King James Version

What Does Numbers 31:18 Mean?

Numbers 31:18 in the King James Version says “But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves. — study this verse from Numbers chapter 31 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.

Numbers 31:18 · KJV


Context

16

Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD.

17

Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. him: Heb. a male

18

But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.

19

And do ye abide without the camp seven days: whosoever hath killed any person, and whosoever hath touched any slain, purify both yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day.

20

And purify all your raiment, and all that is made of skins, and all work of goats' hair, and all things made of wood. that: Heb. instrument, or, vessel of skins


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
All the women children, that have not known a man...keep alive for yourselves—the Hebrew na'arah (young women/virgins) specifies those who hadn't participated in Baal-Peor's sexual immorality. This mercy within judgment demonstrates God's discrimination: punishment falls on actual offenders, not innocent parties. The phrase 'keep alive' (Hebrew chayah) means preserve life, with these captives becoming servants integrated into Israelite households under Mosaic law's protections (Exodus 21:7-11, Deuteronomy 21:10-14).

This preservation illustrates redemptive grace: women who could have inherited their mothers' idolatry instead entered covenant community, potentially converting to Yahweh worship—anticipating Rahab, Ruth, and other Gentile women grafted into Messiah's lineage. The principle: God judges specific sins while extending mercy to those not complicit, offering outsiders gracious adoption into His people (Ephesians 2:11-13).

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Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern warfare typically enslaved defeated populations without age or gender distinction. Mosaic law provided unusual protections: female captives couldn't be sold, had mourning time for family, and if married then divorced, went free (Deuteronomy 21:10-14). These provisions treated captives humanely compared to surrounding cultures' practices. The 32,000 virgin captives (verse 35) were divided according to verses 25-47: half to warriors, half to congregation, with portions for Levites and the Lord's tribute. Many likely married into Israel, bringing ethnic diversity—similar to mixed multitude from Egypt (Exodus 12:38).

Reflection Questions

  1. How does God's distinction between guilty offenders and innocent bystanders in judgment give you confidence in His perfect justice?
  2. What does the incorporation of foreign captives into Israel teach about the gospel's power to redeem and adopt former enemies?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 10 words
וְכֹל֙1 of 10
H3605

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

הַטַּ֣ף2 of 10

children

H2945

a family (mostly used collectively in the singular)

בַּנָּשִׁ֔ים3 of 10

But all the women

H802

a woman

אֲשֶׁ֥ר4 of 10
H834

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

לֹֽא5 of 10
H3808

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

יָדְע֖וּ6 of 10

that have not known

H3045

to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including o

מִשְׁכַּ֣ב7 of 10

by lying

H4904

a bed (figuratively, a bier); abstractly, sleep; by euphemism, carnal intercourse

זָכָ֑ר8 of 10

a man

H2145

properly, remembered, i.e., a male (of man or animals, as being the most noteworthy sex)

הַֽחֲי֖וּ9 of 10

with him keep alive

H2421

to live, whether literally or figuratively; causatively, to revive

לָכֶֽם׃10 of 10
H0

Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Numbers. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Numbers 31:18 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Numbers 31:18 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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