King James Version

What Does Ecclesiastes 2:23 Mean?

Ecclesiastes 2:23 in the King James Version says “For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity. — study this verse from Ecclesiastes chapter 2 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity.

Ecclesiastes 2:23 · KJV


Context

21

For there is a man whose labour is in wisdom, and in knowledge, and in equity; yet to a man that hath not laboured therein shall he leave it for his portion. This also is vanity and a great evil. leave: Heb. give

22

For what hath man of all his labour, and of the vexation of his heart, wherein he hath laboured under the sun?

23

For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief; yea, his heart taketh not rest in the night. This is also vanity.

24

There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour. This also I saw, that it was from the hand of God. should make: or, delight his senses

25

For who can eat, or who else can hasten hereunto, more than I?


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
For all his days are sorrows, and his travail grief (כָּל־יָמָיו מַכְאֹבִים וָכַעַס עִנְיָנוֹ, kol-yamav mach'ovim vacha'as inyanо)—the Hebrew 'mach'ovim' (מַכְאֹבִים) means pain or sorrows, while 'ka'as' (כַעַס) indicates vexation or grief. Labor pursued as ultimate meaning produces not satisfaction but chronic suffering. The verse continues with a striking observation: his heart taketh not rest in the night (גַּם־בַּלַּיְלָה לֹא־שָׁכַב לִבּוֹ, gam-balailah lo-shachav libo). Even sleep provides no respite—the anxious heart continues churning.

This describes modern workaholism with prophetic precision: days filled with grief, nights robbed of rest, the mind unable to cease striving. The body may lie down but the heart doesn't rest. This is vanity (הֶבֶל, hevel)—vapor that evaporates, leaving nothing solid. The verse exposes labor's tyranny when elevated to ultimate meaning. Jesus later offered the antidote: 'Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest' (Matthew 11:28). True rest comes not from ceasing work but from working within God's purposes, receiving each day as His gift.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient agricultural and mercantile labor was precarious—drought, locusts, theft, war, or market fluctuations could destroy livelihoods. Anxiety about survival was rational and constant. Solomon's description of sleepless nights resonated with farmers worrying about crops, merchants about debts, and laborers about tomorrow's bread. Job's comforters reflected conventional wisdom: suffering indicates divine displeasure, so work harder to appease God (Job 4:7-8). Ecclesiastes rejects this—even successful labor produces anxiety because it cannot provide ultimate security. Jesus's teaching that anxiety cannot add a single hour to life (Matthew 6:27) echoes Ecclesiastes' wisdom.

Reflection Questions

  1. Does your heart 'take rest in the night,' or do anxieties about work, achievement, and security rob you of sleep and peace?
  2. How does Jesus's invitation to 'come unto me and find rest' address the relentless striving Ecclesiastes describes?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 15 words
כִּ֧י1 of 15
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

כָל2 of 15
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

יָמָ֣יו3 of 15

For all his days

H3117

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an asso

מַכְאֹבִ֗ים4 of 15

are sorrows

H4341

anguish or (figuratively) affliction

וָכַ֙עַס֙5 of 15

grief

H3708

vexation

עִנְיָנ֔וֹ6 of 15

and his travail

H6045

ado, i.e., (generally) employment or (specifically) an affair

גַּם7 of 15
H1571

properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and

בַּלַּ֖יְלָה8 of 15

in the night

H3915

properly, a twist (away of the light), i.e., night; figuratively, adversity

לֹא9 of 15
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

שָׁכַ֣ב10 of 15

taketh not rest

H7901

to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose)

לִבּ֑וֹ11 of 15

yea his heart

H3820

the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the center of anything

גַּם12 of 15
H1571

properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and

זֶ֖ה13 of 15
H2088

the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that

הֶ֥בֶל14 of 15

This is also vanity

H1892

emptiness or vanity; figuratively, something transitory and unsatisfactory; often used as an adverb

הֽוּא׃15 of 15
H1931

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demo


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Ecclesiastes. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Ecclesiastes 2:23 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Ecclesiastes 2:23 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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