About Zephaniah

Zephaniah proclaims the approaching Day of the Lord with its judgment, yet ends with a joyful promise of restoration.

Author: ZephaniahWritten: c. 640-621 BCReading time: ~3 minVerses: 20
Day of the LordJudgmentRemnantJoyRestorationHumility

King James Version

Zephaniah 3

20 verses with commentary

Woe to Jerusalem

Woe to her that is filthy and polluted, to the oppressing city! her: or, gluttonous: Heb. craw

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Woe to her that is filthy and polluted, to the oppressing city!</strong> This prophetic denunciation opens Zephaniah's third chapter with a threefold indictment of Jerusalem. The Hebrew word "filthy" (<em>mor'ah</em>, מֹרְאָה) means rebellious or defiled, describing deliberate resistance to God's authority. "Polluted" (<em>nig'alah</em>, נִגְאָלָה) refers to moral contamination and defilem...
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Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers

Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Bible Hub

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**2. the four winds--**answering to the "four beasts"; their several conflicts in the four quarters or directions of the world. **strove--**burst forth (from the abyss) [Maurer]. **sea--**The world powers rise out of the agitations of the political sea (Jr 46:7, 8; Lu 21:25; compare Re 13:1; 17:15; 21:1); the kingdom of God and the Son of man from the clouds of heaven (Da 7:13; compare Joh 8:2...
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She obeyed not the voice; she received not correction; she trusted not in the LORD; she drew not near to her God. correction: or, instruction

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>She obeyed not the voice; she received not correction</strong>—Jerusalem's fourfold rebellion demonstrates comprehensive covenant failure. The verb "obeyed" (<em>shama</em>, שָׁמַע) means to hear with intent to obey, the fundamental covenant requirement (Deuteronomy 6:4, "Hear, O Israel"). Jerusalem heard God's voice through law, prophets, and conscience but refused obedience. "Received no...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**3. beasts--**not living animals, as the cherubic four in Re 4:7 (for the original is a different word from "beasts," and ought to be there translated, living animals). The cherubic living animals represent redeemed man, combining in himself the highest forms of animal life. But the "beasts" here represent the world powers, in their beast-like, grovelling character. It is on the fundamental harmo...
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Her princes within her are roaring lions; her judges are evening wolves; they gnaw not the bones till the morrow.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Her princes within her are roaring lions</strong>—Jerusalem's leadership is characterized by predatory violence. The Hebrew <em>sar'eyha arayot sho'agim</em> (שָׂרֶיהָ אֲרָיוֹת שֹׁאֲגִים) depicts princes as roaring lions seeking prey. Lions roar when hunting (Psalm 104:21, Amos 3:4), signaling predatory intent. These leaders, commissioned to protect and serve the people, instead devoured t...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**4. lion--**the symbol of strength and courage; chief among the kingdoms, as the lion among the beasts. Nebuchadnezzar is called "the lion" (Jr 4:7). **eagle's wings--**denoting a widespread and rapidly acquired (Is 46:11; Jr 4:13; La 4:19; Ha 1:6) empire (Jr 48:40). **plucked--**Its ability for widespread conquests passed away under Evil-merodach, &amp;c. [Grotius]; rather, during Nebuchadne...
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Her prophets are light and treacherous persons: her priests have polluted the sanctuary, they have done violence to the law.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Her prophets are light and treacherous persons</strong>—religious corruption matches political depravity. "Light" (<em>pochazim</em>, פֹּחֲזִים) means reckless, frivolous, or arrogant—prophets who spoke their own imaginations rather than God's word. "Treacherous" (<em>bogedot</em>, בֹּגְדוֹת) means faithless, betrayers, covenant-breakers. These prophets betrayed their sacred trust, speakin...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**5. bear--**symbolizing the austere life of the Persians in their mountains, also their cruelty (Is 13:17, 18; Cambyses, Ochus, and other of the Persian princes were notoriously cruel; the Persian laws involved, for one man's offense, the whole kindred and neighborhood in destruction, Da 6:24) and rapacity. "A bear is an all-devouring animal" [Aristotle, 8.5], (Jr 51:48, 56). **raised ... itsel...
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The just LORD is in the midst thereof; he will not do iniquity: every morning doth he bring his judgment to light, he faileth not; but the unjust knoweth no shame. every: Heb. morning by morning

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The just LORD is in the midst thereof; he will not do iniquity</strong>—divine contrast illuminates human corruption. While Jerusalem's leaders are predatory lions, ravenous wolves, reckless prophets, and faithless priests (verses 3-4), Yahweh remains <em>tsaddiq</em> (צַדִּיק), perfectly righteous. "In the midst" (<em>beqirbah</em>, בְּקִרְבָּהּ) emphasizes God's intimate presence among H...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**6. leopard--**smaller than the lion; swift (Ha 1:8); cruel (Is 11:6), the opposite of tame; springing suddenly from its hiding place on its prey (Ho 13:7); spotted. So Alexander, a small king, of a small kingdom, Macedon, attacked Darius at the head of the vast empire reaching from the Ægean Sea to the Indies. In twelve years he subjugated part of Europe, and all Asia from Illyricum and the Adri...
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I have cut off the nations: their towers are desolate; I made their streets waste, that none passeth by: their cities are destroyed, so that there is no man, that there is none inhabitant. towers: or, corners

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I have cut off the nations: their towers are desolate</strong>—God recounts His past judgments as warning to Jerusalem. "Cut off" (<em>hikrati</em>, הִכְרַתִּי) means to destroy, exterminate, execute judgment. "Nations" (<em>goyim</em>, גּוֹיִם) refers to surrounding peoples God had already judged: Egypt, Assyria, Moab, Ammon, Philistia, and others. "Towers" (<em>pinnot</em>, פִּנּוֹת) mea...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**7. As Daniel lived under the kingdom of the first beast, and therefore needed not to describe it, and as the second and third are described fully in the second part of the book, the chief emphasis falls on the fourth. Also prophecy most dwells on the end, which is the consummation of the preceding series of events. It is in the fourth that the world power manifests fully its God-opposing nature....
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I said, Surely thou wilt fear me, thou wilt receive instruction; so their dwelling should not be cut off, howsoever I punished them: but they rose early, and corrupted all their doings.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I said, Surely thou wilt fear me, thou wilt receive instruction</strong>—God's expectation appears in the divine "I said" (<em>amarti</em>, אָמַרְתִּי), expressing reasoned anticipation. Having demonstrated judgment on surrounding nations (verse 6), God expected Jerusalem would "fear" (<em>tir'i</em>, תִּירְאִי)—respond with reverent awe and covenant faithfulness. "Receive instruction" (<e...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**8. little horn--**little at first, but afterwards waxing greater than all others. He must be sought "among them," namely, the ten horns. The Roman empire did not represent itself as a continuation of Alexander's; but the Germanic empire calls itself "the holy Roman empire." Napoleon's attempted universal monarchy was avowedly Roman: his son was called king of Rome. The czar (Cæsar) also professe...
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Jerusalem's Restoration

Therefore wait ye upon me, saith the LORD, until the day that I rise up to the prey: for my determination is to gather the nations, that I may assemble the kingdoms, to pour upon them mine indignation, even all my fierce anger: for all the earth shall be devoured with the fire of my jealousy.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Therefore wait ye upon me, saith the LORD</strong>—the "therefore" (<em>laken</em>, לָכֵן) introduces consequence: since Jerusalem refuses repentance despite divine patience, judgment becomes inevitable. "Wait ye upon me" (<em>chakku-li</em>, חַכּוּ־לִי) addresses the faithful remnant, calling them to patient trust as God executes judgment. The verb <em>chakah</em> (חָכָה) means to wait ex...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**9. I beheld till--**I continued looking till. **thrones ... cast down--**rather, "thrones were placed" [Vulgate and Luther], namely, for the saints and elect angels to whom "judgment is given" (Da 7:22), as assessors with the Judge. Compare Da 7:10, "thousand thousands ministered unto Him" (Mt 19:28; Lu 22:30; 1Co 6:2, 3; 1Ti 5:21; Re 2:26; 4:4). In English Version the thrones cast down are th...
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For then will I turn to the people a pure language, that they may all call upon the name of the LORD, to serve him with one consent. language: Heb. lip consent: Heb. shoulder

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>For then will I turn to the people a pure language</strong>—the conjunction "for" (<em>ki</em>, כִּי) marks transition from judgment (verse 8) to restoration. "Then" (<em>az</em>, אָז) indicates sequence: after judgment comes purification. "Turn to" (<em>ehpokh el</em>, אֶהְפֹּךְ אֶל) means to change, transform, or overturn—God will radically alter the people's speech. "Pure language" (<em...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**10. thousand ... ministered unto him--**so at the giving of the law (De 33:2; Psa 68:17; He 12:22; Jude 14). **ten ... thousand before him--**image from the Sanhedrim, in which the father of the consistory sat with his assessors on each side, in the form of a semicircle, and the people standing before him. **judgment was set--**The judges sat (Re 20:4). **books ... opened--**(Re 20:12). Fo...
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From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia my suppliants, even the daughter of my dispersed, shall bring mine offering.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia my suppliants, even the daughter of my dispersed, shall bring mine offering</strong>—this verse extends restoration's geographic scope to earth's extremities. "Beyond the rivers of Ethiopia" (<em>me'ever le-naharey khush</em>, מֵעֵבֶר לְנַהֲרֵי־כוּשׁ) designates the farthest known regions south of Israel, possibly the Nile's headwaters or beyond. Ethiopia...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

11. Here is set forth the execution on earth of the judgment pronounced in the unseen heavenly court of judicature (Da 7:9, 10). **body ... given to ... flame--**(Re 19:20).

In that day shalt thou not be ashamed for all thy doings, wherein thou hast transgressed against me: for then I will take away out of the midst of thee them that rejoice in thy pride, and thou shalt no more be haughty because of my holy mountain. because: Heb. in my holy

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>In that day shalt thou not be ashamed for all thy doings, wherein thou hast transgressed against me</strong>—"that day" (<em>bayom hahu</em>, בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא) references the eschatological restoration following judgment. "Not be ashamed" (<em>lo tevoshi</em>, לֹא תֵבוֹשִׁי) promises removal of disgrace and guilt accompanying sin. "All thy doings, wherein thou hast transgressed" (<em>kol al...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**12. the rest of the beasts--**that is, the three first, had passed away not by direct destroying judgments, such as consumed the little horn, as being the finally matured evil of the fourth beast. They had continued to exist but their "dominion was was taken away"; whereas the fourth beast shall cease utterly, superseded by Messiah's kingdom. **for a season ... time--**Not only the triumph of ...
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I will also leave in the midst of thee an afflicted and poor people, and they shall trust in the name of the LORD.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I will also leave in the midst of thee an afflicted and poor people</strong>—God's sovereign election preserves a remnant characterized by humble dependence. The Hebrew <em>am ani va-dal</em> (עַם עָנִי וָדָל) describes those who are "afflicted and poor," not merely economically disadvantaged but spiritually broken and dependent. The term <em>ani</em> (עָנִי) denotes humble, meek, afflicte...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**13. Son of man--**(See on Eze 2:1). Not merely Son of David, and King of Israel, but Head of restored humanity (corresponding to the world-wide horizon of Daniel's prophecy); the seed of the woman, crushing Antichrist, the seed of the serpent, according to the Prot-evangel in Paradise (Ge 3:15). The Representative Man shall then realize the original destiny of man as Head of the creation (Ge 1:2...
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The remnant of Israel shall not do iniquity, nor speak lies; neither shall a deceitful tongue be found in their mouth: for they shall feed and lie down, and none shall make them afraid.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The remnant of Israel shall not do iniquity, nor speak lies</strong>—this verse describes the purified remnant's moral character. "Remnant" (<em>she'erit Yisra'el</em>, שְׁאֵרִית יִשְׂרָאֵל) refers to those preserved through judgment, the faithful subset surviving divine winnowing. "Shall not do iniquity" (<em>lo ya'asu avlah</em>, לֹא־יַעֲשׂוּ עַוְלָה) uses <em>avlah</em> (עַוְלָה) meanin...
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Song of Joy

Sing, O daughter of Zion; shout, O Israel; be glad and rejoice with all the heart, O daughter of Jerusalem.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Sing, O daughter of Zion; shout, O Israel; be glad and rejoice with all the heart, O daughter of Jerusalem</strong>—after judgment and purification (verses 1-13), restoration erupts in joyful worship. The verse issues four commands using different Hebrew terms for celebration, building intensity. "Sing" (<em>roni</em>, רָנִּי) means to cry out joyfully, to give a ringing cry of gladness—th...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**15. body--**literally, "sheath": the body being the "sheath" of the soul.

The LORD hath taken away thy judgments, he hath cast out thine enemy: the king of Israel, even the LORD, is in the midst of thee: thou shalt not see evil any more.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>The LORD hath taken away thy judgments, he hath cast out thine enemy</strong>—this verse provides the foundation for celebration commanded in verse 14. "Taken away thy judgments" (<em>heysir Yahweh mishpatayikh</em>, הֵסִיר יְהוָה מִשְׁפָּטַיִךְ) uses <em>sur</em> (סוּר) meaning to remove, turn aside, or take away. "Judgments" (<em>mishpatim</em>, מִשְׁפָּטִים) refers to judicial verdicts ...
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In that day it shall be said to Jerusalem, Fear thou not: and to Zion, Let not thine hands be slack. slack: or, faint

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>In that day it shall be said to Jerusalem, Fear thou not</strong>—"in that day" (<em>bayom hahu</em>, בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא) continues the eschatological restoration scene. "It shall be said" (<em>ye'amer</em>, יֵאָמֵר) uses passive voice—either God speaks, or the prophetic community announces God's word. "Fear thou not" (<em>al-tir'i</em>, אַל־תִּירְאִי) commands cessation of fear, anxiety, and...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**17. kings--**that is, kingdoms. Compare Da 7:23, "fourth kingdom"; Da 2:38; 8:20-22. Each of the four kings represents a dynasty. Nebuchadnezzar, Alexander, Antiochus, and Antichrist, though individually referred to, are representatives of characteristic tendencies.

The LORD thy God in the midst of thee is mighty; he will save, he will rejoice over thee with joy; he will rest in his love, he will joy over thee with singing. rest: Heb. be silent

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KJV Study Commentary

This verse presents one of the Old Testament's most beautiful portrayals of God's love for His people. "The LORD thy God in the midst of thee is mighty" (Yahweh Eloheykha beqirbek gibbor) assures God's powerful presence among His covenant people. The phrase "in the midst of thee" (beqirbek) indicates intimate proximity—God dwells within, not distant or removed. "Mighty" (gibbor) means warrior, cha...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**18. the Most High--**the emphatic title of God in this prophecy, who delegates His power first to Israel; then to the Gentiles (Da 2:37, 38) when Israel fails to realize the idea of the theocracy; lastly, to Messiah, who shall rule truly for God, taking it from the Gentile world powers, whose history is one of continual degeneracy culminating in the last of the kings, Antichrist. Here, in the in...
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I will gather them that are sorrowful for the solemn assembly, who are of thee, to whom the reproach of it was a burden. reproach: Heb. the burden upon it was reproach

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>I will gather them that are sorrowful for the solemn assembly</strong> (asafeh nuge'ei mi'moed)—The 'solemn assembly' (mo'ed) refers to Israel's appointed feasts (Leviticus 23), celebrations of God's covenant faithfulness. Those sorrowful because they cannot celebrate (due to exile or oppression) are objects of God's special concern.<br><br><strong>Who are of thee, to whom the reproach of ...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

19. Balaam, an Aramean, dwelling on the Euphrates, at the beginning of Israel's independent history, and Daniel at the close of it, prophetically exhibit to the hostile world powers Israel as triumphant over them at last, though the world powers of the East (Asshur) and the West (Chittim) carry all before them and afflict Eber (Israel) for a time (Nu 23:8-10, 28; 24:2, 7-9, 22-24). To Balaam's "As...
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Behold, at that time I will undo all that afflict thee: and I will save her that halteth, and gather her that was driven out; and I will get them praise and fame in every land where they have been put to shame. get: Heb. set them for a praise where: Heb. of their shame

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>Behold, at that time I will undo all that afflict thee</strong> (hineni oseh et-kol-me'annayikh)—'Undo' (oseh) means actively deal with, judge, or destroy. God will reverse the oppressor-oppressed dynamic, settling accounts with those who afflicted His people.<br><br><strong>And I will save her that halteth, and gather her that was driven out</strong> (ve'hoshi'ah et-hatsolea'ah ve'hanidac...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**20. look ... more stout than ... fellows--**namely, than that of the other horns.

At that time will I bring you again, even in the time that I gather you: for I will make you a name and a praise among all people of the earth, when I turn back your captivity before your eyes, saith the LORD.

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KJV Study Commentary

<strong>At that time will I bring you again, even in the time that I gather you</strong> (ba'et ha-hi avi etkhem u'va'et kabetsi etkhem)—The doubling emphasizes certainty: 'the time I bring you' and 'the time I gather you' are identical—God's appointed moment (kairos).<br><br><strong>For I will make you a name and a praise among all people of the earth</strong> (ki-eten etkhem le-shem ve'litehilla...
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Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary

**21. made war with the saints--**persecuted the Church (Re 11:7; 13:7). **prevailed--**but not ultimately. The limit is marked by "until" (Da 7:22). The little horn continues, without intermission, to persecute up to Christ's second advent (Re 17:12, 14; 19:19, 20).

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