King James Version

What Does Deuteronomy 19:21 Mean?

Deuteronomy 19:21 in the King James Version says “And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot. — study this verse from Deuteronomy chapter 19 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Deuteronomy 19:21 · KJV


Context

19

Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.

20

And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.

21

And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Proportional punishment: 'And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.' The lex talionis (law of retaliation) ensures proportionality—punishment matches crime. 'Life for life' means capital punishment for murder. 'Eye for eye' originally meant financial compensation equal to injury's value, not literal mutilation (Exodus 21:26-27; Leviticus 24:19-20). The command 'thine eye shall not pity' demands justice without sentimentality—neither excessive punishment nor inadequate. This limits vengeance (no escalation) while ensuring accountability (no impunity). Jesus later contrasts personal ethics ('turn the other cheek,' Matthew 5:38-42) with civil justice—grace in personal relationships doesn't negate governmental justice.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern law codes (Hammurabi, Hittite) included lex talionis principles, though often with class distinctions (harsher for harming nobles, lighter for harming slaves). Biblical law applies equally regardless of status—covenant equality. Jewish interpretation developed financial compensation rather than literal mutilation. Jesus's 'turn the other cheek' teaching addresses personal offense, not criminal justice—He doesn't instruct judges to ignore crime but individuals to forgo personal revenge. Romans 12:19-13:4 clarifies: believers don't take personal vengeance; government bears sword for justice.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does proportional punishment (eye for eye) serve both justice and mercy by limiting excessive retaliation?
  2. What is the difference between Jesus's 'turn the other cheek' (personal ethics) and government's sword (civil justice)?
  3. How do we balance demanding justice for victims while extending grace and forgiveness personally?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 13 words
וְלֹ֥א1 of 13
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

תָח֖וֹס2 of 13

shall not pity

H2347

properly, to cover, i.e., (figuratively) to compassionate

בְּעַ֙יִן֙3 of 13

And thine eye

H5869

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

בְּנֶ֗פֶשׁ4 of 13

but life

H5315

properly, a breathing creature, i.e., animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or ment

בְּנֶ֗פֶשׁ5 of 13

but life

H5315

properly, a breathing creature, i.e., animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or ment

בְּעַ֙יִן֙6 of 13

And thine eye

H5869

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

בְּעַ֙יִן֙7 of 13

And thine eye

H5869

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

בְּשֵׁ֔ן8 of 13

for tooth

H8127

a tooth (as sharp); specifically ivory; figuratively, a cliff

בְּשֵׁ֔ן9 of 13

for tooth

H8127

a tooth (as sharp); specifically ivory; figuratively, a cliff

בְּיָ֖ד10 of 13

for hand

H3027

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

בְּיָ֖ד11 of 13

for hand

H3027

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

בְּרָֽגֶל׃12 of 13

foot

H7272

a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda

בְּרָֽגֶל׃13 of 13

foot

H7272

a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Deuteronomy. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Deuteronomy 19:21 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Deuteronomy 19:21 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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