King James Version

What Does Joshua 10:20 Mean?

Joshua 10:20 in the King James Version says “And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter,... — study this verse from Joshua chapter 10 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities.

Joshua 10:20 · KJV


Context

18

And Joshua said, Roll great stones upon the mouth of the cave, and set men by it for to keep them:

19

And stay ye not, but pursue after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to enter into their cities: for the LORD your God hath delivered them into your hand. smite: Heb. cut off the tail

20

And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities.

21

And all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace: none moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel.

22

Then said Joshua, Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out those five kings unto me out of the cave.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities.

The phrase "made an end of slaying them" (כְּכַלּוֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ... לְהַכּוֹתָם, kechalot Yehoshua... lehakkotam) indicates thorough, complete victory. The description "very great slaughter" (מַכָּה גְדוֹלָה מְאֹד, makkah gedolah me'od) emphasizes the crushing magnitude of defeat. The phrase "till they were consumed" (עַד־תֻּמָּם, ad-tummam) uses language of total destruction, the same term used in Deuteronomy 7:22-23 for gradual but complete conquest.

Yet realism tempers the triumph: "the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities" acknowledges incomplete annihilation. Some Amorites escaped to fortified cities (עָרֵי הַמִּבְצָר, arei hamivtsar), requiring subsequent siege operations (vv. 28-39). This pattern—dramatic victory yet incomplete execution—appears throughout Judges, where failure to complete conquest led to covenant compromise (Judges 1:27-36). Total victory requires sustained effort, not just initial success.

From a theological perspective, this mirrors the already/not yet tension of redemption. Christ's victory over sin and Satan is complete (Colossians 2:15), yet believers still battle indwelling sin (Romans 7:14-25). Spiritual warfare involves both celebrating decisive victory (justification) and pursuing ongoing conquest (sanctification). The fortified cities that remain represent remaining sin requiring continued warfare through the Spirit's power (Galatians 5:16-17).

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Historical & Cultural Context

The scale of casualties in ancient battles varied enormously depending on circumstances. When armies broke and fled, casualties could reach 50-80% of the defeated force. The Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) saw Hannibal inflict approximately 70,000 casualties on Rome in a single day. The phrase "very great slaughter" (makkah gedolah) appears elsewhere for decisive victories (Judges 11:33; 15:8; 1 Samuel 6:19), indicating casualties in the thousands or tens of thousands.

Fortified cities in Canaan during the Late Bronze Age featured sophisticated defenses: massive stone walls, glacis (sloped ramparts preventing siege ladders), towers, and reinforced gates. Archaeological excavations at Gezer, Megiddo, Hazor, and Lachish reveal impressive fortification systems requiring specialized siege equipment and tactics to overcome. The Israelites at this stage lacked siege technology (battering rams, siege towers, etc.), making walled cities extremely difficult to capture.

The survivors' retreat to fortified cities wasn't cowardice but sound military doctrine. Cities provided defensive advantages offsetting battlefield defeat, and time to regroup, resupply, and negotiate. However, Joshua's rapid follow-up sieges (vv. 28-39)—conquering seven major cities in quick succession—prevented the southern coalition from recovering. Speed and momentum proved decisive.

Reflection Questions

  1. What 'fortified cities' of remaining sin in your life have you allowed to stand unconquered, and what would it look like to pursue them to completion?
  2. How does the pattern of great victory yet incomplete execution challenge you to persevere in sanctification rather than resting on past spiritual progress?
  3. What does this verse teach about the tension between celebrating God's decisive victories and continuing to fight remaining battles?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 18 words
וַיְהִי֩1 of 18
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

כְּכַלּ֨וֹת2 of 18

had made an end

H3615

to end, whether intransitive (to cease, be finished, perish) or transitive (to complete, prepare, consume)

יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ3 of 18

And it came to pass when Joshua

H3091

jehoshua (i.e., joshua), the jewish leader

וּבְנֵ֣י4 of 18

and the children

H1121

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or

יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל5 of 18

of Israel

H3478

he will rule as god; jisral, a symbolical name of jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

לְהַכּוֹתָ֛ם6 of 18

of slaying

H5221

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

מַכָּ֥ה7 of 18

slaughter

H4347

a blow (in 2 chronicles 2:10, of the flail); by implication, a wound; figuratively, carnage, also pestilence

גְדוֹלָֽה8 of 18

great

H1419

great (in any sense); hence, older; also insolent

מְאֹ֖ד9 of 18

them with a very

H3966

properly, vehemence, i.e., (with or without preposition) vehemently; by implication, wholly, speedily, etc. (often with other words as an intensive or

עַד10 of 18
H5704

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

תֻּמָּ֑ם11 of 18

till they were consumed

H8552

to complete, in a good or a bad sense, literal, or figurative, transitive or intransitive

וְהַשְּׂרִידִים֙12 of 18

that the rest

H8300

a survivor

שָֽׂרְד֣וּ13 of 18

which remained

H8277

properly, to puncture, i.e., (figuratively through the idea of slipping out) to escape or survive

מֵהֶ֔ם14 of 18
H1992

they (only used when emphatic)

וַיָּבֹ֖אוּ15 of 18

of them entered

H935

to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)

אֶל16 of 18
H413

near, with or among; often in general, to

עָרֵ֥י17 of 18

cities

H5892

a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)

הַמִּבְצָֽר׃18 of 18

into fenced

H4013

a fortification, castle, or fortified city; figuratively, a defender


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Joshua. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Joshua 10:20 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Joshua 10:20 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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