King James Version

What Does Mark 12:17 Mean?

Mark 12:17 in the King James Version says “And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's.... — study this verse from Mark chapter 12 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they marvelled at him.

Mark 12:17 · KJV


Context

15

Shall we give, or shall we not give? But he, knowing their hypocrisy, said unto them, Why tempt ye me? bring me a penny, that I may see it. penny: valuing of our money seven pence halfpenny

16

And they brought it. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? And they said unto him, Caesar's.

17

And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they marvelled at him.

18

Then come unto him the Sadducees, which say there is no resurrection; and they asked him, saying,

19

Master, Moses wrote unto us, If a man's brother die, and leave his wife behind him, and leave no children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Jesus answered the Pharisees' question about paying tribute to Caesar: 'Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's' (Τὰ Καίσαρος ἀπόδοτε Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τῷ θεῷ). This establishes dual responsibility—civil obligations (taxes to governing authorities) and spiritual obligations (worship, obedience to God). Christians aren't anarchists rejecting civil government, nor idolaters making government ultimate. Jesus distinguished realms without divorcing them—God is sovereign over all, yet delegates temporal authority to governments. This grounds Christian political theology: submit to governing authorities (Romans 13:1-7; 1 Peter 2:13-17) while maintaining ultimate allegiance to God. When government demands what belongs only to God, Christians must obey God rather than men (Acts 5:29).

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

The poll tax (tributum capitis) required annual payment of one denarius per person to Rome, deeply resented by Jews as symbol of subjugation. Zealots rejected it, advocating violent resistance. Herodians supported it, collaborating with Rome. The question was political trap: if Jesus endorsed the tax, He'd alienate the masses; if He opposed it, authorities could charge Him with sedition. Jesus' answer brilliantly transcended the trap, establishing legitimate but limited government authority. Roman coins bore Caesar's image and inscription claiming divinity ('Tiberius Caesar, son of the divine Augustus'). Giving coins bearing Caesar's image to Caesar was permissible, but humans bear God's image (Genesis 1:27), owing themselves to God. This became foundational for Christian political thought—Luther's two kingdoms, Reformed sphere sovereignty, modern separation of church and state all build on this principle.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does Jesus' answer balance legitimate civil obligations with ultimate allegiance to God?
  2. What does giving to God 'the things that are God's' (including ourselves, made in His image) demand beyond mere religious ritual?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 20 words
καὶ1 of 20

And

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

ἀποκριθεὶς2 of 20

answering

G611

to conclude for oneself, i.e., (by implication) to respond; by hebraism (compare h6030) to begin to speak (where an address is expected)

τῷ3 of 20

the things that are

G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

Ἰησοῦς4 of 20

Jesus

G2424

jesus (i.e., jehoshua), the name of our lord and two (three) other israelites

εἶπεν5 of 20

said

G2036

to speak or say (by word or writing)

αὐτῷ6 of 20

him

G846

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons

ἀπόδοτε7 of 20

Render

G591

to give away, i.e., up, over, back, etc. (in various applications)

τῷ8 of 20

the things that are

G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

Καίσαρι9 of 20

Caesar's

G2541

caesar, a title of the roman emperor

Καίσαρι10 of 20

Caesar's

G2541

caesar, a title of the roman emperor

καὶ11 of 20

And

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

τῷ12 of 20

the things that are

G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

τῷ13 of 20

the things that are

G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

θεῷ14 of 20

God's

G2316

a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)

τῷ15 of 20

the things that are

G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

θεῷ16 of 20

God's

G2316

a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)

καὶ17 of 20

And

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

ἐθαύμασαν18 of 20

they marvelled

G2296

to wonder; by implication, to admire

ἐπ'19 of 20

at

G1909

properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e., over, upon, etc.; of re

αὐτῷ20 of 20

him

G846

the reflexive pronoun self, used (alone or in the comparative g1438) of the third person, and (with the proper personal pronoun) of the other persons


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Mark. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Mark 12:17 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Mark 12:17 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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