King James Version

What Does Exodus 21:20 Mean?

Exodus 21:20 in the King James Version says “And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished. punishe... — study this verse from Exodus chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished. punished: Heb. avenged

Exodus 21:20 · KJV


Context

18

And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keepeth his bed: another: or, his neighbour

19

If he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit: only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed. the loss: Heb. his ceasing

20

And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished. punished: Heb. avenged

21

Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.

22

If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And if a man smite his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished.

This provision regulates Hebrew servitude (עֶבֶד עִבְרִי, eved ivri), protecting indentured servants from exploitation. Unlike ancient Near Eastern chattel slavery, Israel's system limited bondage to six years with mandatory release, reflecting God's concern for human dignity. These laws temper economic necessity with compassion, ensuring even servants retain personhood and future hope. The regulations reveal God's heart for the vulnerable and point to ultimate redemption—Christ freed us from sin's slavery to serve Him voluntarily.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Debt-servitude in ancient Israel allowed impoverished persons to work off obligations while maintaining basic rights. These protections were revolutionary compared to surrounding nations' perpetual slavery systems.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does this law reveal God's character—His justice, mercy, or holiness?
  2. What New Testament principles build upon or fulfill this Old Testament regulation?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 14 words
וְכִֽי1 of 14
H3588

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

יַכֶּה֩2 of 14

smite

H5221

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

אִ֨ישׁ3 of 14

And if a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

אֶת4 of 14
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

עַבְדּ֜וֹ5 of 14

his servant

H5650

a servant

א֤וֹ6 of 14
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

אֶת7 of 14
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

אֲמָתוֹ֙8 of 14

or his maid

H519

a maid-servant or female slave

בַּשֵּׁ֔בֶט9 of 14

with a rod

H7626

a scion, i.e., (literally) a stick (for punishing, writing, fighting, ruling, walking, etc.) or (figuratively) a clan

וּמֵ֖ת10 of 14

and he die

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

תַּ֣חַת11 of 14
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

יָד֑וֹ12 of 14

under his hand

H3027

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

יִנָּקֵֽם׃13 of 14

he shall be surely

H5358

to grudge, i.e., avenge or punish

יִנָּקֵֽם׃14 of 14

he shall be surely

H5358

to grudge, i.e., avenge or punish


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 21:20 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 21:20 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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