King James Version

What Does Exodus 21:33 Mean?

Exodus 21:33 in the King James Version says “And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein; — study this verse from Exodus chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;

Exodus 21:33 · KJV


Context

31

Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.

32

If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned.

33

And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;

34

The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.

35

And if one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;

This case law addresses property damage and personal injury, establishing liability principles. The mishpatim (מִשְׁפָּטִים, judgments) apply Decalogue principles to everyday situations, creating just society. Owner responsibility reflects broader biblical principle: we're stewards of possessions, accountable for harm they cause. The law balances justice (compensation for victims) with mercy (proportional rather than excessive penalties). These principles undergird modern tort law and demonstrate God's concern for social order.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern law codes (Hammurabi, Hittite) addressed similar property issues but often with class-based penalties. Israel's law applied more uniformly regardless of social status.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does this law reveal God's character—His justice, mercy, or holiness?
  2. What New Testament principles build upon or fulfill this Old Testament regulation?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 16 words
וְכִֽי1 of 16
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

יִפְתַּ֨ח2 of 16

shall open

H6605

to open wide (literally or figuratively); specifically, to loosen, begin, plough, carve

אִ֛ישׁ3 of 16

And if a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

בֹּ֖ר4 of 16

a pit

H953

a pit hole (especially one used as a cistern or a prison)

א֠וֹ5 of 16
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

כִּֽי6 of 16
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

יִכְרֶ֥ה7 of 16

shall dig

H3738

properly, to dig; figuratively, to plot; generally, to bore or open

אִ֛ישׁ8 of 16

And if a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

בֹּ֖ר9 of 16

a pit

H953

a pit hole (especially one used as a cistern or a prison)

וְלֹ֣א10 of 16
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

יְכַסֶּ֑נּוּ11 of 16

and not cover

H3680

properly, to plump, i.e., fill up hollows; by implication, to cover (for clothing or secrecy)

וְנָֽפַל12 of 16

fall

H5307

to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)

שָׁ֥מָּה13 of 16
H8033

there (transferring to time) then; often thither, or thence

שּׁ֖וֹר14 of 16

it and an ox

H7794

a bullock (as a traveller)

א֥וֹ15 of 16
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

חֲמֽוֹר׃16 of 16

or an ass

H2543

a male ass (from its dun red)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 21:33 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 21:33 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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