King James Version

What Does Jeremiah 21:6 Mean?

Jeremiah 21:6 in the King James Version says “And I will smite the inhabitants of this city, both man and beast: they shall die of a great pestilence. — study this verse from Jeremiah chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And I will smite the inhabitants of this city, both man and beast: they shall die of a great pestilence.

Jeremiah 21:6 · KJV


Context

4

Thus saith the LORD God of Israel; Behold, I will turn back the weapons of war that are in your hands, wherewith ye fight against the king of Babylon, and against the Chaldeans, which besiege you without the walls, and I will assemble them into the midst of this city.

5

And I myself will fight against you with an outstretched hand and with a strong arm, even in anger, and in fury, and in great wrath.

6

And I will smite the inhabitants of this city, both man and beast: they shall die of a great pestilence.

7

And afterward, saith the LORD, I will deliver Zedekiah king of Judah, and his servants, and the people, and such as are left in this city from the pestilence, from the sword, and from the famine, into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon, and into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of those that seek their life: and he shall smite them with the edge of the sword; he shall not spare them, neither have pity, nor have mercy.

8

And unto this people thou shalt say, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I set before you the way of life, and the way of death.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And I will smite the inhabitants of this city, both man and beast: they shall die of a great pestilence—God declares He will personally strike (hikketi, הִכֵּיתִי, from nakah, נָכָה) Jerusalem's population. The comprehensive nature ('both man and beast,' me'adam ve'ad behemah, מֵאָדָם וְעַד־בְּהֵמָה) echoes the plague language of Exodus, but now directed at God's own people rather than Egypt. They shall die of a great pestilence (dever gadol, דֶּבֶר גָּדוֹל, great plague/pestilence) refers to epidemic disease, one of three judgment forms consistently prophesied: sword, famine, and pestilence (Jeremiah 14:12, 21:9, 24:10).

The inclusion of animals emphasizes total devastation—not merely human casualties but ecological collapse. This fulfills covenant curses of Leviticus 26:22, Deuteronomy 28:21. The 'great pestilence' resulted from siege conditions: starvation, contaminated water, disease from unburied corpses, and lack of sanitation in the crowded, besieged city. Lamentations 4:9-10 describes the horror: 'Better are those slain with the sword than those slain with hunger... compassionate women have boiled their own children.' The tragedy is that this suffering was preventable—God had offered terms of survival through surrender (Jeremiah 21:8-9), but Judah's leaders rejected God's word. The judgment shows that rebellion against God brings death and destruction, while repentance and obedience bring life (Deuteronomy 30:15-20).

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Historical & Cultural Context

The siege of Jerusalem (588-586 BC) created catastrophic conditions documented in biblical and archaeological sources. Lamentations provides eyewitness accounts of starvation (Lamentations 2:11-12, 4:4-5), cannibalism (Lamentations 4:10), and disease. Second Kings 25:3 states 'the famine prevailed in the city, and there was no bread for the people of the land.' Josephus (Jewish Antiquities 10.7.3) describes similar conditions during the Roman siege in 70 AD, likely reflecting traditions about the Babylonian siege. Excavations at Jerusalem's Stepped Stone Structure and City of David reveal burnt layers, arrowheads, and mass burial sites from this period. The 'pestilence' would have included dysentery, typhoid, and other diseases spread by poor sanitation, contaminated water, and malnutrition. Ancient siege warfare deliberately created these conditions to break a city's will to resist. The fulfillment of Jeremiah's specific prophecy of sword, famine, and pestilence vindicated his authenticity as God's prophet.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does the comprehensiveness of this judgment ('both man and beast') reflect the totality of covenant violation and its consequences?
  2. What does God's use of 'sword, famine, and pestilence' teach about the organic connection between sin and suffering in a fallen world?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 12 words
וְהִכֵּיתִ֗י1 of 12

And I will smite

H5221

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

אֶת2 of 12
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

יֽוֹשְׁבֵי֙3 of 12

the inhabitants

H3427

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

הָעִ֣יר4 of 12

of this city

H5892

a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)

הַזֹּ֔את5 of 12
H2063

this (often used adverb)

וְאֶת6 of 12
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

הָאָדָ֖ם7 of 12

both man

H120

ruddy i.e., a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)

וְאֶת8 of 12
H853

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

הַבְּהֵמָ֑ה9 of 12

and beast

H929

properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)

בְּדֶ֥בֶר10 of 12

pestilence

H1698

a pestilence

גָּד֖וֹל11 of 12

of a great

H1419

great (in any sense); hence, older; also insolent

יָמֻֽתוּ׃12 of 12

they shall die

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Jeremiah. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Jeremiah 21:6 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Jeremiah 21:6 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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