשְׁלַח סְפָרִים) indicates multi...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(30) **The letters.**—Omit the article.

To confirm these days of Purim in their times appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had enjoined them, and as they had decreed for themselves and for their seed, the matters of the fastings and their cry. themselves: Heb. their souls

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>To confirm these days of Purim in their times appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had enjoined them, and as they had decreed for themselves and for their seed, the matters of the fastings and their cry.</strong> This verse specifies the letter's purpose and content. "To confirm" (<em>lekayem</em>, לְקַיֵּם) uses the same root as verse 27 ("ordained"), emphasizing ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(31) **To confirm . . . enjoined . . . decreed.**—The same Hebrew verb stands for the three different English verbs; it is also the *stablish* of Esther 9:21. To *fix* or *settle* represents the meaning. **The matters of the fastings and their cry.**—These words come in rather awkwardly, and hence, and because they are passed over by the LXX., some have doubted their genuineness here. All Hebrew M...
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And the decree of Esther confirmed these matters of Purim; and it was written in the book.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the decree of Esther confirmed these matters of Purim; and it was written in the book.</strong> This concluding verse establishes permanent authority for Purim observance. "The decree of Esther" (<em>umaamar Ester</em>, וּמַאֲמַר אֶסְתֵּר) literally means "the saying/command of Esther," emphasizing her personal authority as final arbiter. While Mordecai co-authored and distributed the ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(32) **In** **the book.**—It is doubtful what “the book” here means. The Vulgate explains it of the Book of Esther itself, and so many modern scholars. Still “the book” hardly seems a natural Hebrew way of referring to a work on the part of its author as he writes it, and no similar case is adducible. Others think it must have been a book written at the time on the subject of the festival, which i...
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