King James Version

What Does Exodus 21:12 Mean?

Exodus 21:12 in the King James Version says “He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. — study this verse from Exodus chapter 21 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.

Exodus 21:12 · KJV


Context

10

If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish.

11

And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money.

12

He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.

13

And if a man lie not in wait, but God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee.

14

But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from mine altar, that he may die.


Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death.

Lex talionis (law of retaliation) begins—'smiteth a man so he die' (מַכֵּה אִישׁ וָמֵת, makkeh ish vamet) means fatal striking. The doubled verb 'shall surely die' (מוֹת יוּמָת, mot yumat) emphasizes certainty. This implements the sixth commandment—murder requires capital punishment. Why death for death? Genesis 9:6: 'whoever sheds human blood, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in His image.' Murder assaults God's image; only death atones. The law protects life's sanctity by making murder capital. Distinction between murder (vv. 12-14) and manslaughter (vv. 13) shows justice requires intent consideration.

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Historical & Cultural Context

Ancient Near Eastern law codes (Hammurabi, Hittite) included capital punishment for murder but varied in application. Israel's law, grounded in imago Dei, universally applied capital punishment for intentional homicide.

Reflection Questions

  1. Why does murder require death penalty—what does this teach about human life's value?
  2. How does Genesis 9:6 (image of God) ground capital punishment for murder?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 5 words
מַכֵּ֥ה1 of 5

He that smiteth

H5221

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

אִ֛ישׁ2 of 5

a man

H376

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

יוּמָֽת׃3 of 5

put to death

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

יוּמָֽת׃4 of 5

put to death

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

יוּמָֽת׃5 of 5

put to death

H4191

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill


Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Exodus. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Exodus 21:12 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Exodus 21:12 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

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