King James Version

What Does Numbers 31:17 Mean?

Numbers 31:17 in the King James Version says “Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. him: He... — study this verse from Numbers chapter 31 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. him: Heb. a male

Numbers 31:17 · KJV


Context

15

And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive?

16

Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD.

17

Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. him: Heb. a male

18

But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.

19

And do ye abide without the camp seven days: whosoever hath killed any person, and whosoever hath touched any slain, purify both yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man—this command represents cherem (devoted to destruction) warfare, among Scripture's most difficult passages. The Hebrew taph (little ones) and the specification of sexually mature women indicate judgment on both future threats (male children who would grow to avenge their fathers) and past offenders (women who participated in Baal-Peor seduction).

This must be understood in context: (1) Direct divine command, not human initiative; (2) Specific judgment on particular sins (leading God's people to idolatry/immorality), not general genocide; (3) Old Covenant theocratic governance where Israel executed God's judgment temporally, foreshadowing eternal judgment; (4) Mercy within judgment—virgin girls were spared (verse 18). While Christians don't execute such judgments today (Romans 12:19), the passage teaches sin's seriousness, God's holiness, and the principle that mercy requires removing evil's continuing influence.

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Historical & Cultural Context

This command reflects ancient Near Eastern herem warfare—complete devotion to deity by destruction of enemies. However, Israel's practice differed crucially: only at direct divine command for specific offenses (not routine conquest), and motivated by preventing idolatry's spread rather than territorial expansion. The Midianite women's active participation in seducing Israel (verse 16, Revelation 2:14) made their judgment deserved, not arbitrary. Archaeological evidence shows other ancient cultures practiced similar total warfare, but without Israel's specific theological-judicial framework of executing Yahweh's judgment on covenant violators.

Reflection Questions

  1. How do difficult passages like this drive you to deeper trust in God's perfect justice and wisdom beyond human understanding?
  2. What does this severe judgment on those who lead God's people into sin teach about spiritual accountability for false teachers today (Matthew 18:6, James 3:1)?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 12 words
וְעַתָּ֕ה1 of 12
H6258

at this time, whether adverb, conjunction or expletive

הֲרֹֽגוּ׃2 of 12

Now therefore kill

H2026

to smite with deadly intent

כָל3 of 12
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

זָכָ֖ר4 of 12

every male

H2145

properly, remembered, i.e., a male (of man or animals, as being the most noteworthy sex)

בַּטָּ֑ף5 of 12

among the little ones

H2945

a family (mostly used collectively in the singular)

וְכָל6 of 12
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

אִשָּׁ֗ה7 of 12

every woman

H802

a woman

יֹדַ֥עַת8 of 12

that hath known

H3045

to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including o

אִ֛ישׁ9 of 12

man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

לְמִשְׁכַּ֥ב10 of 12

by lying

H4904

a bed (figuratively, a bier); abstractly, sleep; by euphemism, carnal intercourse

זָכָ֖ר11 of 12

every male

H2145

properly, remembered, i.e., a male (of man or animals, as being the most noteworthy sex)

הֲרֹֽגוּ׃12 of 12

Now therefore kill

H2026

to smite with deadly intent


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Numbers. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Numbers 31:17 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Numbers 31:17 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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