King James Version

What Does Ecclesiastes 2:21 Mean?

Ecclesiastes 2:21 in the King James Version says “For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured there... — study this verse from Ecclesiastes chapter 2 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil. leave: Heb. give

Ecclesiastes 2:21 · KJV


Context

19

And who knoweth whether he shall be a wise man or a fool? yet shall he have rule over all my labour wherein I have laboured, and wherein I have shewed myself wise under the sun. This is also vanity.

20

Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the labour which I took under the sun.

21

For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil. leave: Heb. give

22

For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun?

23

For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity (בְחָכְמָה וּבְדַעַת וּבְכִשְׁרוֹן, b'chochma uv'da'at uv'kishron)—the threefold description emphasizes comprehensive excellence. 'Chochma' (חָכְמָה) is wisdom, 'da'at' (דַעַת) is knowledge, and 'kishron' (כִּשְׁרוֹן) means skill or equity. This worker did everything right—applied wisdom, accumulated knowledge, and demonstrated skillful execution. Yet the devastating reality follows: to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion.

The Hebrew 'chelko' (חֶלְקוֹ, his portion) refers to an inheritance or allotted share—the lazy heir receives what the diligent worker earned. This is not merely vanity (הֶבֶל, hevel) but a great evil (רָעָה רַבָּה, ra'ah rabbah)—an intensified moral outrage. The wise worker's labor enriches someone who contributed nothing, violating justice and mocking merit. This verse shatters meritocracy's illusion: earthly reward doesn't correlate perfectly with effort or virtue. Only God's final judgment will rectify this inequity (Ecclesiastes 12:14).

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

In ancient agrarian societies, inheritance laws determined economic stability. Israelite law mandated primogeniture with the eldest son receiving a double portion (Deuteronomy 21:17), regardless of his merit or father's preference. Solomon witnessed this pattern: worthy younger sons sometimes lost inheritance to unworthy elder brothers. The parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15:11-32) later illustrated this dynamic—the wasteful son received his portion while the faithful son continued working. Ecclesiastes challenges the prosperity gospel's ancient equivalent: the assumption that diligent work guarantees proportional reward. Reformed theology emphasizes that earthly distribution of rewards is not perfectly just—only at the final judgment will works receive appropriate recompense.

Reflection Questions

  1. When have you labored skillfully only to see others benefit who didn't contribute to the work, and how did you process that injustice?
  2. How does trusting God's final judgment free you to work with excellence even when earthly rewards seem unfairly distributed?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 18 words
כִּי1 of 18
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

יֵ֣שׁ2 of 18

For there is

H3426

there is or are (or any other form of the verb to be, as may suit the connection)

וּלְאָדָ֞ם3 of 18

a man

H120

ruddy i.e., a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)

שֶׁעֲמָל֛וֹ4 of 18

whose labour

H5999

toil, i.e., wearing effort; hence, worry, whether of body or mind

בְּחָכְמָ֥ה5 of 18

is in wisdom

H2451

wisdom (in a good sense)

וּבְדַ֖עַת6 of 18

and in knowledge

H1847

knowledge

וּבְכִשְׁר֑וֹן7 of 18

and in equity

H3788

success, advantage

וּלְאָדָ֞ם8 of 18

a man

H120

ruddy i.e., a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)

שֶׁלֹּ֤א9 of 18
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

עָֽמַל10 of 18

that hath not laboured

H5998

to toil, i.e., work severely and with irksomeness

בּוֹ֙11 of 18
H0
יִתְּנֶ֣נּוּ12 of 18

therein shall he leave

H5414

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

חֶלְק֔וֹ13 of 18

it for his portion

H2506

properly, smoothness (of the tongue)

גַּם14 of 18
H1571

properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and

זֶ֥ה15 of 18
H2088

the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that

הֶ֖בֶל16 of 18

This also is vanity

H1892

emptiness or vanity; figuratively, something transitory and unsatisfactory; often used as an adverb

וְרָעָ֥ה17 of 18

evil

H7451

bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)

רַבָּֽה׃18 of 18

and a great

H7227

abundant (in quantity, size, age, number, rank, quality)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Ecclesiastes. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Ecclesiastes 2:21 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Ecclesiastes 2:21 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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