King James Version

What Does Exodus 22:1 Mean?

Exodus 22:1 in the King James Version says “If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep fo... — study this verse from Exodus chapter 22 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. or a sheep: or, or a goat

Exodus 22:1 · KJV


Context

1

If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. or a sheep: or, or a goat

2

If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him.

3

If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him; for he should make full restitution; if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.

Restitution exceeds theft—'five oxen for an ox' (חֲמִשָּׁה בָקָר, chamishah vaqar) means 500% repayment for oxen, 400% for sheep. Why the difference? Oxen are working animals; stealing one damages victim's livelihood more. The restitution is restorative justice—victim is made whole plus penalty discourages theft. This contrasts with retributive systems (punishment without restitution). Zacchaeus offers fourfold restitution (Luke 19:8), applying this principle. The gospel is ultimate restitution—Christ pays infinitely more than we stole (His life for our sin). Where sin increased, grace abounded more (Romans 5:20).

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern law codes varied on theft penalties. Hammurabi required 30-fold for temple theft, 10-fold for palace theft, or death if unable to pay. Israel's graduated restitution (4-5x) was humane while deterring theft.

Reflection Questions

  1. Why does restitution exceed the theft (400-500%)—what principles of justice does this teach?
  2. How does Christ's payment for sin exemplify ultimate restitution—paying infinitely more than we owe?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 18 words
כִּ֤י1 of 18
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

יִגְנֹֽב2 of 18

shall steal

H1589

to thieve (literally or figuratively); by implication, to deceive

אִישׁ֙3 of 18

If a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

הַשּׁ֔וֹר4 of 18

an ox

H7794

a bullock (as a traveller)

אוֹ5 of 18
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

הַשֶּֽׂה׃6 of 18

for a sheep

H7716

a member of a flock, i.e., a sheep or goat

וּטְבָח֖וֹ7 of 18

and kill

H2873

to slaughter (animals or men)

א֣וֹ8 of 18
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

מְכָר֑וֹ9 of 18

it or sell

H4376

to sell, literally (as merchandise, a daughter in marriage, into slavery), or figuratively (to surrender)

חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה10 of 18

five

H2568

five

בָקָ֗ר11 of 18

oxen

H1241

a beeve or an animal of the ox family of either gender (as used for plowing); collectively, a herd

יְשַׁלֵּם֙12 of 18

it he shall restore

H7999

to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed; by implication, to be friendly; by extension, to reciprocate

תַּ֣חַת13 of 18
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

הַשּׁ֔וֹר14 of 18

an ox

H7794

a bullock (as a traveller)

וְאַרְבַּע15 of 18

and four

H702

four

צֹ֖אן16 of 18

sheep

H6629

a collective name for a flock (of sheep or goats); also figuratively (of men)

תַּ֥חַת17 of 18
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

הַשֶּֽׂה׃18 of 18

for a sheep

H7716

a member of a flock, i.e., a sheep or goat


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 22:1 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 22:1 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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