King James Version

What Does Exodus 20:13 Mean?

Exodus 20:13 in the King James Version says “Thou shalt not kill. — study this verse from Exodus chapter 20 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

Thou shalt not kill.

Exodus 20:13 · KJV


Context

11

For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it.

12

Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.

13

Thou shalt not kill.

14

Thou shalt not commit adultery.

15

Thou shalt not steal.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Thou shalt not kill.

The Hebrew 'lo tirtzach' (לֹא תִרְצָח) specifically prohibits 'murder' (unlawful killing), not all killing—war, capital punishment, and self-defense aren't banned. The verb 'ratzach' denotes criminal homicide, taking innocent life. Since humans bear God's image (Genesis 9:6), murder assaults divine likeness. Jesus expands this to include hatred and contempt—'whoever is angry with his brother' violates this command (Matthew 5:21-22). The heart's murderous rage is moral equivalent of the hand's deadly blow. John says 'whoever hates his brother is a murderer' (1 John 3:15). The command protects life's sanctity from conception to natural death—abortion, euthanasia, and assisted suicide violate God's image-bearing creatures.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern law codes (Hammurabi, Hittite) prohibited murder but with qualifications. Israel's absolute prohibition, grounded in God's image, elevates human life above property or pragmatism.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does Jesus' expansion of 'do not murder' to include anger and contempt apply to your relationships?
  2. What does the image of God in all humans teach about issues like abortion, capital punishment, and euthanasia?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 2 words
לֹ֥֖א1 of 2
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

תִּֿרְצָֽ֖ח׃2 of 2

Thou shalt not kill

H7523

properly, to dash in pieces, i.e., kill (a human being), especially to murder


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 20:13 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 20:13 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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