King James Version

What Does Joshua 10:2 Mean?

Joshua 10:2 in the King James Version says “That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than A... — study this verse from Joshua chapter 10 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty. royal: Heb. cities of the kingdom

Joshua 10:2 · KJV


Context

1

Now it came to pass, when Adonizedek king of Jerusalem had heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them;

2

That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty. royal: Heb. cities of the kingdom

3

Wherefore Adonizedek king of Jerusalem sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying,

4

Come up unto me, and help me, that we may smite Gibeon: for it hath made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Fear grips Jerusalem's king Adoni-zedek because 'Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities...greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty.' The comparison to royal cities indicates Gibeon's significance—comparable to capitals in size and strength. The note that its warriors were 'mighty' emphasizes military capability. Adoni-zedek's fear stems from strategic calculation: if mighty Gibeon made peace with Israel rather than resist, this both strengthened Israel (adding Gibeon's forces) and demoralized other Canaanite cities (showing resistance was futile). The king's name Adoni-zedek (אֲדֹנִי־צֶדֶק—my lord is righteousness or lord of righteousness) ironically contrasts his unrighteous actions. His fear leads to aggression against Gibeon, attempting to punish their treaty and deter other defections. This pattern repeats in history: threatened powers attack perceived collaborators more viciously than original enemies.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Jerusalem (here first mentioned in Joshua) was a significant Canaanite city-state that would remain unconquered until David's time (2 Samuel 5:6-9). Adoni-zedek's name parallels an earlier Jerusalem king, Melchizedek (king of righteousness, Genesis 14:18), suggesting a dynastic title or tradition. The city's elevated position and strong fortifications made it formidable. Gibeon's characterization as 'greater than Ai' and with 'mighty men' indicates it was a major military power. Archaeological evidence suggests Gibeon was indeed a substantial city with significant population. Its defection to Israel represented a major strategic loss for Canaanite resistance. The fear this provoked among remaining Canaanite kings was rational—Gibeon's assessment that fighting Israel was futile could inspire others to seek peace, collapsing unified resistance. Adoni-zedek's strategy of punishing Gibeon aimed to make an example, deterring other cities from similar defection. This shows ancient understanding of psychological warfare: maintaining allied morale by punishing betrayal.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does defection of a strong ally (like Gibeon) affect enemy morale more than defeating weaker opponents?
  2. What does Adoni-zedek's fear-driven aggression teach about how threatened powers respond to perceived betrayal?
  3. When has God used unexpected alliances or defections to advance His kingdom purposes?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 17 words
וַיִּֽירְא֣וּ1 of 17

That they feared

H3372

to fear; morally to revere; causatively to frighten

מְאֹ֔ד2 of 17

greatly

H3966

properly, vehemence, i.e., (with or without preposition) vehemently; by implication, wholly, speedily, etc. (often with other words as an intensive or

כִּ֣י3 of 17
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

עָרֵ֣י4 of 17

cities

H5892

a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)

גְדוֹלָה֙5 of 17

and because it was greater

H1419

great (in any sense); hence, older; also insolent

גִּבְע֔וֹן6 of 17

because Gibeon

H1391

gibon, a place in palestine

כְּאַחַ֖ת7 of 17

as one

H259

properly, united, i.e., one; or (as an ordinal) first

עָרֵ֣י8 of 17

cities

H5892

a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)

הַמַּמְלָכָ֑ה9 of 17

of the royal

H4467

dominion, i.e., (abstractly) the estate (rule) or (concretely) the country (realm)

וְכִ֨י10 of 17
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

הִ֤יא11 of 17
H1931

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demo

גְדוֹלָה֙12 of 17

and because it was greater

H1419

great (in any sense); hence, older; also insolent

מִן13 of 17
H4480

properly, a part of; hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses

הָעַ֔י14 of 17

than Ai

H5857

ai, aja or ajath, a place in palestine

וְכָל15 of 17
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

אֲנָשֶׁ֖יהָ16 of 17
H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

גִּבֹּרִֽים׃17 of 17

thereof were mighty

H1368

powerful; by implication, warrior, tyrant


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Joshua. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Joshua 10:2 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Joshua 10:2 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

Places in This Verse

Test Your Knowledge

Continue Your Study