King James Version

What Does Numbers 35:21 Mean?

Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him.

Numbers 35:21 · KJV


Context

19

The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he meeteth him, he shall slay him.

20

But if he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of wait, that he die;

21

Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him.

22

But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait,

23

Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm:


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Or in enmity smite him with his hand (בְאֵיבָה, b'eivah)—enmity (from oyev, 'enemy') denotes ongoing hostility, not momentary anger. Even bare-handed killing qualified as murder if driven by sustained hatred. The law penetrates beyond the weapon to the will: murder resides in enmity, not merely in the instrument.

The revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him—this refrain (cf. v.19) establishes the go'el's right and duty. The repetition throughout verses 16-21 creates a legal drumbeat: willful murder demands capital justice. Yet verse 22 introduces the merciful alternative for accidental homicide.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

The distinction between sinah (hatred, v.20) and eivah (enmity, v.21) reflects nuanced Hebrew legal terminology developed during Israel's wilderness period (1446-1406 BC). Later rabbinic interpretation required witnesses to testify specifically about the killer's prior hostility.

Reflection Questions

  1. Why does God's law require capital punishment for murder—what does this reveal about the sanctity of human life created in God's image?
  2. How does the emphasis on enmity (<em>eivah</em>) versus sudden passion distinguish degrees of culpability in biblical justice?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 17 words
א֣וֹ1 of 17
H176

desire (and so probably in proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

בְאֵיבָ֞ה2 of 17

Or in enmity

H342

hostility

הַמַּכֶּ֖ה3 of 17

he that smote

H5221

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

בְיָדוֹ֙4 of 17

him with his hand

H3027

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

יָמִ֛ית5 of 17

be put to death

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

יָמִ֛ית6 of 17

be put to death

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

יָמִ֛ית7 of 17

be put to death

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

הַמַּכֶּ֖ה8 of 17

he that smote

H5221

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

הָֽרֹצֵ֖חַ9 of 17

for he is a murderer

H7523

properly, to dash in pieces, i.e., kill (a human being), especially to murder

ה֑וּא10 of 17
H1931

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demo

גֹּאֵ֣ל11 of 17

the revenger

H1350

to redeem (according to the middle eastern law of kinship), i.e., to be the next of kin (and as such to buy back a relative's property, marry his wido

הַדָּ֗ם12 of 17

of blood

H1818

blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshe

יָמִ֛ית13 of 17

be put to death

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

אֶת14 of 17
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

הָֽרֹצֵ֖חַ15 of 17

for he is a murderer

H7523

properly, to dash in pieces, i.e., kill (a human being), especially to murder

בְּפִגְעוֹ16 of 17

when he meeteth

H6293

to impinge, by accident or violence, or (figuratively) by importunity

בֽוֹ׃17 of 17
H0

Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Numbers. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Numbers 35:21 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

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