King James Version

What Does Exodus 21:24 Mean?

Exodus 21:24 in the King James Version says “Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, — study this verse from Exodus chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

Exodus 21:24 · KJV


Context

22

If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.

23

And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,

24

Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

25

Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

26

And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he shall let him go free for his eye's sake.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

The famous formula: exact correspondence between crime and punishment. 'Eye for eye' (עַיִן תַּחַת עָיִן, ayin tachat ayin) means the punishment fits the crime—no more, no less. This prevents both excessive vengeance and inadequate justice. Rabbinic tradition interpreted this as monetary compensation (paying the value of an eye), showing the law's spirit was restitution, not mutilation. Jesus quotes this in Matthew 5:38 to contrast civil justice with personal forgiveness—governments execute justice; individuals extend mercy. Paul echoes: 'Do not avenge yourselves...let God avenge' (Romans 12:19). God's justice is perfect; our vengeance isn't.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Eye-for-eye wasn't literally practiced in most cases—restitution and fines substituted. The principle established proportionality: punishment must match offense. This protected both victim (justice served) and perpetrator (not over-punished).

Reflection Questions

  1. How does 'eye for eye' establish both justice for victims and protection for perpetrators?
  2. Why does Jesus reference 'eye for eye' in the Sermon on the Mount—what's His point about personal relationships?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 12 words
עַ֔יִן1 of 12

Eye

H5869

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

תַּ֣חַת2 of 12
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

עַ֔יִן3 of 12

Eye

H5869

an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)

שֵׁ֑ן4 of 12

for tooth

H8127

a tooth (as sharp); specifically ivory; figuratively, a cliff

תַּ֣חַת5 of 12
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

שֵׁ֑ן6 of 12

for tooth

H8127

a tooth (as sharp); specifically ivory; figuratively, a cliff

יָ֔ד7 of 12

for hand

H3027

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

תַּ֣חַת8 of 12
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

יָ֔ד9 of 12

for hand

H3027

a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v

רָֽגֶל׃10 of 12

foot

H7272

a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda

תַּ֥חַת11 of 12
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

רָֽגֶל׃12 of 12

foot

H7272

a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 21:24 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 21:24 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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