King James Version

What Does Luke 21:23 Mean?

Luke 21:23 in the King James Version says “But woe unto them that are with child , and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in ... — study this verse from Luke chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

But woe unto them that are with child , and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people.

Luke 21:23 · KJV


Context

21

Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains; and let them which are in the midst of it depart out; and let not them that are in the countries enter thereinto .

22

For these be the days of vengeance, that all things which are written may be fulfilled.

23

But woe unto them that are with child , and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people.

24

And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.

25

And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring;


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
But woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people. Jesus expresses compassionate lament—ouai (οὐαί, "woe") is a cry of grief and warning. Pregnant women (en gastri echousais, ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσαις, "having in womb") and nursing mothers (tais thēlazousais, ταῖς θηλαζούσαις, "those giving suck") face particular vulnerability during siege and flight. Pregnancy and infant care make rapid escape nearly impossible—these women cannot flee quickly to the mountains (v. 21).

The phrase estai gar anagkē megalē epi tēs gēs (ἔσται γὰρ ἀνάγκη μεγάλη ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, "for there shall be great distress upon the land") describes unprecedented suffering. The noun anagkē (ἀνάγκη) means necessity, constraint, calamity—unavoidable suffering pressing down. The specification epi tēs gēs ("upon the land") likely refers specifically to the land of Israel, though some interpret it as earth generally. The phrase orgē tō laō toutō (ὀργὴ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ, "wrath upon this people") identifies divine anger directed at covenant-breaking Israel—not humanity generally but specifically "this people" who rejected Messiah.

Josephus's account confirms the horror. He describes mothers eating their own children during the famine (Jewish War 6.3.4), fulfilling Moses' graphic warning (Deuteronomy 28:53-57). The phrase "great distress" proved tragically literal—over one million Jews died during the siege and its aftermath.

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Historical & Cultural Context

The AD 70 siege created conditions exactly matching Jesus' prophecy. Josephus records that the siege began at Passover, when Jerusalem was crowded with pilgrims—increasing the death toll. Roman legions encircled the city with siege walls, preventing escape or supply. Starvation became so severe that people fought over garbage, leather, and eventually turned to cannibalism. Josephus describes a noblewoman named Mary who killed and ate her infant son—a horror that shocked even battle-hardened Roman soldiers. Pregnant women and nursing mothers faced impossible choices: flee and risk losing children, or stay and face starvation. The 'great distress' and 'wrath upon this people' were historically documented realities, not hyperbole.

Reflection Questions

  1. What does Jesus' specific compassion for pregnant and nursing women reveal about His concern for the vulnerable even in the midst of divine judgment?
  2. How does the literal fulfillment of 'great distress' and Moses' warnings about cannibalism demonstrate the seriousness of covenant-breaking?
  3. How should the reality of divine wrath against sin inform both Christian evangelism and personal holiness?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 26 words
οὐαὶ1 of 26

woe

G3759

woe

δὲ2 of 26

But

G1161

but, and, etc

ταῖς3 of 26
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ἐν4 of 26

in

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

γαστρὶ5 of 26

them that are with child

G1064

the stomach; by analogy, the matrix; figuratively, a gourmand

ἐχούσαις6 of 26
G2192

to hold (used in very various applications, literally or figuratively, direct or remote; such as possession; ability, contiuity, relation, or conditio

καὶ7 of 26

and

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

ταῖς8 of 26
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

θηλαζούσαις9 of 26

to them that give suck

G2337

to suckle, (by implication) to suck

ἐν10 of 26

in

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

ἐκείναις11 of 26

those

G1565

that one (or (neuter) thing); often intensified by the article prefixed

ταῖς12 of 26
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ἡμέραις·13 of 26

days

G2250

day, i.e., (literally) the time space between dawn and dark, or the whole 24 hours (but several days were usually reckoned by the jews as inclusive of

ἔσται14 of 26

there shall be

G2071

will be

γὰρ15 of 26

! for

G1063

properly, assigning a reason (used in argument, explanation or intensification; often with other particles)

ἀνάγκη16 of 26

distress

G318

constraint (literally or figuratively); by implication, distress

μεγάλη17 of 26

great

G3173

big (literally or figuratively, in a very wide application)

ἐπὶ18 of 26

in

G1909

properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.), as a relation of distribution (with the genitive case), i.e., over, upon, etc.; of re

τῆς19 of 26
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

γῆς20 of 26

the land

G1093

soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe (including the occupants in each application)

καὶ21 of 26

and

G2532

and, also, even, so then, too, etc.; often used in connection (or composition) with other particles or small words

ὀργὴ22 of 26

wrath

G3709

properly, desire (as a reaching forth or excitement of the mind), i.e., (by analogy), violent passion (ire, or (justifiable) abhorrence); by implicati

ἐν23 of 26

in

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

τῷ24 of 26
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

λαῷ25 of 26

people

G2992

a people (in general; thus differing from g1218, which denotes one's own populace)

τούτῳ26 of 26

this

G5129

to (in, with or by) this (person or thing)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Luke. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Luke 21:23 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Luke 21:23 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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