About 1 Samuel

1 Samuel records the transition from judges to monarchy, including Samuel's ministry, Saul's rise and fall, and David's anointing.

Author: Samuel, Nathan, GadWritten: c. 1050-900 BCReading time: ~3 minVerses: 23
TransitionKingshipObedienceRejectionGod's SovereigntyHeart

King James Version

1 Samuel 22

23 verses with commentary

David at Adullam

David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>David therefore departed thence, and escaped to the cave Adullam: and when his brethren and all his father's house heard it, they went down thither to him.</strong><br><br>The cave of Adullam marks the beginning of David's wilderness community. The Hebrew 'me'arah' (cave) suggests a substantial cavern capable of housing many people—archaeological surveys identify several large caves in the...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(1) **The cave Adullam.**—The great valley of Elah forms the highway from Philistia to Hebron. In one especially of the tributary vales or ravines of the Elah valley are many natural caves, some of great extent, roomy and dry, which are still used by the shepherds as dwelling-places, and as refuges for their flocks and herds. David chose one of these natural fastnesses as the temporary home for hi...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17-19. Then said Saul unto the people that were with him, Number now, and see who is gone from us--**The idea occurred to him that it might be some daring adventurer belonging to his own little troop, and it would be easy to discover him.

And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented , gathered themselves unto him; and he became a captain over them: and there were with him about four hundred men. was in debt: Heb. had a creditor discontented: Heb. bitter of soul

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was in discontented, gathered themselves unto him; and he became a captain over them: and there were with him about four hundred men.</strong><br><br>David's band comprised society's rejects—the Hebrew terms 'matsok' (distress), 'nosheh' (debt), and 'mar nephesh' (bitter of soul/discontented) describe de...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2) **Every one that was in distress.—Ewald writes on this statement:—“**The situation of the country, which was becoming more and more melancholy under Saul, . . . drove men to seek a leader from whom they might hope for better things for the future . . . David did not send away these refugees, many of them distinguished and prominent Israelites, but organised them into a military force. He fores...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20-22. Saul and all the people--**All the warriors in the garrison at Gibeah, the Israelite deserters in the camp of the Philistines, and the fugitives among the mountains of Ephraim, now all rushed to the pursuit, which was hot and sanguinary.

And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said unto the king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth, and be with you, till I know what God will do for me.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David went thence to Mizpeh of Moab: and he said unto the king of Moab, Let my father and my mother, I pray thee, come forth, and be with you, till I know what God will do for me.</strong><br><br>David's plea to Moab for his parents' protection reveals both prudent planning and family devotion. The Hebrew phrase 'ad asher eda' (until I know) expresses uncertainty about his future while...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) **Mizpeh.**—This particular Mizpeh is mentioned nowhere else. The word means *a watch tower; *it was probably some mountain fortress in Moab. It has been suggested that it was the same as Zophim, a word of the same root as Mizpeh (see Numbers 23:14). David evidently sought hospitality among his kin in Moab. Jesse, his father, was the grandson of Ruth the Moabitess. The distance from the south ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20-22. Saul and all the people--**All the warriors in the garrison at Gibeah, the Israelite deserters in the camp of the Philistines, and the fugitives among the mountains of Ephraim, now all rushed to the pursuit, which was hot and sanguinary.

And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt with him all the while that David was in the hold.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he brought them before the king of Moab: and they dwelt with him all the while that David was in the hold.</strong><br><br>The successful arrangement for David's parents indicates divine favor extending beyond Israel's borders. The Hebrew 'matsud' (hold/stronghold) refers to David's various wilderness refuges. That Jesse and his wife 'dwelt' (yashab—settled) with the Moabite king sugge...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) **While that David was in the hold.**—This “hold” is, of course, identical with the “hold” of 1Samuel 22:5, from which Gad the prophet directs David to depart, and to return into the land of Judah. It was, most likely, in the Land of Moab.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20-22. Saul and all the people--**All the warriors in the garrison at Gibeah, the Israelite deserters in the camp of the Philistines, and the fugitives among the mountains of Ephraim, now all rushed to the pursuit, which was hot and sanguinary.

And the prophet Gad said unto David, Abide not in the hold; depart, and get thee into the land of Judah. Then David departed, and came into the forest of Hareth.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the prophet Gad said unto David, Abide not in the hold; depart, and get thee into the land of Judah. Then David departed, and came into the forest of Hareth.</strong><br><br>The prophet Gad's appearance introduces prophetic guidance into David's wilderness experience. The Hebrew imperative 'al teshev' (do not stay/abide) conveys urgency. Gad would later serve as David's official seer (...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(5) **The prophet Gad.**—From this time onward throughout the life and reign of David, Gad the prophet occupied evidently a marked place. He is mentioned as the king’s seer in 2Samuel 24:11; and in 1Chronicles 29:29 he appears as the compiler of the acts of David, along with Samuel and Nathan. In 2Chronicles 29:25 he is mentioned with his brother prophet Nathan again, as the man who had drawn up t...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**23. So the Lord saved Israel that day: and the battle passed over unto Beth-aven--**that is, "Beth-el." It passed over the forest, now destroyed, on the central ridge of Palestine, then over to the other side from the eastern pass of Michmash (1Sa 14:31), to the western pass of Aijalon, through which they escaped into their own plains.

Saul Kills the Priests of Nob

When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men that were with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him;) tree: or, grove in a high place

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>When Saul heard that David was discovered, and the men that were with him, (now Saul abode in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, having his spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing about him;)</strong><br><br>This verse presents Saul's paranoid court in vivid detail. The Hebrew 'noda' (was discovered/known) suggests intelligence reports reached the king. Saul's posture—sitting unde...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6) **When Saul heard.**—No note of time is here given. Probably the return of David with a disciplined force to the land, and the pitching of an armed camp in the “forest of Hareth,” excited anew Saul’s jealous fears. **Now Saul abode in Gibeah.**—In Gibeah of Saul, his own royal city. The LXX. wrongly render, instead of Gibeah, “on the hills.” The margin of the English Version, “under a grove in...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**24. Saul had adjured the people--**Afraid lest so precious an opportunity of effectually humbling the Philistine power might be lost, the impetuous king laid an anathema on any one who should taste food until the evening. This rash and foolish denunciation distressed the people, by preventing them taking such refreshments as they might get on the march, and materially hindered the successful att...
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Then Saul said unto his servants that stood about him, Hear now, ye Benjamites; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and vineyards, and make you all captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds;

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Saul said unto his servants that stood about him, Hear now, ye Benjamites; will the son of Jesse give every one of you fields and vineyards, and make you all captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds;</strong><br><br>Saul's appeal to tribal loyalty reveals his political strategy and insecurity. The Hebrew 'shimu-na' (hear now) demands attention for his accusation. By addressing ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Hear now, ye Benjamites.**—We have here a fair specimen of Saul’s manner of ruling in his later years. It is no wonder that the heart of the people gradually was estranged from one of whom in earlier years they had been so proud. The suspicious and gloomy king had evidently—we have it here from his own mouth—gradually given all the posts of honour and dignity to men of his own tribe and fami...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**25. all they of the land came to a wood; and there was honey--**The honey is described as "upon the ground," "dropping" from the trees, and in honeycombs--indicating it to be bees' honey. "Bees in the East are not, as in England, kept in hives; they are all in a wild state. The forests literally flow with honey; large combs may be seen hanging on the trees as you pass along, full of honey" [Robe...
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That all of you have conspired against me, and there is none that sheweth me that my son hath made a league with the son of Jesse, and there is none of you that is sorry for me, or sheweth unto me that my son hath stirred up my servant against me, to lie in wait, as at this day? sheweth: Heb. uncovereth mine ear

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>That all of you have conspired against me, and there is none that sheweth me that my son hath made a league with the son of Jesse, and there is none of you that is sorry for me, or sheweth unto me that my son hath stirred up my servant against me, to lie in wait, as at this day?</strong><br><br>Saul's paranoid accusation against his own servants and son reveals a soul consumed by suspicion...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(8) **That all of you have conspired.**—The unhappy, jealous spirit had obtained such complete mastery over the unhappy king that now he suspected even the chosen men of his own tribe. All his tried favourites, the men of his own house, even his gallant son, he charged with leaning towards David the traitor, his supplanter in the hearts of Israel. **My son hath made a league.**—It would seem as th...
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Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set over the servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then answered Doeg the Edomite, which was set over the servants of Saul, and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub.</strong><br><br>Doeg's opportunistic report fulfills the ominous foreshadowing of 21:7. The Hebrew construction emphasizes his foreign identity—'Doeg the Edomite'—suggesting his willingness to betray where Israelite servants hesitated. His...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(9) **Then answered Doeg the Edomite.**—This Doeg has already been mentioned in the preceding chapter. His presence in this council meeting under the tamarisk of Gibeah, among the famous Benjamito chieftains, and the previous notice which speaks of him as the officer superintending the royal herds, indicates that he was a personage of no small importance at the Court of Saul. He occupies too a con...
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And he enquired of the LORD for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And he enquired of the LORD for him, and gave him victuals, and gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine.</strong><br><br>Doeg's report adds a detail not mentioned in chapter 21—that Ahimelech 'enquired of the LORD' for David. The Hebrew 'sha'al' (enquired/asked) suggests consultation through priestly means, likely the Urim and Thummim. Whether this actually occurred or Doeg embellishe...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **And he enquired of the Lord for him.**—This is, however, by no means certain (see below); nothing was said about the Urim and Thummim being brought out and questioned by the high priest on the occasion of David’s visit. It is possible that Doeg was misled here by the fact of the high priest’s going into the sanctuary, where the ephod was, to fetch the sword of Goliath for David. This famous...
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Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest, the son of Ahitub, and all his father's house, the priests that were in Nob: and they came all of them to the king.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then the king sent to call Ahimelech the priest, the son of Ahitub, and all his father's house, the priests that were in Nob: and they came all of them to the king.</strong><br><br>Saul's summons of the entire priestly community signals ominous intent. The Hebrew 'vayishlach...liqro' (sent to call) conveys royal command that demanded obedience. The specification 'all his father's house, th...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(11) **Then the king sent to call Ahimelech.**—This sending for all the priestly house to Gibeah when alone Ahimelech was to blame—if blame there was—looks as though Saul and Doeg had determined upon the wholesale massacre which followed.

And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub. And he answered, Here I am, my lord. Here: Heb. Behold me

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul said, Hear now, thou son of Ahitub. And he answered, Here I am, my lord.</strong><br><br>The brief exchange reveals devastating contrasts. Saul's address 'son of Ahitub' refuses to use Ahimelech's name, reducing him to a lineage marker—dehumanizing prelude to murder. The Hebrew 'shema-na' (hear now) echoes his earlier address to the Benjamites (v. 7), treating the priest as anothe...
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And Saul said unto him, Why have ye conspired against me, thou and the son of Jesse, in that thou hast given him bread, and a sword, and hast enquired of God for him, that he should rise against me, to lie in wait, as at this day?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Saul said unto him, Why have ye conspired against me, thou and the son of Jesse, in that thou hast given him bread, and a sword, and hast enquired of God for him, that he should rise against me, to lie in wait, as at this day?</strong><br><br>Saul's accusation combines facts with paranoid interpretation. The Hebrew 'lamah qeshartem' (why have you conspired) assumes guilt while framing ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(13) **And hast enquired of God for him.**—This using of the Urim and Thummim for David is again repeated by the king. It seems in Saul’s eyes to have been the gravest of the charges imputed to the high priest by Doeg, for Ahimelech specially in his defence recurs to this point with peculiar insistence: the only charge, as it appears, to which Ahimelech deigned to reply, “Did I then begin to enqui...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-34. the people were very faint. And the people flew upon the spoil--**at evening, when the time fixed by Saul had expired. Faint and famishing, the pursuers fell voraciously upon the cattle they had taken, and threw them on the ground to cut off their flesh and eat them raw, so that the army, by Saul's rashness, were defiled by eating blood, or living animals; probably, as the Abyssinians do,...
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Then Ahimelech answered the king, and said, And who is so faithful among all thy servants as David, which is the king's son in law, and goeth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thine house?

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then Ahimelech answered the king, and said, And who is so faithful among all thy servants as David, which is the king's son in law, and goeth at thy bidding, and is honourable in thine house?</strong><br><br>Ahimelech's defense appeals to David's public reputation and official standing. The Hebrew 'ne'eman' (faithful/trustworthy) challenges Saul's conspiracy narrative with David's document...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) **Who is so faithful among all thy servants?**—The words of the high priest were quiet and dignified, and no doubt spoke the general sentiments of the people respecting David. What he—the guardian of the sanctuary—had done, he had done as a matter of course for one so closely related to the king—for one, too, ever loyal and devoted as David had ever proved himself.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-34. the people were very faint. And the people flew upon the spoil--**at evening, when the time fixed by Saul had expired. Faint and famishing, the pursuers fell voraciously upon the cattle they had taken, and threw them on the ground to cut off their flesh and eat them raw, so that the army, by Saul's rashness, were defiled by eating blood, or living animals; probably, as the Abyssinians do,...
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Did I then begin to enquire of God for him? be it far from me: let not the king impute any thing unto his servant, nor to all the house of my father: for thy servant knew nothing of all this, less or more. less: Heb. little or great

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Did I then begin to enquire of God for him? be it far from me: let not the king impute any thing unto his servant, nor to all the house of my father: for thy servant knew nothing of all this, less or more.</strong><br><br>Ahimelech's final plea asserts complete ignorance. The Hebrew 'chalilah li' (far be it from me) expresses horror at the accusation. His denial that this was the first inq...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(15) **Did I then begin to enquire?**—The English translation of the Hebrew here would imply that David had on many previous occasions received through him (the high priest) Divine directions from the Urim and Thummim. “Did I that day *begin *to enquire?” Abarbanel gives an alternative rendering: “That was the first day that I enquired of God for him, and I did not know that it was displeasing to ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-34. the people were very faint. And the people flew upon the spoil--**at evening, when the time fixed by Saul had expired. Faint and famishing, the pursuers fell voraciously upon the cattle they had taken, and threw them on the ground to cut off their flesh and eat them raw, so that the army, by Saul's rashness, were defiled by eating blood, or living animals; probably, as the Abyssinians do,...
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And the king said, Thou shalt surely die, Ahimelech, thou, and all thy father's house.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the king said, Thou shalt surely die, Ahimelech, thou, and all thy father's house.</strong><br><br>Saul's death sentence employs the emphatic Hebrew construction 'mot tamut' (dying you shall die), the formula used for capital crimes in the Torah. The extension to 'all thy father's house' reveals the scope of Saul's murderous intent—collective punishment for imagined collective guilt. T...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**31-34. the people were very faint. And the people flew upon the spoil--**at evening, when the time fixed by Saul had expired. Faint and famishing, the pursuers fell voraciously upon the cattle they had taken, and threw them on the ground to cut off their flesh and eat them raw, so that the army, by Saul's rashness, were defiled by eating blood, or living animals; probably, as the Abyssinians do,...
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And the king said unto the footmen that stood about him, Turn, and slay the priests of the LORD; because their hand also is with David, and because they knew when he fled, and did not shew it to me. But the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall upon the priests of the LORD. footmen: or, guard: Heb. runners

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the king said unto the footmen that stood about him, Turn, and slay the priests of the LORD; because their hand also is with David, and because they knew when he fled, and did not shew it to me. But the servants of the king would not put forth their hand to fall upon the priests of the LORD.</strong><br><br>The soldiers' refusal represents remarkable moral courage. The Hebrew 'lo avu' ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(17) **The footmen.**—“Footmen,” literally *runners. *These “guards,” or “lictors,” were men who ran by the royal chariot as an escort. They are still the usual attendants of any great man in the East. From long habit they were able to maintain a great speed for a long time. (See 1Samuel 8:11, where Samuel tells the children of Israel how the king of the future, whom they asked for, would take som...
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And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on that day fourscore and five persons that did wear a linen ephod.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And the king said to Doeg, Turn thou, and fall upon the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned, and he fell upon the priests, and slew on that day fourscore and five persons that did wear a linen ephod.</strong><br><br>Doeg's willingness to slaughter where Israelites refused completes his villainous portrait. The Hebrew emphasizes his ethnic identity again—'Doeg the Edomite'—this foreigner d...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(18) **And Doeg the Edomite . . . fell upon the priests, and slew on that day fourscore and five persons.**—No doubt, assisted by his own attached servants, Doeg carried out this deed of unexampled barbarity. For this act the Edomite servant of Saul has been execrated in the most ancient Jewish writings perhaps above any other of the famous wicked men who meet us in the Holy Scriptures. For instan...
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And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he with the edge of the sword, both men and women, children and sucklings, and oxen, and asses, and sheep, with the edge of the sword.</strong><br><br>The total destruction of Nob employs cherem (ban) language—the complete annihilation vocabulary reserved for God's enemies like the Canaanites. The Hebrew phrase 'lefi cherev' (edge of the sword) appea...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(19) **Nob, the city of the priests, smote he.**—The vengeful king, not content with striking the men, the heads of the priestly houses, in his insane fury proceeded to treat the innocent city where they resided as a city under the ban “cherem,” as though it had been polluted with idolatry and wickedness, and therefore devoted to utter destruction. The only crime of Nob had been that its venerable...
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And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped, and fled after David.</strong><br><br>Abiathar's escape preserves the priestly line amid catastrophe. The Hebrew 'vayimmalet' (escaped) suggests narrow deliverance from the slaughter. His flight 'after David' (acharei David) literally placed him in the fugitive's camp but figuratively aligned him with God's chosen...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(20) **Abiathar.**—Of those who dwelt at Nob, only one single priest, Abiathar, Ahimelech’s son, seems to have escaped this general massacre. It has been suggested that when his father and the whole body of priests went to Gibeah, in accordance with the summons of King Saul, Abiathar remained behind to perform the necessary functions in the sanctuary, and when he heard of the death of his father a...
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And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the LORD'S priests.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And Abiathar shewed David that Saul had slain the LORD'S priests.</strong><br><br>Abiathar's report brings devastating news to David. The Hebrew 'vayagged' (showed/reported) conveys more than mere telling—it revealed the full horror of the massacre. The designation 'LORD's priests' emphasizes the sacrilege: these were not merely men but God's consecrated servants. David now learned the cat...
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And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned the death of all the persons of thy father's house.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>And David said unto Abiathar, I knew it that day, when Doeg the Edomite was there, that he would surely tell Saul: I have occasioned the death of all the persons of thy father's house.</strong><br><br>David's confession demonstrates profound moral awareness. The Hebrew 'savoti' (I have occasioned/caused to turn) accepts personal responsibility for the massacre. His recollection of seeing D...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(22) **When Doeg the Edomite was there.**—The Talmudical tradition evidently pre-supposes that a bitter enmity existed between David and Saul’s too faithful friend Doeg. If the Rabbinical belief that the identity between the family servant, or steward, who accompanied the young man Saul on that journey when we first meet with him (see 1 Samuel 9) be accepted, this enmity would be partly accounted ...
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Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Abide thou with me, fear not: for he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life: but with me thou shalt be in safeguard.</strong><br><br>David's offer of protection transforms guilt into redemptive action. The Hebrew imperatives 'shevah' (abide/stay) and 'al-tira' (fear not) provide comfort and command. The shared danger—'he that seeketh my life seeketh thy life'—creates solidarity between fugi...
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