King James Version

What Does Numbers 35:23 Mean?

Numbers 35:23 in the King James Version says “Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, ne... — study this verse from Numbers chapter 35 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm:

Numbers 35:23 · KJV


Context

21

Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him.

22

But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait,

23

Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm:

24

Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments:

25

And the congregation shall deliver the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to the city of his refuge, whither he was fled: and he shall abide in it unto the death of the high priest, which was anointed with the holy oil.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not (בְּלֹא רְאוֹת, b'lo re'ot)—'without seeing,' denoting complete lack of intention. The stone may have been deadly ('wherewith a man may die'), but the thrower didn't see the victim. Intent, not just outcome, determines guilt.

And was not his enemy, neither sought his harm (וְלֹא אֹיֵב לוֹ וְלֹא מְבַקֵּשׁ רָעָתוֹ, v'lo oyev lo v'lo mevakesh ra'ato)—a threefold test of innocence: (1) didn't see him, (2) wasn't his enemy, (3) didn't seek his harm. This exhaustive exoneration protects the truly accidental killer from vengeful misinterpretation. The refuge city awaits those who meet these criteria.

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Historical & Cultural Context

This verse addresses scenarios like quarrying accidents, construction mishaps, or agricultural incidents where falling objects caused death. In tightly-packed ancient villages, such tragedies occurred despite caution. The law's nuance prevented innocent blood from being avenged as murder.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does the threefold test (unseen, not an enemy, didn't seek harm) demonstrate God's exhaustive fairness in evaluating accidents?
  2. What principle of jurisprudence does 'seeing him not' establish about the necessity of intent in criminal culpability?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 18 words
א֣וֹ1 of 18
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

בְכָל2 of 18
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

אֶ֜בֶן3 of 18

Or with any stone

H68

a stone

אֲשֶׁר4 of 18
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

וַיָּמֹ֑ת5 of 18

it upon him that he die

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

בָּהּ֙6 of 18
H0
וְלֹ֥א7 of 18

him not

H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

רְא֔וֹת8 of 18

seeing

H7200

to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)

וַיַּפֵּ֥ל9 of 18

and cast

H5307

to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)

עָלָ֖יו10 of 18
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

וַיָּמֹ֑ת11 of 18

it upon him that he die

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

וְהוּא֙12 of 18
H1931

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demo

וְלֹ֥א13 of 18

him not

H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

אוֹיֵ֣ב14 of 18

and was not his enemy

H341

hating; an adversary

ל֔וֹ15 of 18
H0
וְלֹ֥א16 of 18

him not

H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

מְבַקֵּ֖שׁ17 of 18

neither sought

H1245

to search out (by any method, specifically in worship or prayer); by implication, to strive after

רָֽעָתֽוֹ׃18 of 18

his harm

H7451

bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Numbers. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Numbers 35:23 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

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