About Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes examines life's meaning "under the sun," concluding that true purpose is found only in fearing God.

Author: SolomonWritten: c. 940-930 BCReading time: ~2 minVerses: 18
MeaninglessnessWisdomEnjoymentDeathFear of GodPurpose

King James Version

Ecclesiastes 9

18 verses with commentary

Death Comes to All

For all this I considered in my heart even to declare all this, that the righteous, and the wise, and their works, are in the hand of God: no man knoweth either love or hatred by all that is before them. I considered: Heb. I gave, or, set to my heart

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KJV Study Commentary

The Preacher (Qoheleth in Hebrew, קֹהֶלֶת) begins with emphatic repetition: 'all this... all this' underscores the comprehensive nature of his investigation. The verb natati el-libi (נָתַתִּי אֶל־לִבִּי, 'considered in my heart') means he placed these matters into his heart for careful examination. In Hebrew thought, the heart (lev) represents the center of intellect, emotion, and will—the entire ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

IX. (1) **No man knoweth.—**If this verse stood by itself we should understand, “Man cannot know whether he will experience marks of the Divine favour, or the reverse;” but taking Ecclesiastes 9:6 into account, we understand of a man’s own love or hatred the objects of which he cannot tell beforehand. **By all.—**Rather, all is before them.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. A wholesome tongue--**(Compare Margin), pacifying and soothing language. **tree of life--**(Pr 3:18; 11:30). **perverseness therein--**cross, ill-natured language. **breach ... spirit--**(compare Is 65:14, Hebrew), grieves, instead of appeasing.

All things come alike to all: there is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked; to the good and to the clean, and to the unclean; to him that sacrificeth, and to him that sacrificeth not: as is the good, so is the sinner; and he that sweareth, as he that feareth an oath.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>All things come alike to all: there is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked</strong>—the Hebrew 'miqreh echad' (מִקְרֶה אֶחָד, one event/happening) refers to death, the universal human fate transcending moral distinctions. The Preacher lists five contrasts: righteous/wicked, good/clean vs. unclean, sacrificers/non-sacrificers, good/sinner, oath-takers/oath-fearers. Despite these s...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(2*)* **He that sweareth.—**Zechariah 5:3.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

5. (Compare Pr 4:1; 10:17; 13:1-18). **is prudent--**acts discreetly.

This is an evil among all things that are done under the sun, that there is one event unto all: yea, also the heart of the sons of men is full of evil, and madness is in their heart while they live, and after that they go to the dead.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>This is an evil among all things that are done under the sun, that there is one event unto all</strong>—the Preacher identifies death's universality as 'ra' (רַע, evil/calamity), not morally evil but tragically unfortunate. The fact that righteous and wicked share identical earthly fate appears unjust within temporal perspective. This 'evil' results from the fall—death entered through sin ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(3) We have again the sentiments expressed in Ecclesiastes 2:14-16; Ecclesiastes 3:19; Ecclesiastes 5:15; Ecclesiastes 6:12.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6. treasure--**implying utility. **trouble--**vexation and affliction.

For to him that is joined to all the living there is hope: for a living dog is better than a dead lion.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For to him that is joined to all the living there is hope</strong>—the Hebrew 'yechubbar' (יְחֻבַּר, joined/attached) indicates connection to living humanity. The key term 'bittachon' (בִּטָּחוֹן, hope/confidence) suggests possibility and potential. While life continues, opportunity for repentance, faith, and change remains. Death ends earthly opportunity—Hebrews 9:27 states, 'it is appoin...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(4) There is a various reading here in the Hebrew. Our translators, following the older translators, adopt the reading of the margin. That of the text gives, instead of “joined,” a word signifying “chosen;” the best sense that can be given to which is to translate, “For who is excepted,” joining it with the previous verse, beginning this one, “To all the living,” &c. With regard to the statement o...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

7. (Compare Pr 10:20, 21). **heart ... not so--**not right, or vain.

For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not any thing, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For the living know that they shall die</strong> (כִּי הַחַיִּים יוֹדְעִים שֶׁיָּמֻתוּ)—the certainty of death is the one piece of knowledge all conscious humans share. In stark contrast, <strong>the dead know not any thing</strong> (הַמֵּתִים אֵינָם יוֹדְעִים מְאוּמָה)—those in Sheol, the shadowy realm of the departed, have no consciousness of earthly affairs. The phrase <strong>neither h...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8-9. The sacrifice [and] prayer--**are acts of worship. **way ... followeth ... righteousness--**denote conduct. God's regard for the worship and deeds of the righteous and wicked respectively, so stated in Psa 50:17; Is 1:11.

Also their love, and their hatred, and their envy, is now perished; neither have they any more a portion for ever in any thing that is done under the sun.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Also their love, and their hatred, and their envy, is now perished</strong> (גַּם־אַהֲבָתָם גַּם־שִׂנְאָתָם גַּם־קִנְאָתָם כְּבָר אָבָדָה)—death terminates all earthly passions and pursuits. The threefold repetition of <em>gam</em> (גַּם, also/even) emphasizes comprehensiveness: love (<em>ahavah</em>, אַהֲבָה), hatred (<em>sin'ah</em>, שִׂנְאָה), and envy (<em>qin'ah</em>, קִנְאָה) all van...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(6, 7) **Now.**—Rather, *long ago.*

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8-9. The sacrifice [and] prayer--**are acts of worship. **way ... followeth ... righteousness--**denote conduct. God's regard for the worship and deeds of the righteous and wicked respectively, so stated in Psa 50:17; Is 1:11.

Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works.

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse offers a striking affirmation of enjoying life's simple pleasures. The imperative 'Go thy way' (lek) is a command to action and purpose. The paired commands 'eat thy bread with joy' (ekhol besimchah lachmeka) and 'drink thy wine with a merry heart' (usheteh vleyv-tov yeneka) emphasize wholehearted enjoyment of basic provisions. The Hebrew simchah (joy) and leyv-tov (good/merry heart) in...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(7) **Accepteth.**—The thought has been expressed before (Ecclesiastes 2:24; Ecclesiastes 8:15), that earthly enjoyment is to be received as given by God’s favour.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

10. (Compare Pr 10:17). **the way--**that in which God would have him to go (Pr 2:13; Psa 119:1).

Let thy garments be always white; and let thy head lack no ointment.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Let thy garments be always white</strong> (בְּכָל־עֵת יִהְיוּ בְגָדֶיךָ לְבָנִים)—white garments signified celebration, joy, and festivity in ancient Israel. Rather than mournful sackcloth, the Preacher urges wearing festive clothing <em>always</em> (<em>be-kol-et</em>, בְּכָל־עֵת, at all times). This isn't superficial materialism but symbolic embrace of joy as God's gift. <strong>And let ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

-82Samuel 12:20; 2Samuel 14:2; Psalm 45:8; Psalm 104:14; Revelation 7:9.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**11. Hell--**(Psa 16:10). **destruction--**or, "Abaddon," the place of the destroyer. All the unseen world is open to God, much more men's hearts.

Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the days of the life of thy vanity, which he hath given thee under the sun, all the days of thy vanity: for that is thy portion in this life, and in thy labour which thou takest under the sun. Live: Heb. See, or, Enjoy life

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest</strong> (רְאֵה חַיִּים עִם־אִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר־אָהַבְתָּ)—the Hebrew <em>re'eh chayyim</em> (רְאֵה חַיִּים) literally means "see life" or "experience life," urging full engagement rather than mere existence. Marital love between husband and wife whom he loves (<em>asher-ahavta</em>, אֲשֶׁר־אָהַבְתָּ) is one of God's primary gifts for enjoying life. ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

12. (Compare Pr 9:8). **go unto the wise--**to be instructed.

Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest.

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KJV Study Commentary

The Preacher urges action: 'Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest.' The imperative 'do it with thy might' (be-kol kochakha aseyhu, בְּכָל־כֹּחֲךָ עֲשֵׂהוּ) calls for wholehearted effort while opportunity exists. The rationale: death ends earthly activity—'no work... in the grave' (Sheol...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(10) **Thy hand findeth.—**Leviticus 12:8; Judges 9:33; and margin, *reff.* **The grave.—***Sheol *(John 9:4).

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13. maketh ... countenance--**or, "benefits the countenance." **spirit is broken--**and so the countenance is sad.

I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.

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KJV Study Commentary

This famous verse articulates one of Ecclesiastes' most profound observations about divine providence versus human merit. The fivefold negation—'the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill'—systematically dismantles meritocratic assumptions. The Hebrew construction repeats 'lo' (לֹ...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

-11Romans 9:16. **Chance.**—Elsewhere only in 1Kings 5:4.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

14. (Compare Pr 10:21, 22). The wise grow wiser, the fools more foolish (Pr 9:9).

For man also knoweth not his time: as the fishes that are taken in an evil net, and as the birds that are caught in the snare; so are the sons of men snared in an evil time, when it falleth suddenly upon them.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For man also knoweth not his time</strong> (כִּי גַּם־לֹא־יֵדַע הָאָדָם אֶת־עִתּוֹ, <em>ki gam-lo-yeda ha'adam et-itto</em>)—humanity does not know its appointed moment, from <em>et</em> (time, season). <strong>As the fishes that are taken in an evil net, and as the birds that are caught in the snare</strong> (כַּדָּגִים שֶׁנֶּאֱחָזִים בִּמְצוֹדָה רָעָה וְכַצִּפֳּרִים הָאֲחֻזוֹת בַּפָּח, <...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

-12Proverbs 7:23; Ezekiel 12:13; Hosea 7:12.

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

15. The state of the heart governs the outward condition. **evil--**sad, contrasted with the cheerfulness of a feast.

Wisdom Is Better Than Strength

This wisdom have I seen also under the sun, and it seemed great unto me:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>This wisdom have I seen also under the sun, and it seemed great unto me</strong> (גַּם־זֹה רָאִיתִי חָכְמָה תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ וּגְדוֹלָה הִיא אֵלָי, <em>gam-zoh ra'iti chokhmah tachat hashemesh ugedolah hi elai</em>)—'also this wisdom I have seen under the sun, and it was great to me.' The emphatic <em>gedolah hi elai</em> (great/important it is to me) introduces a parable illustrating wis...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**16. trouble--**agitation, implying the anxieties and perplexities attending wealth held by worldlings (Pr 16:18; 1Ti 6:6).

There was a little city, and few men within it; and there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great bulwarks against it:

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>There was a little city, and few men within it</strong> (עִיר קְטַנָּה וַאֲנָשִׁים בָּהּ מְעָט, <em>ir qetannah va'anashim bah me'at</em>)—a small city with few inhabitants, emphasizing vulnerability. <strong>And there came a great king against it, and besieged it, and built great bulwarks against it</strong> (וּבָא־אֵלֶיהָ מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל וְסָבַב אֹתָהּ וּבָנָה עָלֶיהָ מְצוֹדִים גְּדֹלִים,...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

(14) Idle attempts have been made to find a historic reference in this passage. What is here told is so like the story (2 Samuel 20) of the deliverance of Abel-beth-Maachah by a wise woman, whose name, nevertheless, has not been preserved, that we cannot even be sure that the writer had any other real history in his mind. Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Courtesy of BibleSup...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17. dinner--**or, "allowance" (2Ki 25:30)-- **of herbs--**and that the plainest. **and hatred--**(compare Pr 10:12, 18).

Now there was found in it a poor wise man, and he by his wisdom delivered the city; yet no man remembered that same poor man.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Now there was found in it a poor wise man</strong> (וּמָצָא בָה אִישׁ מִסְכֵּן חָכָם, <em>umatsa vah ish misken chakam</em>)—'and there was found in it a poor wise man.' The adjective <em>misken</em> (poor, humble, of low status) contrasts with <em>chakam</em> (wise). <strong>And he by his wisdom delivered the city</strong> (וּמִלַּט־הוּא אֶת־הָעִיר בְּחָכְמָתוֹ, <em>umillat-hu et-ha'ir be...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

18. (Compare Pr 14:29; 16:32).

Then said I, Wisdom is better than strength: nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised, and his words are not heard.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Then said I, Wisdom is better than strength</strong> (וְאָמַרְתִּי אָנִי טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִגְּבוּרָה, <em>ve'amarti ani tovah chokhmah migevurah</em>)—'and I said, better is wisdom than might.' The comparison <em>tovah... min</em> (better than) is Ecclesiastes' favored formulation for value judgments. <strong>Nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised, and his words are not heard</stron...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

19. The difficulties of the slothful result from want of energy; the righteous find a **plain [and open] way--**literally, "a highway," by diligence (1Sa 10:7; Psa 1:3).

The words of wise men are heard in quiet more than the cry of him that ruleth among fools.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The words of wise men are heard in quiet</strong> (דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים בְּנַחַת נִשְׁמָעִים, <em>divrei chakhamim benachat nishma'im</em>)—'the words of the wise in quietness are heard,' using <em>nachat</em> (quietness, calm, rest). <strong>More than the cry of him that ruleth among fools</strong> (מִזַּעֲקַת מוֹשֵׁל בַּכְּסִילִים, <em>mizza'aqat moshel bakseilim</em>)—'than the shouting of...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

20. (Compare Pr 10:1).

Wisdom is better than weapons of war: but one sinner destroyeth much good.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Wisdom is better than weapons of war</strong> (טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִכְּלֵי קְרָב, <em>tovah chokhmah miklei qerav</em>)—literally 'better is wisdom than implements of war.' The term <em>klei</em> refers to implements, tools, or instruments; <em>qerav</em> means combat or battle. <strong>But one sinner destroyeth much good</strong> (וְחוֹטֶא אֶחָד יְאַבֵּד טוֹבָה הַרְבֵּה, <em>vechote echad ye'...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**21. walketh uprightly--**and so finds his joy (Pr 3:6; 10:23).

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