King James Version

What Does Numbers 19:18 Mean?

Numbers 19:18 in the King James Version says “And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, ... — study this verse from Numbers chapter 19 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or a grave:

Numbers 19:18 · KJV


Context

16

And whosoever toucheth one that is slain with a sword in the open fields, or a dead body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days.

17

And for an unclean person they shall take of the ashes of the burnt heifer of purification for sin, and running water shall be put thereto in a vessel: ashes: Heb. dust running: Heb. living waters shall be given

18

And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or a grave:

19

And the clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean on the third day, and on the seventh day: and on the seventh day he shall purify himself, and wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be clean at even.

20

But the man that shall be unclean, and shall not purify himself, that soul shall be cut off from among the congregation, because he hath defiled the sanctuary of the LORD: the water of separation hath not been sprinkled upon him; he is unclean.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there—The purification required a ceremonially clean person as mediator, prefiguring Christ's sinless mediation. Hyssop (ezov, אֵזוֹב), a small bushy plant, served as the aspergillum (sprinkling device). Hyssop's use connects to Passover blood-application (Exodus 12:22) and David's plea "purge me with hyssop" (Psalm 51:7), consistently symbolizing cleansing.

The water mixed with red heifer ashes (called "water of separation," v. 9) was sprinkled on tent, vessels, and persons—comprehensive purification of place, possessions, and people. "Sprinkle" (nazah, נָזָה) means to scatter droplets in ritual purification. This anticipates Christ's blood being "sprinkled" on believers (Hebrews 10:22; 1 Peter 1:2). The clean person mediating purification for the unclean models Christ, the sinless one who cleanses sinners without becoming contaminated Himself.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Hyssop was likely the Syrian marjoram (Origanum syriacum), a common plant in the Middle East with small branches ideal for sprinkling. Its humble nature may symbolize that God uses simple means for profound spiritual realities. The practice of ritual sprinkling with hyssop was common in Israel's purification rites (Leviticus 14:4-7, 49-52). The requirement that a clean person perform the sprinkling created a purification hierarchy—those already pure could restore others, illustrating spiritual restoration through those walking in fellowship with God.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does the requirement for a clean mediator prefigure Christ's sinless mediation?
  2. What does hyssop's humble nature teach about God's choice of means for spiritual cleansing?
  3. In what ways should spiritually clean believers serve as agents of restoration for the defiled?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 26 words
וְלָקַ֨ח1 of 26

shall take

H3947

to take (in the widest variety of applications)

אֵז֜וֹב2 of 26

hyssop

H231

hyssop

וְטָבַ֣ל3 of 26

and dip

H2881

to dip, to immerse

בַּמַּיִם֮4 of 26

it in the water

H4325

water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen

אִ֣ישׁ5 of 26

person

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

טָהוֹר֒6 of 26

And a clean

H2889

pure (in a physical, chemical, ceremonial or moral sense)

וְהִזָּ֤ה7 of 26

and sprinkle

H5137

to spirt, i.e., besprinkle (especially in expiation)

עַל8 of 26
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

הָאֹ֙הֶל֙9 of 26

it upon the tent

H168

a tent (as clearly conspicuous from a distance)

וְעַל10 of 26
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

כָּל11 of 26
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

הַכֵּלִ֔ים12 of 26

and upon all the vessels

H3627

something prepared, i.e., any apparatus (as an implement, utensil, dress, vessel or weapon)

וְעַל13 of 26
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

הַנְּפָשׁ֖וֹת14 of 26

and upon the persons

H5315

properly, a breathing creature, i.e., animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or ment

אֲשֶׁ֣ר15 of 26
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

הָֽיוּ16 of 26
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

שָׁ֑ם17 of 26
H8033

there (transferring to time) then; often thither, or thence

וְעַל18 of 26
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

הַנֹּגֵ֗עַ19 of 26

that were there and upon him that touched

H5060

properly, to touch, i.e., lay the hand upon (for any purpose; euphemistically, to lie with a woman); by implication, to reach (figuratively, to arrive

בַּעֶ֙צֶם֙20 of 26

a bone

H6106

a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e., (as pron.) selfsame

א֣וֹ21 of 26
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

בֶֽחָלָ֔ל22 of 26

or one slain

H2491

pierced (especially to death); figuratively, polluted

א֥וֹ23 of 26
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

בַמֵּ֖ת24 of 26

or one dead

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

א֥וֹ25 of 26
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

בַקָּֽבֶר׃26 of 26

or a grave

H6913

a sepulcher


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Numbers. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Numbers 19:18 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Numbers 19:18 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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