King James Version

What Does Isaiah 23:12 Mean?

Isaiah 23:12 in the King James Version says “And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin, daughter of Zidon: arise, pass over to Chittim; there ... — study this verse from Isaiah chapter 23 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin, daughter of Zidon: arise, pass over to Chittim; there also shalt thou have no rest.

Isaiah 23:12 · KJV


Context

10

Pass through thy land as a river, O daughter of Tarshish: there is no more strength. strength: Heb. girdle

11

He stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook the kingdoms: the LORD hath given a commandment against the merchant city, to destroy the strong holds thereof. against: or, concerning a merchantman the merchant city: Heb. Canaan strong: or, strengths

12

And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin, daughter of Zidon: arise, pass over to Chittim; there also shalt thou have no rest.

13

Behold the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not, till the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness: they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof; and he brought it to ruin.

14

Howl, ye ships of Tarshish: for your strength is laid waste.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin daughter of Zidon—The title 'oppressed virgin' (ha'ashukah betulat) is bitterly ironic: Sidon the oppressor now becomes the oppressed. 'Virgin' suggests she remained unconquered through history, proud of her independence. The verb ashaq (oppress/exploit) here turns back on the oppressor—those who crushed others now experience crushing themselves. Arise, pass over to Chittim; there also shalt thou have no rest—Chittim (כִּתִּים) refers to Cyprus, another Phoenician colony. But even in distant refuge, nuach (rest/peace) eludes them.

This restlessness of the judged parallels Cain's curse: 'a fugitive and vagabond shalt thou be in the earth' (Genesis 4:12). Those who oppressed others find no resting place. The prophet Jeremiah uses identical language about Israel's exile: 'Among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest' (Deuteronomy 28:65). Oppressors and covenant-breakers share the same fate: restless wandering, perpetual insecurity, peace forever out of reach. True rest (menucha) comes only through righteousness and submission to God—a theme Jesus echoes: 'Come unto me... and I will give you rest' (Matthew 11:28).

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Historical & Cultural Context

Phoenician colonies in Cyprus, established centuries earlier as trading posts, could not absorb or protect refugees from Tyre's destruction. The island itself fell to various conquerors (Assyria, Persia, Alexander), offering no security. Phoenician refugees scattered across the Mediterranean, many enslaved, others assimilating into foreign cultures—a diaspora that lost its distinct identity.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does oppressing others ultimately destroy the oppressor's own peace and security?
  2. What does 'restlessness' mean as a spiritual condition, and how does it manifest in those fleeing God's judgment?
  3. Where do people today seek rest—and why do these refuges fail to provide true peace?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 17 words
וַיֹּ֕אמֶר1 of 17

And he said

H559

to say (used with great latitude)

לֹֽא2 of 17
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

תוֹסִ֥יפִי3 of 17

Thou shalt no more

H3254

to add or augment (often adverbial, to continue to do a thing)

ע֖וֹד4 of 17
H5750

properly, iteration or continuance; used only adverbially (with or without preposition), again, repeatedly, still, more

לַעְל֑וֹז5 of 17

rejoice

H5937

to jump for joy, i.e., exult

הַֽמְעֻשָּׁקָ֞ה6 of 17

O thou oppressed

H6231

to press upon, i.e., oppress, defraud, violate, overflow

בְּתוּלַ֣ת7 of 17

virgin

H1330

a virgin (from her privacy); sometimes (by continuation) a bride; also (figuratively) a city or state

בַּת8 of 17

daughter

H1323

a daughter (used in the same wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and figuratively)

צִיד֗וֹן9 of 17

of Zidon

H6721

tsidon, the name of a son of canaan, and of a place in palestine

כִּתִּיים֙10 of 17

to Chittim

H3794

a kittite or cypriote; hence, an islander in general, i.e., the greeks or romans on the shores opposite palestine

ק֣וּמִי11 of 17

arise

H6965

to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)

עֲבֹ֔רִי12 of 17

pass over

H5674

to cross over; used very widely of any transition (literal or figurative; transitive, intransitive, intensive, causative); specifically, to cover (in

גַּם13 of 17
H1571

properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and

שָׁ֖ם14 of 17
H8033

there (transferring to time) then; often thither, or thence

לֹא15 of 17
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

יָנ֥וּחַֽ16 of 17

there also shalt thou have no rest

H5117

to rest, i.e., settle down; used in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, intransitive, transitive and causative (to dwell, stay, l

לָֽךְ׃17 of 17
H0

Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Isaiah. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Isaiah 23:12 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Isaiah 23:12 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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