King James Version

What Does Exodus 21:23 Mean?

Exodus 21:23 in the King James Version says “And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, — study this verse from Exodus chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,

Exodus 21:23 · KJV


Context

21

Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished: for he is his money.

22

If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.

23

And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,

24

Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

25

Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,

Lex talionis principle: 'life for life' (נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָפֶשׁ, nefesh tachat nefesh)—exact equivalence, not escalation. This LIMITS revenge, preventing blood feuds. If injury is minor, penalty is minor; if death results, death penalty follows. Ancient cultures allowed unlimited vengeance (Lamech: 'seventy-sevenfold,' Genesis 4:24); lex talionis caps punishment at the offense level. Jesus doesn't abolish this civil justice principle but transcends it personally—'turn the other cheek' (Matthew 5:39) governs personal relations, not civil magistrates. God ordains governments to 'bear the sword' (Romans 13:4) in executing justice.

KJV Study — Public Domain

Historical & Cultural Context

Lex talionis appears in Hammurabi's Code (c. 1750 BC) and Hittite laws. Israel's version is more humane—applying equally regardless of social class (Hammurabi's penalties varied by status). Eye-for-eye limited rather than encouraged revenge.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does lex talionis (eye-for-eye) actually limit rather than promote revenge?
  2. What's the difference between Jesus' personal ethic (turn the other cheek) and civil justice (lex talionis)?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 7 words
וְאִם1 of 7
H518

used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not

אָס֖וֹן2 of 7

And if any mischief follow

H611

hurt

יִֽהְיֶ֑ה3 of 7
H1961

to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

וְנָֽתַתָּ֥ה4 of 7

then thou shalt give

H5414

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

נָֽפֶשׁ׃5 of 7

for life

H5315

properly, a breathing creature, i.e., animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or ment

תַּ֥חַת6 of 7
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

נָֽפֶשׁ׃7 of 7

for life

H5315

properly, a breathing creature, i.e., animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or ment


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 21:23 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 21:23 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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