King James Version

What Does Lamentations 3:66 Mean?

Lamentations 3:66 in the King James Version says “Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the LORD.” — study this verse from Lamentations chapter 3 with commentary, cross-references, and original Hebrew word analysis.

“Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the LORD.”

Lamentations 3:66 · KJV

Context

64

Render unto them a recompence, O LORD, according to the work of their hands.

65

Give them sorrow of heart, thy curse unto them. sorrow: or, obstinacy of heart

66

Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the LORD.

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Commentary

KJV Study Commentary
The imprecatory prayer concludes with finality: "Persecute and destroy them in anger from under the heavens of the LORD." The Hebrew tirdof be-af vetashmideim mitachat shemei YHWH (תִּרְדֹּף בְּאַף וְתַשְׁמִידֵם מִתַּחַת שְׁמֵי יְהוָה) requests complete judgment. Tirdof (תִּרְדֹּף, "pursue, persecute") means to chase down relentlessly—the same verb used earlier when enemies hunted the speaker (verse 52). Now the request is that God pursue them.

"Destroy them in anger" uses vetashmideim be-af (וְתַשְׁמִידֵם בְּאַף). Shamad (שָׁמַד) means to destroy, exterminate, annihilate. Be-af (בְּאַף, "in anger") indicates divine wrath as the motive. The phrase "from under the heavens of the LORD" (mitachat shemei YHWH, מִתַּחַת שְׁמֵי יְהוָה) means complete removal from earth—total destruction. This echoes Deuteronomy 25:19: "thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven."

Theologically, this represents the ultimate imprecatory request—complete destruction of the wicked. It shocks modern sensibilities but reflects biblical realism about evil's end. Psalm 37:20 declares: "the wicked shall perish...they shall consume; into smoke shall they consume away." Malachi 4:1 promises: "the day cometh, that shall burn as an oven; and all the proud, yea, and all that do wickedly, shall be stubble." Revelation 20:14-15 describes the final execution: "death and hell were cast into the lake of fire...whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire." Lamentations 3:66's prayer will be fully answered in final judgment.

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Historical & Cultural Context

This concluding verse of the imprecatory section requests what God promised and eventually executed. The enemies who persecuted Jeremiah were destroyed when Jerusalem fell. The nations that gloated over Judah's destruction eventually faced their own annihilation. Babylon, seemingly invincible in Jeremiah's time, fell within 70 years. Edom ceased to exist as a nation. Assyria vanished from history.

"From under the heavens of the LORD" emphasizes that God owns the earth. The heavens are the LORD's, and therefore He determines who inhabits the earth beneath them (Psalm 115:16, 24:1). When God removes someone "from under heaven," they are completely destroyed. The flood destroyed the old world (Genesis 6-7). Sodom and Gomorrah were obliterated (Genesis 19). Pharaoh's army drowned (Exodus 14). Judgment is real and total.

The New Testament shows that this ultimate destruction awaits the finally impenitent. Matthew 25:41 quotes Jesus: "Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels." 2 Thessalonians 1:9 describes: "everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord." The phrase "from under the heavens" finds its ultimate fulfillment in eternal separation from God's presence—removal not just from earth but from all blessing and life. This sobering reality should motivate both godly living and urgent evangelism.

Reflection Questions

  1. How does this final imprecatory request challenge our tendency to minimize biblical teaching about God's wrath and final judgment?
  2. What does 'from under the heavens of the LORD' teach about God's ownership of the earth and His authority to remove the wicked?
  3. In what ways do imprecatory prayers express confidence in God's justice rather than personal vindictiveness?
  4. How should the certainty of final judgment (Revelation 20:11-15) affect both our evangelistic urgency and our patient endurance under persecution?

Original Language Analysis

Hebrew · 6 words
תִּרְדֹּ֤ף1 of 6

“Persecute”

H7291

to run after (usually with hostile intent; figuratively [of time] gone by)

בְּאַף֙2 of 6

“them in anger”

H639

properly, the nose or nostril; hence, the face, and occasionally a person; also (from the rapid breathing in passion) ire

וְתַשְׁמִידֵ֔ם3 of 6

“and destroy”

H8045

to desolate

מִתַּ֖חַת4 of 6
H8478

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc

שְׁמֵ֥י5 of 6

“from under the heavens”

H8064

the sky (as aloft; the dual perhaps alluding to the visible arch in which the clouds move, as well as to the higher ether where the celestial bodies r

יְהוָֽה׃6 of 6

“of the LORD”

H3068

(the) self-existent or eternal; jeho-vah, jewish national name of god

Study Guide

Historical Context

This verse is found in the book of Lamentations. Understanding the historical and cultural background helps illuminate its meaning for the original audience and for us today.

Theological Significance

Lamentations 3:66 contributes to our understanding of God's character and His relationship with humanity. Consider how this verse connects to the broader themes of Scripture.

Cross-References

Verses related to Lamentations 3:66 from Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

Psalms 8:3Psalms 115:16Deuteronomy 25:19Lamentations 3:43Jeremiah 10:11Isaiah 66:1

Test Your Knowledge

Lamentations 3 QuizTest your knowledge of this chapterLamentations Book QuizComprehensive quiz for the entire book

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