About 1 Samuel

1 Samuel records the transition from judges to monarchy, including Samuel's ministry, Saul's rise and fall, and David's anointing.

Author: Samuel, Nathan, GadWritten: c. 1050-900 BCReading time: ~3 minVerses: 25
TransitionKingshipObedienceRejectionGod's SovereigntyHeart

King James Version

1 Samuel 28

25 verses with commentary

Saul and the Witch of Endor

And it came to pass in those days, that the Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. And Achish said unto David, Know thou assuredly, that thou shalt go out with me to battle, thou and thy men.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Philistine mobilization for war against Israel creates the crisis that will expose both David's compromised position and Saul's spiritual bankruptcy. Achish's command that David join the battle ('thou shalt go out with me to battle') forces the conflict David had avoided: fighting against his own people alongside pagan enemies. The Hebrew 'yatso' (go out) in military context means active comba...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **The Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare.**—This was evidently, as Jose-phus remarks, a great effort on the part of the Philistines. It was no ordinary raid or border incursion, such as seems to have been so frequent all through the reign of Saul. Since their defeat in the Valley of Elah, which followed the single combat between Goliath and David, no such Philistine army ha...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. Saul would let him go no more home--**He was established as a permanent resident at court.

And David said to Achish, Surely thou shalt know what thy servant can do. And Achish said to David, Therefore will I make thee keeper of mine head for ever.

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KJV Study Commentary

David's ambiguous response to Achish demonstrates his diplomatic skill while revealing his impossible position. The phrase 'Surely thou shalt know what thy servant can do' (Hebrew: 'lachen attah teda') can be read as either promise or veiled threat. David neither commits to fighting Israel nor refuses Achish's command. Achish's response, making David 'keeper of mine head for ever' (personal bodygu...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **And David said to Achish.**—Sorely perplexed, David temporises. He dares not refuse; and yet, the idea of commanding a Philistine division in a war with Israel was to him a terrible alternative. **And Achish said to David, Therefore will I make thee keeper of mine head for ever.**—The King of Gath, like so many others with whom the winning son of Jesse came in contact in his career, seems to...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. Then Jonathan and David made a covenant--**Such covenants of brotherhood are frequent in the East. They are ratified by certain ceremonies, and in presence of witnesses, that the persons covenanting will be sworn brothers for life.

Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.

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KJV Study Commentary

The narrative shifts to Saul, establishing the desperate context for his forbidden consultation. The note that 'Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him' removes any legitimate prophetic voice from Saul's life. The ironic detail that 'Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land' establishes that Saul himself had enforced the prohibition he is about t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Now Samuel was dead.**—A statement here repeated to introduce the strange, sad story which follows. The LXX., followed by the Vulg. and Syriac Versions, omitted it, not understanding the reason for its repetition. **And Saul had put away those that had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.**—This statement is also inserted explanatory of what follows. In other words, the compil...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David--**To receive any part of the dress which had been worn by a sovereign, or his eldest son and heir, is deemed, in the East, the highest honor which can be conferred on a subject (see on Es 6:8). The girdle, being connected with the sword and the bow, may be considered as being part of the military dress, and great v...
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And the Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and pitched in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they pitched in Gilboa.

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KJV Study Commentary

The geographic staging of the armies presents the military reality facing Saul. The Philistines at Shunem and Israel at Gilboa face each other across the Jezreel Valley, far from Saul's traditional southern strongholds. The Hebrew 'chanu' (pitched, encamped) for both armies indicates a standoff before battle. Mount Gilboa's terrain would prove fatal for Israel's forces, particularly for chariot-le...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **And pitched in Shunem.**—As has been already described in the Note on 1Samuel 27:1, the Philistine army had penetrated into the heart of Palestine, and, marching across the Valley of Jezreel, took up a strong position on the south-western slope of “Little Hermon,” near to the village, or town, of Shunem, a little to the north of Jezreel. Shunem is known in Biblical history as the home of Abi...
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And when Saul saw the host of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart greatly trembled.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's fear response marks his complete spiritual collapse. The Hebrew 'wayyir'a... wayyecherad libbo me'od' (he feared and his heart trembled greatly) uses intensified language to convey overwhelming terror. The mighty warrior who once stood head and shoulders above Israel now trembles before the Philistine host. This fear stems not merely from military assessment but from the void left by God's ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **He was afraid.**—There is no doubt that Saul was discouraged when he viewed the enemy’s ranks from the eminence of Gilboa. They were far more numerous than he had expected. But the real reason of his trembling must be looked for in the consciousness that God had forsaken him. Many of the well-known Israelite warriors had, during the late events, taken service with his dreaded rival, David, a...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6. the women came out of all cities of Israel--**in the homeward march from the pursuit of the Philistines. This is a characteristic trait of Oriental manners. On the return of friends long absent, and particularly on the return of a victorious army, bands of women and children issue from the towns and villages, to form a triumphal procession, to celebrate the victory, and, as they go along, to ...
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And when Saul enquired of the LORD, the LORD answered him not, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's threefold inquiry reveals the complete shutdown of divine communication. 'Dreams, Urim, and prophets' represented the three recognized channels of divine revelation in Israel. Dreams communicated directly to individuals; the Urim (priestly divination through the breastplate) operated through official religious channels; prophets spoke God's word through inspired individuals. The emphatic ne...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **And when Saul enquired of the Lord.**——The question has been asked, How was the enquiry made? for since the massacre at Nob, the high priest, or, at least, the priest in possession of the sacred ephod and the breastplate, with the Urim and Thummim, was, we know, in the camp of David, and we shall soon hear of a solemn use being made of the sacred gems. (See 1Samuel 30:7-8.) It has been sugge...
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Then said Saul unto his servants, Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and enquire of her. And his servants said to him, Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar spirit at Endor.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's command to seek a medium (Hebrew: 'eshet ba'alat-ov,' a woman possessing a spirit) represents his ultimate spiritual betrayal. Having enforced God's law against such practices, he now desperately violates it himself. The location 'En-dor' (spring of the dwelling) places the medium in Issachar's territory, requiring Saul to travel past enemy lines. The servants' ready knowledge of her locati...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit.**—He was left alone to himself, and now the last spark of life, the religious zeal which he had once shown even to excess, then also vanished; or, rather. as must always be the case when it has thus swerved from the moral principle which alone can guide it, was turned into a wild and desperate superstition. The wizards and familiar spirits, whom i...
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And Saul disguised himself, and put on other raiment, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by the familiar spirit, and bring me him up, whom I shall name unto thee.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's disguise reveals both his desperation and his awareness that his actions are wrong. The Hebrew 'wayyithchapes' (disguised himself) and 'wayyilbash begadim 'acherim' (put on other garments) indicate intentional concealment of identity. Approaching by night with only two companions, the king of Israel seeks forbidden knowledge while hiding from recognition. The irony is profound: Saul, who on...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **And Saul disguised himself.**—The disguise and the time chosen for the expedition served a double purpose. The king would, he thought, be unknown in the darkness and disguise when he came to the witch’s dwelling, and there was, too, a far greater probability of his escaping his Philistine foes, whose army lay between him and the village of En-dor. **Divine unto me by the familiar spirit.**—L...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9. Saul eyed David--**that is, invidiously, with secret and malignant hatred. 1Sa 18:10-12. Seeks to Kill Him.

And the woman said unto him, Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he hath cut off those that have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land: wherefore then layest thou a snare for my life, to cause me to die?

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KJV Study Commentary

The medium's fearful response exposes the danger of her profession and the effectiveness of Saul's earlier purge. Her reference to what 'Saul hath done' uses language suggesting violent action ('hikrit,' cut off) against practitioners. Her accusation 'thou layest a snare for my life' reveals awareness that her activities carry a death sentence. This exchange creates dramatic tension: Saul seeks he...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **What Saul hath done . . .**—The law, re-enacted by Saul in earlier days, which made the practice of these dark arts a capital offence, was evidently still in force. Sorcerers and witches, like the woman of En-dor, had, no doubt, been often hunted down by means of informers. The woman possibly at first suspected that something of the kind was intended now. The old tradition, however, which re...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10. on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul--**This rankling thought brought on a sudden paroxysm of his mental malady. **he prophesied--**The term denotes one under the influence either of a good or a bad spirit. In the present it is used to express that Saul was in a frenzy. David, perceiving the symptoms, hastened, by the soothing strains of his harp, to allay the stormy...
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And Saul sware to her by the LORD, saying, As the LORD liveth, there shall no punishment happen to thee for this thing.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's oath 'As the LORD liveth' (Hebrew: 'chai-YHWH') represents the height of spiritual perversion: invoking YHWH's name to guarantee protection for practicing what YHWH has forbidden. The cognitive dissonance is stunning. Saul uses the most solemn oath formula of Israelite faith to enable violation of that faith's fundamental commands. This moment captures Saul's spiritual confusion: still usin...
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Then said the woman, Whom shall I bring up unto thee? And he said, Bring me up Samuel.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's request to 'bring up Samuel' reveals his continued attachment to the prophet who had anointed and later rejected him. The Hebrew 'ha'ali' (bring up) assumes Samuel is in Sheol, the realm of the dead. Saul seeks from death what he could not obtain in life: prophetic guidance. This desperate attempt to reconnect with Samuel represents Saul's acknowledgment that he has lost his only reliable d...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **Bring me up Samuel.**—A remarkable passage in the Babylonian Talmud evidently shows that, at all events in the Rabbinical Schools of a very early date, the bringing up of Samuel was looked upon as owing to the witch’s power. “ A Sadducee once said to Rabbi Abhu, ‘Ye say that the souls of the righteous are treasured up under the throne of glory; how then had the witch of En-dor power to brin...
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And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice: and the woman spake to Saul, saying, Why hast thou deceived me? for thou art Saul.

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KJV Study Commentary

The woman's terrified cry when she 'saw Samuel' suggests something unexpected occurred. The Hebrew 'watiz'aq beqol gadol' (cried with a loud voice) indicates genuine shock. Her immediate recognition that her client is Saul implies that Samuel's actual appearance (rather than a demonic counterfeit) conveyed information she could not have anticipated. Most interpreters understand this as an exceptio...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(12) **And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice.**—Nothing is more clear from the narration than that the woman of En-dor saw *something *she never dreamed of seeing. Whatever *did *appear that night was different from anything she had seen before. Whether or not she was an impostor matters little to us. From the severe enactments in the Mosaic code respecting these practices, it...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13. Therefore Saul removed him from him--**sent him away from the court, where the principal persons, including his own son, were spellbound with admiration of the young and pious warrior. **made him captain over a thousand--**gave him a military commission, which was intended to be an honorable exile. But this post of duty served only to draw out before the public the extraordinary and varied...
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And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's question about what the woman sees and her response create one of the most mysterious scenes in Scripture. Her description of 'gods ascending out of the earth' (Hebrew: 'elohim olim min-ha'aretz') uses the plural 'elohim,' which can mean gods, divine beings, or God. This ambiguous language may reflect her pagan framework for understanding what she sees. The apparition arising from the earth...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

÷1Sam 28*:*13* (*13*)* **I saw gods ascending out of the earth.**—The king at once calms the witch’s fears for her life, and impatiently, as it would seem, asks what she saw which called forth the cry of fear and terror. “Gods”—this is the rendering of the Hebrew word *Elohim. *The English Version, however, follows the majority of the Versions here. The Chaldee translates the word by “angels.” Cor...
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And he said unto her, What form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself. What: Heb. What is his form?

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KJV Study Commentary

The identifying details, 'an old man covered with a mantle' (Hebrew: 'me'il'), connect to Samuel's characteristic prophetic garb. The mantle (me'il) was specifically associated with Samuel from when his mother made him a little robe (2:19) to when Saul tore his mantle symbolizing the torn kingdom (15:27). Saul's immediate perception that 'it was Samuel' and his prostration (Hebrew: 'wayyiqqod') in...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **An old man Cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle.**—The “mantle*;” *Heb., *m’il. *The garment so named was not a peculiar one, and bore no official signification; still, its mention here in this place would seem as though the woman *recognised the *well-known *m’il *which the prophet used to wear in life. But it has been asked, How could a spirit bear the semblance of an old man? and f...
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And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up? And Saul answered, I am sore distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God is departed from me, and answereth me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams: therefore I have called thee, that thou mayest make known unto me what I shall do. by prophets: Heb. by the hand of prophets

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KJV Study Commentary

Samuel's question 'Why hast thou disquieted me?' (Hebrew: 'lamah hirgaztani') uses a verb suggesting disturbance and agitation. The dead prophet is not pleased to be summoned. Saul's response catalogues his desperate situation: 'The Philistines make war... God is departed from me... answereth me no more.' The Hebrew 'sar me'alay' (departed from me) echoes the narrative's theological assessment. Sa...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **And Samuel said to Saul, Why hast thou disquieted me, to bring me up?**—Erd-manu, in *Lange, *argues from this that the incantation of the witch of En-dor had brought about the result, viz., the calling up of the shade of Samuel, and that hence the appearance of the prophet was not due to the command of God. Keil, however, rightly concludes that these words by themselves do not decide the q...
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Then said Samuel, Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the LORD is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy?

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KJV Study Commentary

Samuel's rhetorical question exposes the futility of Saul's consultation: 'Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the LORD is departed from thee?' The Hebrew 'sar... le'oyev' (departed... become enemy) identifies God not merely as absent but as actively opposed. This devastating declaration removes any hope that Samuel might intercede or reverse divine judgment. The prophet who anointed Saul n...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(16) **Seeing the Lord is departed from thee.**—In other words, *If Jehovah have left thee, why comest thou to consult me, His servant and prophet? *The Hebrew word here translated “enemy” is only found in Psalm 139:20 and has been assumed to be an Aramaic form—*ain *for *tsadde. *There are, however, no other Aramaic forms in this book, which is written in pure “classical” Hebrew. The letter *ain,...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17. Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will I give thee to wife--**Though bound to this already [1Sa 17:25], he had found it convenient to forget his former promise. He now holds it out as a new offer, which would tempt David to give additional proofs of his valor. But the fickle and perfidious monarch broke his pledge at the time when the marriage was on the eve of being ce...
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And the LORD hath done to him, as he spake by me: for the LORD hath rent the kingdom out of thine hand, and given it to thy neighbour, even to David: to him: or, for himself me: Heb. mine hand

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KJV Study Commentary

Samuel's message confirms previous prophecy: 'The LORD hath done to him, as he spake by me.' The Hebrew 'ka'asher dibber beyadi' (as he spoke through me) references Samuel's earlier announcement of kingdom transfer (chapter 15). The naming of David as recipient ('thy neighbour') removes any ambiguity about the successor. Samuel's words from beyond the grave confirm rather than alter previous revel...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **And the Lord hath done to him.**—Render, as in margin of the English Version, *the Lord hath done or performed for Himself. *The LXX. and Vulg. here needlessly change the text into, “the Lord hath done *to thee.*” **And given it to thy neighbour . . . David.**—An *evil *spirit personating Samuel would not have spoken thus; he would not have wished to help David, “the man after God’s own hea...
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Because thou obeyedst not the voice of the LORD, nor executedst his fierce wrath upon Amalek, therefore hath the LORD done this thing unto thee this day.

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KJV Study Commentary

Samuel identifies the specific sin that sealed Saul's fate: failure to execute divine judgment on Amalek (chapter 15). The Hebrew 'lo shama'ta beqol YHWH' (you did not obey the voice of the LORD) echoes Samuel's earlier rebuke. The phrase 'fierce wrath' (Hebrew: 'charon-'af') indicates intense divine anger requiring expression through judgment. Saul's partial obedience, sparing Agag and the best l...
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Moreover the LORD will also deliver Israel with thee into the hand of the Philistines: and to morrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me: the LORD also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines.

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KJV Study Commentary

Samuel's prophecy extends beyond Saul to his sons and army: 'Tomorrow shalt thou and thy sons be with me.' The phrase 'with me' suggests the realm of the dead rather than any blessed state. The comprehensive disaster, 'the LORD also shall deliver the host of Israel into the hand of the Philistines,' reveals that Saul's sin has national consequences. Leadership failure brings judgment not just on t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **Moreover the Lord will also deliver Israel . . . into the hands of the Philistines.**—Three crushing judgments, which were to come directly upon Saul, are contained in the prophet’s words related in this 19th verse. (*a*) The utter defeat of the army of Israel. (*b*) The violent death of Saul himself and his two sons in the course of the impending fight. (c) The sacking of the Israelitish c...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20. Michal Saul's daughter loved David--**This must have happened some time after. **they told Saul, and the thing pleased him--**Not from any favor to David, but he saw that it would be turned to the advancement of his malicious purposes, and the more so when, by the artful intrigues and flattery of his spies, the loyal sentiments of David were discovered.

Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth, and was sore afraid, because of the words of Samuel: and there was no strength in him; for he had eaten no bread all the day, nor all the night. fell: Heb. made haste, and fell with the fulness of his stature

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's physical collapse ('fell straightway all along on the earth') mirrors his spiritual collapse throughout the chapter. The Hebrew 'nephal male-qomato artsah' (fell the full measure of his height to the ground) emphasizes his complete prostration. The combination of terror at Samuel's words and physical weakness from fasting leaves Saul utterly broken. The mighty warrior who once stood head an...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **Then Saul fell straightway all along on the earth.**—Up to this period we must understand Saul listening to the prophet’s words in that attitude of humble reverence which he assumed when he perceived that he was in the presence of Samuel (1Samuel 28:14); but now, on hearing the words of awful judgment, crushed with terror and dismay, and previously weakened by a long fast and the fatigue of...
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And the woman came unto Saul, and saw that he was sore troubled, and said unto him, Behold, thine handmaid hath obeyed thy voice, and I have put my life in my hand, and have hearkened unto thy words which thou spakest unto me.

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KJV Study Commentary

The medium's compassion toward the broken king presents an unexpected humanizing moment. She who risked her life for Saul's illegal request now shows concern for his welfare. Her statement 'I have put my life in my hand' (Hebrew: 'nafshy bekhappy') acknowledges the danger she accepted. This pagan woman demonstrates more practical care for Saul than he has received from legitimate spiritual sources...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(21) **And the woman.**—The story is completed in these few concluding verses (1Samuel 28:21-25) in a most natural and unaffected style. The witch, though a grievous sinner, is struck with a woman’s pity for the stricken king, and with kind words and still kinder acts does her best to recover him from the death-like swoon into which the hapless Saul had fallen. Her whole behaviour contradicts the ...
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Now therefore, I pray thee, hearken thou also unto the voice of thine handmaid, and let me set a morsel of bread before thee; and eat, that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way.

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KJV Study Commentary

The woman's practical insistence that Saul eat before departing reveals her understanding of physical necessity amid spiritual devastation. Her language, 'let me set a morsel of bread before thee,' uses the vocabulary of hospitality found throughout patriarchal narratives. The reasoning 'that thou mayest have strength, when thou goest on thy way' acknowledges Saul must face what cannot be avoided....
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But he refused, and said, I will not eat. But his servants, together with the woman, compelled him; and he hearkened unto their voice. So he arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed.

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KJV Study Commentary

Saul's initial refusal to eat ('I will not eat') reflects the paralysis of despair. The servants and woman together 'compelled him' (Hebrew: 'wayyifrets-u-vo'), using a verb suggesting breaking through resistance. Saul's eventual compliance ('he hearkened unto their voice... arose from the earth, and sat upon the bed') shows him accepting minimal restoration before his final battle. The image of t...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(23) **And sat upon the bed**—That is, upon the divan, or cushioned seat, which usually runs round the walls of rooms in Eastern dwellings. There is nothing in the narration to support the common idea, represented so often in painting, that the scene above related took place in a cave. The witch probably lived in a dwelling of her own at En-dor. There is nothing either in the narrative to indicate...
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And the woman had a fat calf in the house; and she hasted, and killed it, and took flour, and kneaded it, and did bake unleavened bread thereof:

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KJV Study Commentary

The 'fat calf in the house' suggests the woman was not impoverished despite her dangerous profession. Her hasty preparation of both meat and unleavened bread (no time for rising) demonstrates the urgency of the situation. The detail of kneading and baking personally indicates this was not a wealthy household with servants. This simple meal, prepared by a condemned practitioner for a condemned king...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(24) **Unleavened bread.**—There was no time to be lost; so she did not wait to leaven the dough, but at once baked it, and set it before the king.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**25. The king desireth not any dowry--**In Eastern countries the husband purchases his wife either by gifts or services. As neither David nor his family were in circumstances to give a suitable dowry for a princess, the king intimated that he would be graciously pleased to accept some gallant deed in the public service. **a hundred foreskins of the Philistines--**Such mutilations on the bodies ...
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And she brought it before Saul, and before his servants; and they did eat. Then they rose up, and went away that night.

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KJV Study Commentary

The departure into the night completes this dark chapter. The phrase 'they rose up, and went away that night' emphasizes the nocturnal setting that has characterized this entire episode. Saul leaves the medium's house to return to his army and face the battle he knows will kill him. No words of hope or encouragement accompany his departure. The meal provided physical strength but could not address...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(25) **Went away that night.**—The same night they retraced their steps, and returned to Gilboa. “Saul was too hardened in his sin to express any grief or pain, either on his own account or because of the predicted fate of his sons or his people. In stolid desperation he went to meet his destiny. This was the terrible end of one whom the Spirit of God had once taken possession of and turned into a...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**26. the days were not expired--**The period within which this exploit was to be achieved was not exhausted.

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