King James Version

What Does Psalms 78:10 Mean?

Psalms 78:10 in the King James Version says “They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his law; — study this verse from Psalms chapter 78 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his law;

Psalms 78:10 · KJV


Context

8

And might not be as their fathers, a stubborn and rebellious generation; a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not stedfast with God. that: Heb. that prepared not their heart

9

The children of Ephraim, being armed, and carrying bows, turned back in the day of battle. carrying: Heb. throwing forth

10

They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his law;

11

And forgat his works, and his wonders that he had shewed them.

12

Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
They kept not the covenant of God (לֹא שָׁמְרוּ בְּרִית אֱלֹהִים, lo shamru berit Elohim)—The verb shamru means "to keep, guard, observe," the same word used for Adam's charge to "keep" the garden (Genesis 2:15) and Israel's duty to "keep" the law (Deuteronomy 7:12). Covenant-breaking wasn't passive neglect but active abandonment. The term berit (covenant) specifically recalls the Sinai covenant (Exodus 19-24), where Israel pledged "All that the LORD hath spoken we will do" (Exodus 19:8, 24:3, 7). Their failure was willful treaty violation.

And refused to walk in his law (וּמֵאֲנוּ לָלֶכֶת בְּתוֹרָתוֹ, ume'anu lalechet betorato)—The verb me'anu ("refused") intensifies the charge beyond mere failure to determined rebellion. They didn't simply stumble but deliberately rejected God's torah (instruction/law). The metaphor "to walk in" (lalechet be) describes lifestyle obedience, the entire pattern of life, not isolated acts. Asaph is describing the Ephraim generation (v. 9) who, despite being "armed and carrying bows," turned back in battle—spiritually equipped but morally faithless. This sets the pattern for understanding Israel's recurring apostasy: covenant privileges without covenant faithfulness, religious form without heart loyalty. Hebrews 3:7-19 applies this warning to Christians: privileges (hearing God's word) without persevering faith lead to exclusion from rest.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Psalm 78 traces Israel's history from Egypt through the wilderness to David's reign, emphasizing the pattern of divine grace and human rebellion. Verse 10 specifically references the Ephraim generation (v. 9), likely the wilderness generation who saw God's miracles yet refused to enter Canaan (Numbers 14). Despite being "armed and carrying bows"—militarily equipped—they turned back in cowardice and unbelief. This became paradigmatic of covenant unfaithfulness: possessing privileges (the law, God's presence, military strength) while lacking faith and obedience. The Sinai covenant (Exodus 19-24) established Israel's relationship with Yahweh through explicit treaty stipulations. Covenant-keeping defined Israel's identity; covenant-breaking resulted in exile (Deuteronomy 28:15-68). Asaph's generation witnessed the northern kingdom's increasing apostasy, making this historical rehearsal both warning and explanation for contemporary judgment.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does Ephraim's pattern—possessing spiritual privileges but refusing obedience—manifest in contemporary church life?
  2. In what ways might professing Christians 'keep not the covenant' while maintaining religious externals?
  3. What is the relationship between 'refusing to walk in his law' and the New Testament concept of 'walking in the Spirit' (Galatians 5:16)?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 7 words
לֹ֣א1 of 7
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

שָׁ֭מְרוּ2 of 7

They kept

H8104

properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e., guard; generally, to protect, attend to, etc

בְּרִ֣ית3 of 7

not the covenant

H1285

a compact (because made by passing between pieces of flesh)

אֱלֹהִ֑ים4 of 7

of God

H430

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme god; occasionally applied by way of

וּ֝בְתוֹרָת֗וֹ5 of 7

in his law

H8451

a precept or statute, especially the decalogue or pentateuch

מֵאֲנ֥וּ6 of 7

and refused

H3985

to refuse

לָלֶֽכֶת׃7 of 7
H1980

to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Psalms. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Psalms 78:10 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Psalms 78:10 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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