King James Version

What Does Job 31:16 Mean?

Job 31:16 in the King James Version says “If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail; — study this verse from Job chapter 31 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail;

Job 31:16 · KJV


Context

14

What then shall I do when God riseth up? and when he visiteth, what shall I answer him?

15

Did not he that made me in the womb make him? and did not one fashion us in the womb? did not one: or, did he not fashion us in one womb?

16

If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail;

17

Or have eaten my morsel myself alone, and the fatherless hath not eaten thereof;

18

(For from my youth he was brought up with me, as with a father, and I have guided her from my mother's womb;) her: that is, the widow


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Job defends his character: "If I have withheld the poor from their desire, or have caused the eyes of the widow to fail." The verb mana (מָנַע, "withheld") means to keep back or deny. The noun chephets (חֵפֶץ, "desire") refers to what they need or request. The phrase "caused the eyes of the widow to fail" means disappointing her expectations, making her hope in vain. Job claims he met needs rather than ignoring them. This reflects Torah ethics: caring for the poor, orphans, and widows was covenant obligation (Deuteronomy 24:17-21). From a Reformed perspective, Job demonstrates that genuine faith produces works—not to earn salvation but as fruit of righteousness. James 1:27 defines pure religion as visiting orphans and widows in their affliction. Job's self-examination reveals that justification by faith produces sanctification in deeds. His defense isn't self-righteousness but evidence that his suffering doesn't result from neglecting covenant obligations.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern legal codes (Hammurabi, Hittite laws) included provisions for vulnerable populations, but Israel's law went further, grounding care for the poor in God's character and covenant. God Himself defends widows and orphans (Psalm 68:5). Job's adherence to these standards demonstrated covenant faithfulness that his friends wrongly denied.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does Job's care for the vulnerable demonstrate the relationship between faith and works?
  2. What specific actions toward the poor, widows, and orphans does this passage call Christians to today?
  3. How should Job's self-examination inform our own assessment of whether we've fulfilled covenant obligations?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 7 words
אִם1 of 7
H518

used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not

אֶ֭מְנַע2 of 7

If I have withheld

H4513

to debar (negatively or positively) from benefit or injury

מֵחֵ֣פֶץ3 of 7

from their desire

H2656

pleasure; hence (abstractly) desire; concretely, a valuable thing; hence (by extension) a matter (as something in mind)

דַּלִּ֑ים4 of 7

the poor

H1800

properly, dangling, i.e., (by implication) weak or thin

וְעֵינֵ֖י5 of 7

or have caused the eyes

H5869

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

אַלְמָנָ֣ה6 of 7

of the widow

H490

a widow; also a desolate place

אֲכַלֶּֽה׃7 of 7

to fail

H3615

to end, whether intransitive (to cease, be finished, perish) or transitive (to complete, prepare, consume)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Job. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Job 31:16 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Job 31:16 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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