King James Version

What Does Ecclesiastes 2:22 Mean?

Ecclesiastes 2:22 in the King James Version says “For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun? — study this verse from Ecclesiastes chapter 2 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun?

Ecclesiastes 2:22 · KJV


Context

20

Therefore I went about to cause my heart to despair of all the labour which I took under the sun.

21

For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil. leave: Heb. give

22

For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun?

23

For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity.

24

There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God. should make: or, delight his senses


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun? This rhetorical question expects the answer: nothing lasting. The phrase vexation of his heart translates 'ra'yon libo' (רַעְיוֹן לִבּוֹ)—the mental anguish, anxiety, and striving that accompanies labor. It's not merely physical toil but the psychological burden: planning, worrying, strategizing, competing. The question asks what permanent profit (yitron, יִתְרוֹן) remains after expending both physical energy and mental stress.

From a purely horizontal perspective 'under the sun' (תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, tachat hashemesh), the answer is devastating: nothing endures. Possessions pass to others (v. 21), achievements are forgotten (1:11), and death equalizes the wise and the fool (2:14-16). The verse forces confrontation with mortality's implications. Yet this isn't nihilism but preparation for the gospel: lasting value comes not from labor's earthly results but from working 'as to the Lord' (Colossians 3:23), storing treasures in heaven (Matthew 6:20), and receiving present enjoyment as God's gift (Ecclesiastes 2:24-26).

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient labor was often brutal—agricultural work under the sun's heat, building projects requiring enormous physical effort, trade requiring dangerous travel. The 'vexation of heart' included anxiety about weather, crop failure, theft, war, and economic instability. Unlike modern social safety nets, ancient workers had no retirement plans, unemployment insurance, or healthcare. A single disaster could destroy a lifetime's accumulation. For Israel, the question resonated especially after the Babylonian exile destroyed generations of accumulated wealth and labor. The New Testament affirms that earthly labor's value is provisional (1 Corinthians 7:29-31)—the world's present form is passing away.

Reflection Questions

  1. What mental and emotional vexation accompanies your work, and how much of this anxiety stems from seeking ultimate meaning in labor itself?
  2. How would viewing your work as service to God rather than as your source of identity or security reduce the 'vexation of heart'?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 12 words
כִּ֠י1 of 12
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

מֶֽה2 of 12
H4100

properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and

הוֶֹ֤ה3 of 12

For what hath

H1933

to be (in the sense of existence)

לָֽאָדָם֙4 of 12

man

H120

ruddy i.e., a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)

בְּכָל5 of 12
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

עֲמָל֔וֹ6 of 12

of all his labour

H5999

toil, i.e., wearing effort; hence, worry, whether of body or mind

וּבְרַעְי֖וֹן7 of 12

and of the vexation

H7475

desire

לִבּ֑וֹ8 of 12

of his heart

H3820

the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the center of anything

שֶׁה֥וּא9 of 12

wherein

H1931

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demo

עָמֵ֖ל10 of 12

he hath laboured

H6001

toiling; concretely, a laborer; figuratively, sorrowful

תַּ֥חַת11 of 12
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃12 of 12

under the sun

H8121

the sun; by implication, the east; figuratively, a ray, i.e., (architectural) a notched battlement


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Ecclesiastes. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Ecclesiastes 2:22 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Ecclesiastes 2:22 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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