King James Version

What Does Deuteronomy 20:16 Mean?

Deuteronomy 20:16 in the King James Version says “But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothi... — study this verse from Deuteronomy chapter 20 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:

Deuteronomy 20:16 · KJV


Context

14

But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee. take: Heb. spoil

15

Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.

16

But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:

17

But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:

18

That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth—The Canaanite herem demanded total destruction: nothing that breatheth (כָּל־נְשָׁמָה, kol-neshamah, literally 'every breath'). This wasn't ethnic cleansing but spiritual surgery—removing cancer threatening Israel's covenant relationship. God's explicit command (next verse) makes His purpose clear: prevent idolatry contagion.

Israel's incomplete obedience (failing to execute full herem) caused centuries of apostasy. They did not destroy the nations, concerning whom the LORD commanded them: But were mingled among the heathen, and learned their works...Therefore was the wrath of the LORD kindled against his people (Psalm 106:34-35, 40). Spiritual compromise never stays contained; it metastasizes. Jesus demands similar ruthlessness with personal sin: If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out (Matthew 5:29)—radical amputation prevents spiritual death.

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Historical & Cultural Context

The seven Canaanite nations (Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, Jebusites) occupied the Promised Land. Archaeological evidence confirms widespread child sacrifice, ritual prostitution, and brutality. God's 400-year patience (Genesis 15:16) expired; judgment came through Israel's conquest.

Reflection Questions

  1. What personal sins require 'herem' (total destruction, no negotiation) rather than moderation or management?
  2. How did Israel's incomplete obedience (leaving Canaanites alive) warn about 'small compromises' that grow into major apostasy?
  3. What does Jesus's 'pluck it out' command teach about the violence necessary for defeating besetting sins?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 14 words
רַ֗ק1 of 14
H7535

properly, leanness, i.e., (figuratively) limitation; only adverbial, merely, or conjunctional, although

מֵֽעָרֵ֤י2 of 14

But of the cities

H5892

a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)

הָֽעַמִּים֙3 of 14

of these people

H5971

a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock

הָאֵ֔לֶּה4 of 14
H428

these or those

אֲשֶׁר֙5 of 14
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

יְהוָ֣ה6 of 14

which the LORD

H3068

(the) self-existent or eternal; jeho-vah, jewish national name of god

אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ7 of 14

thy God

H430

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme god; occasionally applied by way of

נֹתֵ֥ן8 of 14

doth give

H5414

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

לְךָ֖9 of 14
H0
נַֽחֲלָ֑ה10 of 14

thee for an inheritance

H5159

properly, something inherited, i.e., (abstractly) occupancy, or (concretely) an heirloom; generally an estate, patrimony or portion

לֹ֥א11 of 14
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

תְחַיֶּ֖ה12 of 14

thou shalt save alive

H2421

to live, whether literally or figuratively; causatively, to revive

כָּל13 of 14
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

נְשָׁמָֽה׃14 of 14

nothing that breatheth

H5397

a puff, i.e., wind, angry or vital breath, divine inspiration, intellect. or (concretely) an animal


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Deuteronomy. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Deuteronomy 20:16 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Deuteronomy 20:16 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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