King James Version

What Does Numbers 35:22 Mean?

Numbers 35:22 in the King James Version says “But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait, — study this verse from Numbers chapter 35 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait,

Numbers 35:22 · KJV


Context

20

But if he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of wait, that he die;

21

Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him.

22

But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait,

23

Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm:

24

Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments:


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity—the pivotal 'but' (v'im, 'and if') transitions from murder (vv.16-21) to manslaughter. Suddenly (בְּפֶתַע, b'feta) means 'unexpectedly, in an instant'—no premeditation, no prior hostility. Without enmity (בְּלֹא אֵיבָה, b'lo eivah) explicitly contrasts verse 21's 'in enmity.'

Or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait—contrasts verse 20's ambush (bitsediyah). This verse legally defines accidental homicide: unintentional, unplanned, arising from circumstances rather than malice. For such cases, the cities of refuge offered asylum—grace for the guilty-but-not-culpable.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Accidental deaths were common in ancient agrarian societies: axes flying off handles (Deuteronomy 19:5), construction accidents, animal-related incidents. Without the refuge city provision, blood feuds would spiral endlessly, destabilizing tribal society. The cities balanced justice (vv.16-21) with mercy (vv.22-28).

Reflection Questions

  1. How do the cities of refuge demonstrate that God's justice system distinguishes between moral guilt and tragic accident?
  2. What does the sudden/without-enmity distinction teach about the difference between sinning willfully versus being overtaken in a fault (Galatians 6:1)?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 12 words
וְאִם1 of 12
H518

used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not

בְּפֶ֥תַע2 of 12

him suddenly

H6621

a wink, i.e., moment (used only [with or without preposition] adverbially, quickly or unexpectedly)

בְּלֹ֥א3 of 12

without

H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

אֵיבָ֖ה4 of 12

enmity

H342

hostility

הֲדָפ֑וֹ5 of 12

But if he thrust

H1920

to push away or down

אוֹ6 of 12
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

הִשְׁלִ֥יךְ7 of 12

or have cast

H7993

to throw out, down or away (literally or figuratively)

עָלָ֛יו8 of 12
H5921

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

כָּל9 of 12
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

כְּלִ֖י10 of 12

upon him any thing

H3627

something prepared, i.e., any apparatus (as an implement, utensil, dress, vessel or weapon)

בְּלֹ֥א11 of 12

without

H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

צְדִיָּֽה׃12 of 12

without laying of wait

H6660

design


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Numbers. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Numbers 35:22 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Numbers 35:22 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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