King James Version

What Does Romans 1:4 Mean?

Romans 1:4 in the King James Version says “And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: de... — study this verse from Romans chapter 1 with commentary, cross-references, and original Greek word analysis.

And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: declared: Gr. determined

Romans 1:4 · KJV


Context

2

(Which he had promised afore by his prophets in the holy scriptures,)

3

Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh;

4

And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: declared: Gr. determined

5

By whom we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations, for his name: for obedience: or, to the obedience of faith

6

Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ:


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

The verb horisthentos (ὁρισθέντος, 'declared/appointed/marked out') indicates powerful demonstration, not that Jesus became the Son of God at the resurrection but that He was publicly vindicated as such. Huiou theou en dunamei (υἱοῦ θεοῦ ἐν δυνάμει, 'Son of God with power') contrasts with verse 3's 'according to the flesh'—here is His divine nature displayed in resurrection power. The phrase kata pneuma hagiōsynēs (κατὰ πνεῦμα ἁγιωσύνης, 'according to the Spirit of holiness') is complex—likely referring to the Holy Spirit who raised Jesus (Romans 8:11) or to Christ's own divine nature characterized by holiness.

Ex anastaseōs nekrōn (ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν, 'by resurrection from the dead') is the linchpin of Christian faith. Paul later writes, 'If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile' (1 Corinthians 15:17). The resurrection validated Jesus's claims, defeated death, and guaranteed our justification (Romans 4:25). It was witnessed by over 500 people (1 Corinthians 15:6) and transformed cowardly disciples into bold apostles. This is not resuscitation (like Lazarus) but glorification—the firstfruits of new creation (1 Corinthians 15:20-23).

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Historical & Cultural Context

Resurrection was not a common expectation in Greco-Roman religion. Greeks mocked the idea (Acts 17:32), preferring the immortality of the soul. Jews debated bodily resurrection (Pharisees affirmed it; Sadducees denied it). Paul's proclamation of a historical, witnessed, bodily resurrection of Jesus was revolutionary and scandalous. The Roman Empire would shortly face Christian martyrs who went joyfully to death because they believed in resurrection unto eternal life through Christ.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does the resurrection (ἀνάστασις) as objective historical event differ from subjective spiritual experiences, and why does this matter?
  2. What specific fears or hopeless situations in your life does the 'power' (δύναμις) demonstrated in Christ's resurrection address?
  3. How should belief in bodily resurrection shape your view of your physical body, sexuality, vocation, and material world?

Original Language Analysis

Greek · 17 words
τοῦ1 of 17
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

ὁρισθέντος2 of 17

And declared

G3724

to mark out or bound ("horizon"), i.e., (figuratively) to appoint, decree, specify

υἱοῦ3 of 17

to be the Son

G5207

a "son" (sometimes of animals), used very widely of immediate, remote or figuratively, kinship

θεοῦ4 of 17

of God

G2316

a deity, especially (with g3588) the supreme divinity; figuratively, a magistrate; exceedingly (by hebraism)

ἐν5 of 17

with

G1722

"in," at, (up-)on, by, etc

δυνάμει6 of 17

power

G1411

force (literally or figuratively); specially, miraculous power (usually by implication, a miracle itself)

κατὰ7 of 17

according

G2596

(prepositionally) down (in place or time), in varied relations (according to the case (genitive, dative or accusative) with which it is joined)

πνεῦμα8 of 17

to the spirit

G4151

a current of air, i.e., breath (blast) or a breeze; by analogy or figuratively, a spirit, i.e., (human) the rational soul, (by implication) vital prin

ἁγιωσύνης9 of 17

of holiness

G42

sacredness (i.e., properly, the quality)

ἐξ10 of 17

by

G1537

a primary preposition denoting origin (the point whence action or motion proceeds), from, out (of place, time, or cause literal or figurative; direct

ἀναστάσεως11 of 17

the resurrection

G386

a standing up again, i.e., (literally) a resurrection from death (individual, genitive case or by implication, (its author)), or (figuratively) a (mor

νεκρῶν12 of 17

from the dead

G3498

dead (literally or figuratively; also as noun)

Ἰησοῦ13 of 17
G2424

jesus (i.e., jehoshua), the name of our lord and two (three) other israelites

Χριστοῦ14 of 17
G5547

anointed, i.e., the messiah, an epithet of jesus

τοῦ15 of 17
G3588

the (sometimes to be supplied, at others omitted, in english idiom)

κυρίου16 of 17
G2962

supreme in authority, i.e., (as noun) controller; by implication, master (as a respectful title)

ἡμῶν17 of 17
G2257

of (or from) us


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Romans. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Romans 1:4 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Romans 1:4 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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